Loud Pack 164 Kaplannzzzz UCSD Psych 164

Criminal resistance to boredom:

"A man shooting heroin into his vein does so largely for the same reason you rent a video. To dodge the redundancy of time"

Attachment:

"Caring about others, including respecting their opinions and expectations, and is based on a mutual respect that develops from ongoing interactions and relations with conventional adults."

Durkheim's view on crime

"Crimes are acts which shock the common conscience, or collective morality."

Marx's view on crime

"Crimes are determined by groups in power and are used to further their needs and consolidate power."

Foucault

"Discipline and Punish"; soul disciplining the body

The M'Naughten Rule

"If at the time of the committing of the act, the party accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, arising from a disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or, if he did know it, that he did not know what he was doing was wrong" AKA Insanity.

Commitment

"Individual's investment in conventional behavior including a willingness to do what is promised."

Commitment:

"The individual's investment in conventional behavior, including a willingness to do what is promised and respecting the expectations others have that it will be done; in other words commitment involves a cost benefit analysis of what degree of investment in conformity would be lost if one were to participate in the act."

Involvement

"The time and energy of participation in conventional activities."

Attachment

"caring about others including their opinions and expectations"

identity politics

"feminist"/"atheist"/"capitalist" criminology

actus reus

"guilty act" whether offender actually engaged in a given criminal act

mens rea

"guilty mind" offenders actually knew what they were doing was wrong

Belief

"in the moral validity of conventional norms and on the child's respect for authority."

Belief:

"in the moral validity of conventional norms and on the child's respect for the authority of those limiting their behavior."

Involvement:

"is the time and energy of participation in conventional activities."

"aforethought"

"previously in mind; premeditated, deliberate."

actus reus

"the guilty act" demonstrates a voluntary action, omission, or state of being that is prohibited by law

parens patriae

"the parent of the country" philosophical perspective state has both right and obligation to intervene on behalf go its citizens due to some impairment or impediment, or age and immaturity

DRD + Context of Drug War

# of incarcerated drug offenders increased by more than 1000% since 1980; disproportionally black (13% of gen pop, 50% of prison pop, 35% drug arrests); #s do not reflect higher rates of use

Tautology (Taut)

'He committed the robbery because he is impulsive and we know he is impulsive because he committed the robbery' = circular logic

Exceptions for criminal law

'strict liability' behaviors -Ignorance of the law is no excuse -Statutory rape

Problems with Control Theory

- Does •bad parenting > delinquency or •delinquency > bad parenting? - Plenty of people with these characteristics don't do crime, and vice versa - Circular logic - The only real policy implication for control theory is to intervene very early in 'at risk' children's lives

Pharma Industry #s

Sales in 1939: $300 million; 1959: $2.3 billion; 2007: $235 billion

Latent delinquency

Same state of mind exists but has not yet expressed itself through such behavior.

Victimology

Scientific study of victims. • Reasons that some individuals are more likely to be victimized. • Legal rights of victims. • Incidence/spatial distribution of victimization in a given geographic area.

Homosocial romance

Scotty and Petey had a bromance where they took care of each other; Petey fell in with Hank and others homoeroticized the relationship maybe in jealousy

Extroversion

Second dimension • Traits of being sociable, lively, active, assertive, sensation-seeking, carefree, dominant, surgent, and venturesome.

Lumpen Abuse

Sets the individual experience of intolerable levels of suffering among the socially vulnerable.

Constructive (instinctual drive)

Sexual in nature. • Make up the libido.

circular logic

Similarly, committing offenses against others is seen as evidence of a lack of empathy, yet lack of empathy is seen as a trait to explain offending

PC 212

The fear mentioned in Section 211 may be either: 1. The fear of an unlawful injury to the person or property of the person robbed, or of any relative of his or member of his family; or, 2. The fear of an immediate and unlawful injury to the person or property of anyone in the company of the person robbed at the time of the robbery.

Class Conflict

Various modes of production create classes of people who are in conflict over power.

correlation or covariation

a criterion of causality that requires a change in a predictor variable (X) to be consistently associated with some change in the explanatory variable (Y) (17)

verdict

a decision on a disputed issue in a criminal case (jury's verdict, judge's verdict).

guilty plea

a defendant admits to all the charges in a criminal case, 'knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently.'

Routine Activities Theory

A theory of criminology that suggests there is always a ready offender, a suitable target, and an absence of guardian.

Classical Rational Choice Theory

A theory on crime that suggests individuals choose to do crime to obtain benefits. Also suggests that there should be a proportionate punishment to go along with the crime. The theory is rotted in the ideals of the era of enlightenment.

