Lipids
How are trans fats made?
-Bubble hydrogen through an unsaturated fatty acid hydrogenating the fatty acid! -The hydrogens bond to the carbons and the double bond becomes a single bond! The unsaturated fatty acid will become a saturated fat! -But, those hydrogens can also leave again, and the double bond can reform. When the double bond forms again, the fatty acid can take on a different shape than we would be found in nature. The fatty acid can become a 'trans' shape.
NUMBER OF DOUBLE BONDS (UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS)
-Fatty acids containing one double bond are monounsatured fatty acids (MUFAs) -Fatty acids containing two or more double bonds are polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) Essential fatty acids are PUFAs
what is a sterol
A sterol is a fused carbon ring structure composed of 4 fused carbon rings.
what is a 'trans fat'?
A trans fatty acid is a fatty acid which contains a 'trans' bond. However, trans bonds are not found very often in nature Primarily man-made
What is a triglyceride
A triglyceride is composed of a glycerol and three fatty acids bound together. The glycerol is the backbone and the three fatty acids are attached.
Based on information presented in the book and PPT, which of the following an example of a PUFA? Omega 3 fatty acid Omega 6 fatty acid Essential fatty acid DHA All of the above are PUFAs
All of the above
FATTY ACID LENGTH AND SOLIDITY
All other things being equal, the longer the fatty acid is, the more solid it is.
An essential fatty acid found in leafy green vegetables, flaxseed oil, soy oil, and other plant foods; an omega-3- fatty acid.
Alpha-linoleic acid (ALA)
A condition characterized by accumulation of cholesterol-rich plaque on artery walls; these deposits build up to such a degree that they impair blood flow.
Atherosclerosis
How are fats and oils similar?
Both fats and oils are lipids (insoluble in water) They are both triglycerides made from a glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids attached.
what is a lipid
By definition, lipids are substances that do not dissolve in water.
Change your total lipid intake or your saturated fat intake with small changes Mustard instead of mayo Leave the cheese off Lower fat cheese options Dilute recipes with veggies Boxed cake? Substitute apple sauce for oil Skim milk vs. whole milk when cooking Egg beaters or egg whites instead of whole eggs
Change your total lipid intake or your saturated fat intake with small changes Mustard instead of mayo Leave the cheese off Lower fat cheese options Dilute recipes with veggies Boxed cake? Substitute apple sauce for oil Skim milk vs. whole milk when cooking Egg beaters or egg whites instead of whole eggs
Trans Fats Raise Blood Cholesterol" ...But, what are they talking about when they say "cholesterol"?
Cholesterol is a lipid. It travels through the body as a component of a lipoprotein. Lipoproteins in the body are often referred to as "good cholesterol" or "bad cholesterol" to the general public
Is cholesterol a lipid, too?
Cholesterol is also a lipid; however, it has a very different chemical structure. Cholesterol is classified as a sterol
A lipoprotein produced in the enterocyte; transports dietary fat out of the intestinal tract.
Chylomicron
Coconut oil contains a lot of saturated fatty acids and may have positive or negative implications with respect to health. Although I see benefits over other saturated fatty acids....in my opinion, the jury is still out on where it ranks compared to other plant lipids.
Coconut oil contains a lot of saturated fatty acids and may have positive or negative implications with respect to health. Although I see benefits over other saturated fatty acids....in my opinion, the jury is still out on where it ranks compared to other plant lipids.
What foods contain the essential fatty acids?
Cold water fatty fish, like salmon Flaxseed Walnuts
The diet developed in response to research into hypertension funded by the National Institutes of Health: DASH stands for 'Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension.'
DASH diet
An omega-3 fatty acid available from marine foods and as a metabolic derivative of alpha-linolenic acid.
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)
Which of the following foods have 95% of the lipid in the form of triglycerides? Which of the following foods have 95% of the lipid in the form of triglycerides? Cold water fatty fish Coconut oil Steak Olive oil All of the above have 95% of the lipid in the form of triglycerides
E
An omega-3-fatty acid available from marine foods and as a metabolic derivative of alpha-linoleic acid.
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
(EFAs) Fatty acids that must be consumed in the diet because they cannot be made by our body.
Essential fatty acids
An alcohol composed of three carbon atoms; it is the backbone of a triglyceride molecule.
Glycerol
HYDROGENATION
HYDROGENATION
Fats that are not apparent, or 'hidden' in foods, such as the fats found in baked goods, regular-fat diary products, marbling in meat, and fried foods.
Hidden fats
The process of adding hydrogen to hydrogen to unsaturated fatty acids, making them more saturated and thereby more solid at room temperature.
Hydrogenation
A chronic condition characterized by above-average blood pressure levels-specifically, systolic blood pressure over 140 mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure over 90 mmHg.
Hypertension
Cholesterol can either come from your food or be made in our body and travels in the body as a component of lipoproteins.
IN FOOD: cholesterol is only found in animal products. Examples include: meats, cheeses, eggs, butter, etc. IN OUR BODY: Your liver produces the cholesterol Even if you consume a vegan diet (free of animal products and cholesterol) you can still have high blood cholesterol
The 3 fatty acids characteristics determine whether the lipid is solid at room temperature (fat) or a liquid (oil).
In general, the more saturated the fatty acids, the more solid the triglyceride is at room temperature. In general, the more unsaturated the fatty acids, the more liquid the triglyceride is at room temperature.
