Livestock Production Final Exam
How much more energy do fats have carbohydrates?
2.25x
Length of a pigs estrous cycle?
21 days
What is the esophageal groove?
A groove in the reticulum between the esophagus and omasum. It directs milk in the nursing young ruminant directly to the omasum.
What is a necropsy?
A post mortem examination done on animals.
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
Mature male pig
Boar
Name 2 species that use AI a great deal.
Cows Turkeys
Livestock operations that have little control over environmental conditions are said to be under
Extensive management
Why would someone want to use sexed semen in cattle breeding?
If one gender is better quality or more expensive, they would get more for calves of that gender.
Fats and oils are referred to as
Lipids
What are the two general classes of essential mineral nutrients?
Macro and micro
What is crossbreeding?
Mating individuals of different breeds.
Which method of selection involves a formula for ranking individuals against all others by combining several traits and obtaining an overall score?
Selection index
Explain the major function of FSH
regulates development, growth, pubertal maturation & reproductive processes.
Crude protein =
the % nitrogen x 6.25
Give 2 reasons people would choose to artificially inseminate their livestock.
1. allows females to become pregnant quickly 2. allows lots of females to be impregnated by the same male at the same time.
Give the normal body temperature of horses.
100.5
Give the normal body temperature of cows.
101.5
Sheep gestation length
152 days
Length of a sheep's estrous cycle?
17 days
Length of a cow's estrous cycle?
21 days
Length of a horse's estrous cycle?
21 days
Cow gestation length
273 days
Pig gestation length
3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days
Horse gestation length
340 days
What % of the world's agricultural land is unsuitable for cultivation of crops and is used to pasture and graze livestock?
60%
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
A D E K
When it is above critical temperatures, does animal performance/feed intake/maintenance requirements go up or down?
AP: Down FI: Down MR: Up
When it is below critical temperatures, does animal performance/feed intake/maintenance requirements go up or down?
AP: Down FI: Up MR: Down
What is colic?
Abdominal pain, gastrointestinal in nature, can prove to be fatal without surgical intervention.
Give evidence that genetic change is occurring in livestock.
Animals are living longer, have better quality meat and produce more offspring.
What is the source of LH
Anterior pituitary gland
Which vitamins are water-soluble?
B & C
In ranking pigs according to highest % body fat to lowest, which order is most likely to be seen?
Barrows Gilts Boars
What is inbreeding?
Breeding animals that are related ex: brother-sister, father-daughter, mother-son
What are the two most important minerals needed for lactation?
Calcium Phosphorus
Name a non infectious disease.
Cancer Cardiovascular diseases
Name the three classes of animals according to the types of feed they normally eat.
Carnivore Omnivore Herbivore
What structure of the colon performs the function of microbial fermentation of feed?
Cecum
What feed component is most effectively digested by fermentation in the rumen and cecum?
Cellulose
Name three types of carbohydrates
Cellulose Sugar Starch
What are the two basic groupings into which most animal feeds fall?
Concentrates and roughages
What is grading up?
Crossing one breed with another enough times that it is considered purebred.
Phenotype = Genotype +
Environment
What are the two classes of amino acids?
Essential Non-essential
What hormone is responsible for females showing "heat"
Estrogen
What does the term dry matter of feed mean?
Feed that has had the water removed from it
What is the union of sperm and ovum called?
Fertilization
What is the imaginary ring around an animal that activates its fight or flight instict?
Flight zone
Castrated male horse
Gelding
What is the term for the average age of the parents when their offspring are born?
Generation interval
Young female pig
Gilt
Place the measurements of energy in the proper order.
Gross energy digestible energy metabolizable energy net energy
Young female cattle
Heifer
In ranking cattle according to highest % body fat to lowest, which order is most likely to be seen?
Heifers Steers Bulls
The % of total phenotypic differences that is due to breeding value.
Heritability
Name a sex limited trait.
How much milk a lactating mother produces.
Give 2 reasons for culling animals with poor dispositions from the herd.
Hurt other animals or themselves.
Heterosis is the same as
Hybrid vigor
What is the source of testosterone
Hypothalamus
What does the term estrus mean?
In heat
Which method of selection uses cut-off points or levels to eliminate undesirable animals?
Independent culling level
Livestock operations that have highly controlled environmental conditions are said to be under
Intensive management
Artificial insemination
Introduction of semen into the vagina by artificial means
Why do people advice against inbreeding?
It keeps diseases and undesirable traits in the family with a high % chance of showing up in the offspring.
Explain the major function of the effect of testosterone.
Key role in development of the testis and prostate necessary for normal sperm development.
During which part of pregnancy is the nutrient requirement for fetal growth greatest?
Last trimester of pregnancy
Which generally causes more financial loss to livestock operations, mortality or morbidity?
Morbidity
The main parts of the digestive tract through which food passes in poultry are
Mouth Esophagus Crop Proventriculus Gizzard Small & Large Intestine Cloaca
The main parts of the digestive tract through which food passes in simple stomached animals
Mouth Esophagus Stomach Sm. Intestine Lg. Intestine
What publication would be the best source to go to in order to know the nutrient requirements of a specific class of livestock?
National research counsel
When is fat deposition in an animal's body usually the greatest?
Near mature size
What is cud?
Partially digested food returned from the first stomach in ruminants.
DNA carries the code to produce
Proteins
Describe the process of rumination.
Regurgitation of undigested food and chewing it a second time, after which it is then swallowed.
Name the four compartments known as fore stomachs in ruminants?
Rumen Reticulum Omasum Absomasum
What is the term for the average superiority of animals selected to be parents (replacements) over the average of the total group from which they are selected?
Selection differential
Castrated male cattle
Steer
Explain the major function of effect of progesterone.
Stimulates the growth of a cushion lining of the uterus where the fertilized egg can grow.
What is embryo transfer?
Taking an embryo from one female and planting it into the uterus of another female.
Which method of selection involves selecting for only one trait at a time?
Tandem
What is bloat?
The disease of livestock characterized by an accumulation of gas in the stomach.
Define morbidity rate.
The measurement of illness.
Define mortality rate.
The rate of death
What is the function of the rumen?
The stomach that ferments food and breaks down roughages.
What is a reason people want to cross breed?
To produce offspring with the best traits from both breeds.
T/F: As people increase their standard of living, the per capita consumption of animal products also increase.
True
T/F: Developed nations have less of their population economically involved in agriculture than do developing nations.
True
T/F: Small animals require smaller amounts of nutrients for body maintenance than large animals.
True
How does the US compare to other countries for percent of income spent on food?
US uses a lot less of their income on food than developing countries
In what organ does the fetus develop?
Uterus
Name the 6 basic classes of nutrients.
Water lipids proteins carbohydrates minerals vitamins
Castrated male sheep
Wether
What does the esophageal groove do?
When close, it forms a tube allowing milk to go directly into the abomasum.
What is estrous synchronization?
When female livestock come into heat the same time.
When is a cow considered to be a simple stomached animal?
When it is a nursing calf.
How do we determine whether to classify a lipid substance as a fat or an oil?
Whether or not they are a solid or a liquid at room temperature.
Name an abnormal or maladaptive behavior that can cause problems in livestock production.
Windsucking Weaving
Why do some farmers decide to use embryo transfer in their livestock?
You can get multiple surrogate females pregnant with good breeding stock, allowing more expensive and better quality calves to be born.
What is it about an amino acid that causes it to be classified as essential?
Your body cannot make it itself; must come from an outside source.