Panhandling

AA homeless did not passively beg or hold up signs; they aggressively panhandled and asserted themselves to try and get money; police enforced panhandling laws more rigorously against blacks

AA Forgiving Families

AA men like Sonny spent holidays with their families and were pretty integrated

Intimate Apartheid Broken

Al and Sonny; white and black respectively; inseparable running partners who shared drugs and other resources

According to Self-control Theory, whose fault is it if someone commits crime? *Lecture 3*

The parents - because they were poorly trained as children Low parental: - investment - monitoring - discipline - the parent failed to use adequate child rearing practices

postmodernism

Truth' is always relative and 'discursive' (meaning created through the human processes of language) Critiques the accepted 'truths' as being in support of dominating power structures

Righteous Dopefiend

All but 2 ppl were btwn 40-50 yrs old; started injecting heroin on daily basis in late 60s or early 70s; most smoked crack as well; drank cisco

cross-sectional studies

a form of research design model in which a collection of data is taken at one point in time (often survey format) (92)

conviction

a formal declaration that someone is guilty of a criminal offense.

Control Theory

All people are naturally inclined toward misbehavior but social control contains them. Inverse of social learning theory because says people are naturally criminal.

euthanasia (physician-assisted suicide)

Also called 'mercy killing.' However, is generally considered criminal homicide. (EVEN if a person kills another person in order to end the other person's pain or suffering).

The interplay between rational and irrational:

Although 'professional' hardmen invoke the rational (being professional), they often act totally irrationally (killing victims unnecessarily)

Pedagogical veneer

As part of an ostensible mission to educate middle class consumers about the dangers of sex, drugs, and violence, it promises a look at what is alluring yet not respectable—that which, in other words, is forbidden to those who seek a life of middle class comfort.

The National Crime Victimization Survey

Attempts to help the UCR by providing data on characteristics of crime victims and offenders.

Attendant Circumstances

Attendant circumstances are external circumstances that surround an event. For example, there are certain states that make it a crime to knowingly perform a lewd act in the presence of a child under the age of 16 years. Thus, one could perform the lewd act, but if it cannot be proved that the act was committed in the presence of a child under the age of 16 years, there would be no crime. The presence of the 16-year old child constitutes the attendant circumstances.

Problems with Social Ecology Theory

Attributing characteristics to invidious based on aggregate statistics. Developing a policy based on ecological theory would entail massive wholesale social changes.

When an individual does or does not do something that increases their risk of being victimized, this is referred to as victim

B A. anticipation. B. precipitation. C. expectation. D. consideration.

When an offender is ordered to pay money to the victim as part of sentencing, it is referred to as _______________, whereas when the state or federal government provides funds to the victim for losses due to the crime, it is referred to as _______________.

B A. compensation; restitution B. restitution; compensation

rational choice theory

a modern, Classical School-based framework for explaining crime that includes the traditional formal deterrence aspects and other informal factors that studies show consistently and strongly influence behavior (95)

serotonin

a neurotransmitter that is key in information processing and most consistently linked to criminal behavior in its deficiency; low levels are linked to depression and other mental illness (152)

dopamine

a neurotransmitter that is largely responsible for good feelings in the brain; it is increased by many illicit drugs (e.g., cocaine) (152)

Age of Enlightenment

a period of the late 17th century to 18th century in which philosophers and scholars began to emphasize the rights of individuals in society (59)

Postive school

a perspective that assumes individuals have no free will to control their behavior

Positive School

a perspective that assumes individuals have no free will to control their behavior (111)

utilitarianism

a philosophical concept that relates to the idea of the greatest good for the greatest number (66)

pares patriae

a philosophical perspective that recognizes that the state has both the right and the obligation to intervene on behalf of its citizens due to some impairment or impediment such as mental incompetence, or in the case of juveniles, age and immaturity (9)

According to Merton's theory, which type of individual deals with strain by emphasizing the conventional means of gaining success without any consideration for the conventional goals of such success?

B a. Ritualists b. Conformists c. Retreatists d. Rebels e. Innovators

Marx's "base" and "superstructure" of Conflict theory *Lecture 4*

Base= mode of capitalism Superstructure= institutions that sit on top of the base *we are trained to add to capitalism*

severity

Beccaria claimed that in order for a punishment to be effective, the set penalty must outweigh the potential benefits of the given crime but too much severity could lead to more crime

According to Merton's theory, which type of individual deals with strain by emphasizing the conventional goals of success without any consideration for the conventional means of gaining such success?