What is scientific definition of 'fat'?
In its most accurate definition, the triglycerides (a type of lipid) referred to as 'fat' is solid at room temperature. Name some lipids that are solid at room temperature.
THE ESSENTIAL FATTY ACIDS are
Linoleic - an omega 6 essential fatty acid Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) - an omega 3 essential fatty acid Eicosapentaenoic acid - an omega 3 essential fatty acid
An essential fatty acid found in vegetable and nut oils; one of the omega-6-fatty acids.
Linoleic acid
IMPORTANT ROLES OF LIPIDS
Lipids in the food and fats in the body serve a very important purpose! Lipids in the food Palatability Absorption of fat soluble vitamins Increase energy density of foods Lipids in the body Cushion vital organs Insulate Part of cell membrane And more!
A spherical compound in which fat clusters in the center and phospholipids and proteins form the outside of the sphere.
Lipoprotein
An enzyme that sits on the outside of cells and breaks apart triglycerides in chylomicrons, so that their fatty acids can be removed and taken up by the cell.
Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)
SATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Long chain of carbons...all single bonds The more saturated a fatty acid, the more solid it is at room temperature.
How can we spot the MAN-MADE trans fats in food?
Looking at the ingredient list: Trans fats may be listed as: partially hydrogenated vegetable oils fully hydrogenated oil hydrogenated fats trans fats Looking at the nutrition facts panel: As of 2006, nutrient facts panels are required to state the grams of trans fat in a food.
Are 'trans fatty acids' bad?
MAN-MADE Trans fatty acids are possibly the worst fatty acid for our health! MAN-MADE Trans fats are associated with an increase in the body's production of 'bad cholesterol' (LDL)
A fatty acid that has two carbons in the chain bound to each other with one double bond; MUFAs are generally liquid at room temperature.
Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)
What are some of the benefits of hydrogenation???
NO health benefits to consumer but , there are benefits to food products Longer shelf life Higher smoke point More solid at room temperature Better texture and flavor Price Environmental Impact
FATTY ACIDS CAN VARY FOUR WAYS
Number of double bonds Saturated / unsaturated Type of bond Trans Location/placement of double bond Omega 6 and Omega 3 Length
What is the scientific definition of an oil?
Oils are triglycerides (a type of lipid) that are liquid at room temperature. Name some lipids that are liquid at room temperature.
Does our liver produce "good" or "bad" cholesterol?
Our liver can produce BOTH beneficial lipoproteins or "good cholesterols" contain more protein and less cholesterol detrimental lipoproteins or "bad cholesterols" contain less protein and more cholesterol ...our genetics and our lifestyle determine how much of each we make
A type of lipid in which a fatty acid is combined with another compound that contains phosphate; unlike other lipids, phospholipids are soluble in water.
Phospholipids
A fatty acid that has more than one double bond in the chain; PUFAs are generally liquid at room temperature.
Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
A fatty acid that has no carbons joined together with a double bond; SFAs are generally solid at room temperature.
Saturated fatty acid (SFA)
examples of lipids
Some common examples of lipids in our foods are: Triglycerides Fats Oils Sterols Cholesterol Phospholipids Lecithin
The good cholesterol contains fewer lipids, and is referred to as high density lipoprotein or HDL. Good cholesterol carries lipids from the tissues to the liver for processing. Exercise is a great way to increase HDL!
The bad cholesterol contains a lot more lipid than protein and is referred to as LDL or low density lipoprotein. Bad cholesterol carries lipids from the liver to the tissues (arteries can be affected!) Higher saturated and trans fatty acid consumption is associated with an increase in the production of bad cholesterol.
GOOD CHOLESTEROL HDL - High Density Lipoprotein
The good cholesterol contains fewer lipids, and is referred to as high density lipoprotein or HDL. Good cholesterol carries lipids from the tissues to the liver for processing. Exercise is a great way to increase HDL!
Why would fish be recommended above other foods containing the essential fatty acids?
The high concentration of essential fatty acids Adults should eat fish (like salmon) twice a week
Total cholesterol (lipoproteins) ~ LDL + HDL
Total cholesterol (lipoproteins) ~ LDL + HDL
LOCATION / PLACEMENT OF THE DOUBLE BONDS
Triglycerides can be referred to with respect to the placement of double bonds (p. 146) Omega 3 fatty acids Omega 6 fatty acids
Fats that are clearly present and visible in our food, or visibly added to food, such as butter, margarine, cream, shortening, salad dressing, chicken skin, and untrimmed fat on meat.
Visible fats
MAN-MADE trans fatty acids are produced commercially through the process of hydrogenation. reverse osmosis. transesterification. transamination.
a
amount of fat a person should consumed depends on
amount of energy they burn in a day, phsyical activiyt and health status
The primary function of HDL is to
deliver fatty acids to the liver.
foods low in TG
fruits, vegeatbles, grains, legumes
if someone wants to lower their chloestol they should
increase their soluble fiber intake
what sticks well together, and what doesnt stick well together
long unsaturated fatty acids stack well together to make solids form at room temp -monounsatuf and pufa do not stick well together because they are bent. they are liquid
are all triglycersides fats
no
foods that are high in healthy TG
plant oils-olive, nuts, fish oil, seeds
it is more solid if it
saturated, longer chain and a trans configuration
which can be a lipid
trigerlycer, pholsphold cholestol
what are the main lipid in the food we eat
triglycerides
what is not on label
unsaturated