E a. Ritualists b. Conformists c. Retreatists d. Rebels e. Innovators

Hustling in Moral Economy

Edgewater homeless formed a community of addicted bodies that held together by moral economy of sharing; authors had to make sure they were not hustled; shared money, food, and other resources with homeless; homeless did not steal from authors

What do we measure crime with?

UCR index and NCVS

federal and state courts

US Supreme Court (1 court) U.S. Court of Appeals (13 Circuits) U.S. Districts Courts (94 districts)

Homicide rates in other countries, Peer States:

US: 5.9 UK: 0.9 Germany: 0.9 Japan: 0.3

Lowest Homicide rate

USA > UK = Germany > Japan

Which country has the highest incarceration rate? *Lecture 1*

United States

Most likely individuals to be victims of violent crimes

Elderly persons. • Due to media coverage. • In fact, older individuals are least likely to be victimized by violence.

Tenets of Cultural Criminology

Embraces naturalistic methods (extreme/street/ auto ethnography) and cultural studies methods (texts, artifacts, accidents, commerce, and quotidian)

Tenets of Cultural Criminology

Embraces naturalistic methods: - Extreme ethnography (Empire of Scrounge) - Street ethnography (Righteous Dopefiend) - Auto-ethnography (Convict Criminologist Michael Braun) Embraces cultural studies methods: - Texts - Artifacts - Accidents - Commerce - Quotidian life

The Superstructure

Emerges after the base. The infrastructure of society; i.e. beliefs, norms, views of life, institution, criminal justice system.

Classical School of Criminology

Emphasizes the ideas that people make choices to commit crime and that punishment should be about preventing future crimes from being committed.

3 types of crime

Felonies, misdemeanors and violations/infractions

Different categories of crime include:

Felony crimes Misdemeanor crimes Offenses Treason and espionage Inchoate offenses

Psychoticism

First dimension • High psychoticism = aggressive, cold, egocentric, impersonal, impulsive, antisocial, unemphatic, creative, and tough-minded. • Low psychoticism: empathic, unselfish, altruistic, warm, peaceful, and generally more pleasant.

Jeremy Bentham labeled people who are motivated by pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain?

Hedonists

Highest Homicide rate

Honduras > El Salvador > Venezuela

Homicide rates in other countries, Dangerous States:

Honduras: 84 El Salvador: 64 Venezuela: 62

Postmodern Theories of Crime *Lecture 4*

Human reality has moved beyond "modernity" into a new period - all about science and the ability to discover essential and universal truths through logic and testing

postmodern theory of crime

Human reality has moved beyond 'modernity' into a new period

Biological Theories

- Some human beings have inherent, biological characteristics that lead to criminal acts under certain conditions such as Stress and When reminded of previous trauma

What are some problems with the Three-strikes laws? *Lecture 2*

- assumes criminals are rational - over incarceration - extreme disproportionality - inconclusive evidence of effectiveness in reducing violent crimes

Problems with contemporary rational choice theory

- assumes that all people are rational individuals all the time - But many people doing crimes are intoxicated or psychologically troubled

What are the four forms of social bonds in Social Control Theory? *Lecture 3*

- attachment - commitment - involvement - belief

Criminal law requires that a criminal act has what *two* aspects? *Lecture 1*

- bad act (actus reus) - guilty mind or intent (mens rea)

Belief (bond in Social Control Theory) *Lecture 3*

- belief in moral validity of conventional norms - respect for authority of those limiting their behavior

Attachment (bond in Social Control Theory) *Lecture 3*

- caring about others - respecting opinion and expectations - mutual respect for adults - ongoing interactions/relations with conventional adults

5 other features of crime

- causation - harm - legality - punishment - attendant circumstances

Personal Crimes

- crime against a person This category of crime includes: - Murder - Forcible rape - Robbery - Aggravated assault - Terrorism

Psychoanalytic Theories on explaining crime *Lecture 2*

- crime is an expression of internal conflicts resulting from childhood trauma - traumatic childhood events affect the unconscious component of the human mind - hard to evaluate empirically

What are some problems with Control Theory? *Lecture 3*

- does bad parenting cause delinquency or does delinquency cause bad parenting? - plenty of people with low self-control characteristics don't do crime, and vice versa - circular logic - identifying bad parenting as the cause of crime isn't very helpful

The M'Naughten Rule

- due to a mental impairment (called 'insanity'), the person either: a) did not understand the 'nature and quality' of what he was doing (thought the gun was a banana) b) did not know that his actions were wrong (delusional thinking that shooting someone would save their soul) - Basic premise underlies most insanity doctrines

What are some contemporary policies and rational choice? *Lecture 2*

- incapacitation - three-strikes laws - capital punishment

Criminal punishment must

- inflict unpleasant consequences - be ordered by law - be ordered intentionally as punishment - be ordered by the government

Commitment (bond in Social Control Theory) *Lecture 3*

- investment in conventional behavior - willingness to do what is promised - respecting expectations of others - cost benefit analysis of what degree of investment in conformity would be lost if one were to participate in deviant acts

What are some critiques of Marxian/Radical Theories? *Lecture 4*

- it's deterministic and simplistic - ignores how some capitalist countries have very low crime rates (Japan and Switzerland)

Cesare Lombroso

- leader of the positivist theory - He believed that criminals were born, not made, and that crime was a matter of nature, not nurture

Misdemeanor

- less serious crimes - punishable by less than one year imprisonment Examples of misdemeanors include simple assault, simple battery, petty shoplifting, disturbing the peace or writing bad checks

Strain Theory (Agnew) *Lecture 3*

- loss of something good - receive something bad - cannot get what they want

Marx: Superstructure

- maintains and legitimates the base Eg, religion, education, family, mass media, politics

What are Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) Index crimes? *Lecture 2*

- murder - rape - robbery (taking property through violence) - assault - burglary (breaking and entering) - larceny (taking someone's property) - auto theft - arson

Homicide

- occurs when one person kills another - doesn't mean it's a crime - A homicide is a crime when someone kills another unlawfully

What's the problem with Uniform Crime Reports *Lecture 2*

- only about 1/3 of crimes are reported to police - different law enforcement agencies have different definitions of crime - data collection issues - police departments might underreport crime to bolster clearance rates - doesn't include white collar crime, environmental crime, vice, etc.

Neutralization Theory *Lecture 2*

- people "drift" in and out of criminality and delinquent groups based on their internal "techniques of neutralization" - drift between criminality and conventionality

What are the different paradigms within criminology? *Lecture 1*

- rational choice theory - biological theories - psychological theories - social learning theories - control theory - structural theories - conflict or critical theories

Marx- base

- shapes the superstructure - relations of production - means of prodcution

What are some examples of Marx's "base" of Conflict Theory

- slavery - feudalism - capitalism - socialism - communism *says human beings have an inherent drive to work (labor)*

Sociological Theories of Crime

- social learning theory - social conflict theory

What are the the levels of violence (Theoretical Approaches to Social Suffering) *lecture 4*

- structural - everyday - symbolic

What are the problems with Social Ecology Theory *Lecture 3*

- the ecological fallacy--> attributing characteristics to individuals based on aggregate statistics - does count for white collar crimes

Due process theory

- the main function of criminal justice should be to provide fundamental fairness under the law - everyone deserves protection under the law and worries that police suspicion can lead to undue persecution of individuals in an effort to find and try a person - associated with social liberalism

Utilitarianism (Beccaria)

- theory that one is motivated by pleasure and the fear of pain so punishments can be used as a deterrent to crime. - Punishment should increase the overall amount of happiness in the world and create a better society - belief that the government should only legislate in ways that provide the greatest public good

Involvement (bond in Social Control Theory) *Lecture 3*

- time and energy of participation in conventional activities

Psychological/Psychiatric Theories to explain crime *Lecture 2*

- tried to bridge the gap between rational choice and biological determinism

Biological theory- twin study results

- twin and adoption studies are inconclusive as to the criminal influence of genetics - This may be partially due to confounding variables -The effect of adoption institutions - Prenatal problems in the mother that are not genetic but environmental

Ironies

ISIS using Twitter and Youtube to get their message across is the exact message that they despise; violent dialectics: victimizers victimize and get victimized; Carlie Hebdo massacre will only cause more violence from the west; Warrior cartoonists (valorizing rights); Jihadi Badasses (valorizing murder and martyrdom)

Individual's behavior presumed to be due to the three aspects of his/her personality.

Id, ego, superego.

M'naughten rule

If at the time of the committing of the act, the party accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, arising from a disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or, if he did know it, that he did not know what he was doing was wrong"

Exceptions for 'strict liability' behaviors

Ignorance of the law is no excuse Statutory rape

D. Because Charlie lacked legitimate means to obtain his goals, he innovated by using illegitimate means to obtain his goals.

Imagine that Charlie is a white UCSD senior who does okay in school but is no valedictorian. Charlie is a first generation college student and grew up with a single mom in a run-down part of Claremont. Charlie's mom took care of him decently, but he never got a lot of bonding from a stable family situation. Charlie ditched school and shoplifted a few times as a teenager, but was never arrested. Charlie has a lot of friends at school, most of who like to party, which mostly means drink beer, but occasionally includes using other drugs such as pot, and rarely ecstasy and cocaine. Charlie and a bunch of his friends decide to go to Las Vegas for New Year's Eve. Charlie and eight of these friends decide to pool their money to procure an ounce of cocaine and twenty tablets of ecstasy for the party. Charlie obtains the drugs with his own money through a family connection and splits up the ounce into eight separate bags which he keeps in his pocket along with the twenty pills. Charlie's plan is to hand out the separate bags of coke among the large crew of friends once they get to Vegas, and once they all chip in with the money they agreed to contribute. On the drive to Vegas, Charlie gets stopped for speeding in Barstow. Because Charlie seems nervous, the officer searches him and finds the eight '8-balls' in his pocket, along with the ecstasy. California law dictates mandatory minimum sentences for possession of one ounce or more of cocaine with intention to distribute. The range of possible sentences is 3-15 years. Since it is his first offense, Charlie agrees to a plea bargain deal with the prosecutor and is sentenced to three years in prison. Charlie has no prior record, but because of the mandatory minimums, he ends up having to serve for two solid years in prison. While locked up, he joins the Nazi Low Riders (NLR), a white prison gang. While in the NLR, Charlie learns a recipe for how to manufacture methamphetamine. When Charlie gets out, he returns to Claremont to live with his single mother again, even though he is now 24 years old. Charlie cannot re-enter UCSD because he can't afford tuition and can't get a student loan due to his status as a convicted felon. Eventually, Charlie gets a job in a warehouse, but the pay is bad. After a few months, another NLR guy gets out and paroles to San Diego. The two get together and start cooking methamphetamine in an apartment they rent in Lakeside. After a couple of months, their neighbors get suspicious from a foul odor and call the police, after which the two are arrested and Charlie gets a long prison sentence for manufacturing methamphetamine, with enhancements for his prior cocaine conviction. What would a strain theorist say about Charlie's story? A. Charlie's crimes can be explained by the government's 'looking the other way' while Nicaraguan Contras shipped massive amounts of cocaine into Southern California. B. After his first arrest, Charlie gave up his 'college partier' attitude and adopted and internalized a hardcore 'criminal' identity. This change in self-image allowed Charlie to move from the relatively harmless practice of 'partying' to the serious and violent world of prison gangs and manufacturing methamphetamine. C. Charlie's criminal behavior can best be explained by his association with different groups—in the first offense, his group of 'partying friends' basically condoned and encouraged his drug behavior; in the second offense, his association with a prison gang influenced his decision to get into methamphetamine. D. Because Charlie lacked legitimate means to obtain his goals, he innovated by using illegitimate means to obtain his goals.

Active victim precipitation

John yells a racial slur at Ron and then Ron attacks John. John increased the likelihood of being attacked. • Involves individual actually doing something that increases their probability of being victimized.

What are some policy implications of Strain Theory? *Lecture 3*

- valuing cooperative society - emphasize social rather than instrumental relations - valuing humility and satisfaction with the inner self as oppose to monetary success, physical beauty, and material trappings *stressing these would reduce or eliminate the insatiable desire to pursue instrumental goals*

What does Marx say about class conflict? *Lecture 4*

- various modes of production (feudalism, slavery, capitalism) create classes of people who are in conflict over power - in capitalism, these classes are the capitalists themselves and the workers - in previous systems, the conflict would be between the King and his serfs, or slave-owner and slaves, etc

If capital punishment doesn't work on deterring criminals from crime, why do we need it? *Lecture 2*

- victims deserve retribution - society needs symbolic cleansing - some people are so dangerous, the only form of incapacitation is death

USA

Moderate crime rates, yet highest incarceration rates.

Ego

Moderator between the demands of an instinct (id), the superego, and reality. • Reason and sanity. • Conflicts between impulses need to be resolved.

Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development

Moral judgement evolves in children in a three-level progression.

Contemporary Rational Choice Theory

More nuanced than classical theory and argues that a variety of factors play into criminals' decisions to offend - Risk factors - Coping mechanisms Rational choice theory applies well to corporate crime - E.g., the Ford Motor Company deciding that it would be cheaper to pay for class action suits to Pinto drivers who burned to death than the costs of recalling the Pinto But it assumes that all people are rational individuals all the time But many people doing crimes are - intoxicated - psychologically troubled

Contemporary Rational Choice Theory

More nuanced that classical theory; argues that a variety of factors play into criminals' decisions to offend. Applies well to corporate crime.

USA has the highest incarceration rates and total number in the world

More than China Nearly 7 million people under correctional supervision US population is about 330 million, which means more than 2% of the population is under the control of the state

What does Katz mean by 'magical?'

-Transcendental, meaning that the emotional experience transcends (goes beyond) the practical, utilitarian, or real -Also the ways in which sneaky thrill seekers endow the objects and environments with non-real, seductive attributes

Al

-White male, middle aged, running partners with Sonny, bought the first car in the group, then upgraded to a truck, grew up in an African American neighborhood, crosses intimate apartheid boundaries

Roper v. Simmons (2005)

-bans death penalty for juveniles

part II offenses

A UCR/NIBRS offense group used to report arrests for less serious offenses. Agencies are limited to reporting only arrest information for Part II offenses, with the exception of simple assault.

state requirements for 'self-defense'

Most states do not require retreat if the individual is attacked or threatened in his/her home, place of employment, pr place of business. In addition, some states do not require a person to retreat unless that person in some way provoked the threat of harm.

August Aichhorn

Most well-known psychoanalysts to apply psychoanalysis to criminal behavior. • Uncover the unconscious motives of juveniles engaging in delinquent behavior.

Social Process Theories

Move from the level of the individual to the level of the group - Individual - GROUP - Institution - Society - Criminals are not fundamentally different from anyone else - They learn crime through associations with others who have deviant norms

Social Process Theories

Moving from the individuals fault to the group association's fault. Criminals are not fundamentally different from anyone else they learn crime through associations with others.

PC 211

Robbery is the felonious taking of personal property in the possession of another, from his person or immediate presence, and against his will, accomplished by means of force or fear.

determinism

a predictor-independent variable (X) causes an explanatory-dependent variable(Y) 1. temporal ordering 2. correlation-covariation 3. spuriousness

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

a primary measure of crime in the U.S.; collected by the DOJ and Census Bureau, based on interviews with victims of crime (21)

frontal lobe

a region of the brain located in the frontal portion of the brain; most of the executive functions of the brain, such as problem solving, take place here (153)

the base

accroding to marx the superstructure serves this

Control Theory *Lecture 3*

all people are naturally inclined toward misbehavior but that social control over them contains them, to varying degrees

control theory

all people are naturally inclined toward misbehavior but that social control over them contains them, to varying degrees

monozygotic twins

also referred to as "identical twins," these are twin pairs that come from a single egg (zygote) and this share 100% of their genetic makeup (142)

phenotype

an observed manifestation of the interaction on genotypical traits with the environment, such as height (159)

conflict theory

analyzes crime and society's structures and conflicts

Uniform Crime Report (UCR)

and annual report published by the FBI in the DOJ, which is meant to estimate most of the major street crimes in the U.S. (33)

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

annual report published by the FBI: generating a consistent or reliable set of crime statistics that can be used in law enforcement and administration, operation, and management

counter images and anti-prisons

anti-prison = active work againstssptate control of citizens critiques patriarche, capitalism, racism, and heteronormativity because they cause poverty, intimate violence, police brutality, immigrant detention, and war view prisons and jails as a form of racialized state violence that must be dismantled as part of a wider social justice agenda state makes prisoners disappear

sociopath

antisocial personalities that are due to social or familial dysfunction

2nd degree murder

any intentional murder without premeditation, but with malice aforethough

2nd Degree Murder

any intentional murder without premeditation, but with malice aforethought.

1/3

approximate amt of crimes actually reported to police

*Ethics of Visual Criminology* • tradition of documentary -Serious -Recording 'the ways things _____'

are

jail

are often designated for individuals convicted of a minor crime, and to house individuals awaiting trial (9)

*Carceral Studies* •Addresses forms of punishment and/or confinement that (are/aren't) prisons or jails -Migrant detention centers -Refugee camps -Worker camps -Non-custodial state control

aren't

•Anti-prison activists (are/aren't) criminologists

aren't

Theoretical Approaches to Social Suffering (Bourdieu) *Lecture 4*

argued that social class and the economic field of power (structural forces) manifest themselves through the habitus of individuals' everyday intimate practices

Biological theory to explain crime *Lecture 2*

argues that some human beings have inherent, biological characteristics or traits that lead to criminal acts under certain conditions - stress - when reminded of previous trauma - charge that people with low emotional arousal take up risky behavior, including crime, to stimulate their emotional life

Common sense of sexwork

complex continuum btwn altruism and instrumentality in relationships becomes more evident under urban poverty and masculine domination

mens rea

concept regarding whether offenders actually knew what they were doing and meant to do it (97)

Legality

conduct cannot be considered criminal if there is no law that defines it as criminal

Brown's objective is to

connect visual criminology with - The anti-prison movement - Immigration movements - Labor movements - Social justice movements - Abolitionist movements • Using the visual to convey the scale, scope, and irrational logic of mass incarceration

more criminalizing young ppl and stop and frisk

consequences of broken window thoery

mala prohibita

considered crimes, declared bad by legal codes

•Stickup men live in flux worlds of

constant action -Illicit sex -Drugs -Crime -Open-ended action -Burning through money

social learning theories

criminals are not fundamentally different from anyone else—they just learn different things through associations with others who have deviant norms is this theory

Cultural Criminology

criminological version of an artist theorist's analysis of fashion culture can romanticize crime human culture intertwines with the structures of power and inequality

temporal ordering

criterion for determining causality. Requires that the predictor variable (x) precedes the explanatory variable (y) in time

correlation or covariation

criterion of causality that requires change in predictor variable (x) to be consistently associated with some change in the explanatory variable (y)

postmodernism

criticizes this basic conceptualization of reality

In regard to the function of deviance and society, what does Durkheim argue will happen if we eliminate all serious crime?

d. Society will criminalize less serious action.

race and class privilege

dealers were never searched when stopped by authorities

doesn't deter

death penalty effect on deterring crimes

Crime Politics

debate over homeless illustrates micropolitics of governmentality

limited jurisdiction

decide cases within area of the law or geographic territory

What is the goal of Righteous Dopefiend? *Lecture 4*

deconstruct commonsensical notions of what "the crackhead" is

victims retribution, symbolic cleansing, too dangerous to be alive

defenses of capital punishment

informal deterrence

factors like family, church or friends that do not involve official aspects like police, courts

informal deterrence

factors like family, church, or friends that do not involve official aspects of criminal justice, such as police, courts, and corrections (e.g. prisons) (95)

underregulation

failure to exert control over oneself

Family as an institution

family is crucial network for resources and reproduction of cultural and ideological values, but it also harbors violence

craniometry

field of study that emphasized the belief that the size of the brain or the skull reflected superiority or inferiority, with larger brains and skulls being considered superior (113)

spatial analyses of crime

focuses on crime places provides information as location, distance, direction, and pattern where and when crimes occur for reducing future criminal activity and crime control determines environmental conditions and crime influence

specific (individual) deterrence

focuses on defendant, involving punishment preventing the criminal from reoffending

Determinism

for everything that happens there are conditions such that, given those conditions, nothing else could happen

Zygmunt Baumans's two forms of culture

freedom: the activity of the free roaming spirit, the site of creativity, invention, self-critique and self transcendence control: the handmaiden of social order, regularity and pattern (Durkheim)

deviance amplification

guy who makes meth on prison yard an other ppl curious and ask him which leads to them producing meth and so on

residential sanctions

halfway houses + work/study release

Good Samaritan Policy

harm reduction on college campuses; encourage students to seek medical care without threat of criminal sanctions

psychological theories

has raised serious questions with both the mechanical determinism of biological theories and the pure individual freedom claimed in classical models

convicted

having been declared guilty of a criminal offense

convicted

having been declared guilty of a criminal offense.

zone 2

he 'transition zone' was full of transients living in crowded slums that factory owners were letting rot, who worked in nearby factories

Rationality

he classical school assumes that people have free will and that they choose to commit crimes. For example, if Jordan decides to steal some candy at the store, he is not forced to, based on some pre-destiny. He chooses to steal that candy. Not only that, he thinks about it beforehand and says to himself, 'I really want candy, and I don't have money, so I will steal it.' This is the rational thinking that goes into his planning to commit a crime.

other defenses for 'criminal homicide'

include *insanity, necessity, accident, and/or intoxication.*

Twin and adoption studies for biological theory

inconclusive as to the criminal influence of genetics This may be partially due to confounding variables - The effect of adoption institutions - Prenatal problems in the mother that are not genetic but environmental

Internal containment

individual's conscience; positive self-concept; good tolerance for frustration; general adherence to norms and values of society.

*Carceral Studies* •Challenging the hegemony of neoliberalist _____

individualism

psychopath

individuals whose antisocial behavior may result from a defect or abnormality within themselves rather than in their rearing or socialization

Katz's project is inductive/deductive rather than inductive/deductive

inductive; deductive

Visual Criminology •Carceral conditions define the daily life of many of the world's inhabitants at the global intersections of political and economic ______ and increasing levels of detention, incarceration, forced migration, and population displacement.

instability

critically applied public criminology

intellectually gratifying to engage with critical theory, but need to operate at level of immediate policy; developing policy is complex and difficult; policy choices framed by discursive logic of powers that: propel governmentality, shape subjectivities, reinforce habitus-based inequalities

Three-strikes laws

intended to make sure that offenders who are convicted of a third felony get locked up for a very long time (sometimes for life) Used as: - deterrence - incapacitation

mens rea

means "guilty mind" regarding defendant's mental state punishment is substantially different based on a defendant's intentions; plays key role in charges and sentencing

national crime victimization survey

measure of crime in USA

Biological theories =

mechanical determinism

Homicide crimes consist of

murder and manslaughter

Tenets of Cultural Criminology

naturalistic methods; cultural studies methods (texts, artifacts, accidents, commerce, quotidian life)

Visual Criminology •Mass incarceration = *global* ______ carceral formations

neoliberal

crimespolitation ideologies

neoliberalism: privatization, responsibilization, individualism (bad choices), entrepreneurialism (drugs) law and order punitivism: valorization os cops, spectacles of humiliation of offenders, instant justice

ex post facto excuses not cause

neutralization theory problem

methadone demographics

no AA entered methadone tx; all Latinos and whites did; everyone relapsed and blamed themselves; rapid dosage step down led ppl to turn to heroin again; poly drug use: markets outside methadone clinics that sold drugs that would enhance methadone effects

Postmodernism =

no real truths - Doublespeak: •"Peacekeeping missions" •"Humanitarian Intervention" •"Regime Change" •"Protective Custody" •"Family Values"

contradictory effects of capital punishment

no stranger-felony murders (involve planning) significantly decrease, and argument based (unplanned) murders increased

conventional level of morality

normal adult approach used to maintain the family and social order such as golden rule

Anomie (Strain Theory: Durkheim) *Lecture 3*

normlessness or norms confusion

Triangulation *Lecture 4*

not 100% trusting what people tell you - people ma tell you something about themselves but it might not be true, do you need to figure out if its true - fact checking

Symbolic Capital

not just about the money; whiteness, conventionalist, entrepreneurial, educated

deviance

not necessarily against the law but atypical and may be deemed immoral rather than illegal; disposition toward antisocial behavior

deviance

not normal behaviors, includes illegal acts as well as activities that are not necessarily criminal but are unusual and violate social norms

Techniques of Neutralization

not referring to pot as drugs, not using "hard" to describe cocaine and the works; denial of injury

broken windows theory

nyc mayor guliana to implement public nuscine crimes to present places that are safer, darkly lit places more crime is supported, if you get rid of grafiti and guys chiling drinking beers there is perception of more crime but crime was the same

Inchoate Offenses

offenses that have not been completed. Like if you wanted to commit burglary but the people came home and you ran away without stealing anything

criminal justice

often refers to the various agencies and institutions (e.g., police, courts, and corrections) that are interrelated (6)

lobotomize people

old ex of applied biological theory

Crazy Carl

on parole but addicted to heroin; risks death to avoid going to hospital bc police might be called and it would be parole violation

twin studies, monozygotic, dizygotic

one egg, two egg

certainty of punishment

one of the key elements of deterrence; the assumption is that when people commit a crime, they will perceive a high likelihood of being caught and punished (71)

experimental effect

previous experiences (not getting caught) effect perceptions about hoe severe criminal punishment will be when deciding whether or not to offend again

Feminist Theory of Crime *Lecture 4*

radical feminists argue that men are inherently more criminal - women are inherently superior to men liberal/socialist feminists argue that there is something about the socially constructed gender identity 'male' that leads to higher likelihood of crime - males are "aggressive"

scope

range of criminal behavior that a theory attempts to explain

no change

rate change in us in 2014

concordance rates

rates at which twin pairs either share a trait (e.g., criminality) or the lack of a trait (142)

Psychological and psychiatric theories try to bridge the gap between

rational choice and biological determinism

Being mean is a _____ _____ _____ for manifesting that one has _______ rationality

rational social logic; transcended

rarely

rationality and murder occurance

routine activities thoery

ready offender suitable target and absence of guardian

perscription opioids blew up and cant get a prescription or then too expensive

reason heroin became popular

mixed

record on fbi profiling

Making Money

recycling, panhandling, menial labor, shoplifting, burglary, larceny, drug dealing; economists show that high rent + high income inequality + low rental vacancy = high homelessness

empirical validity

refers to the extent to which a theoretical model is supported by scientific research (16)

scope

refers to the range of criminal behavior that a theory attempts to explain (16)

poorly trained as children, as a result of low parental investment in child rearing, poor monitoring, and disciplining practices

self control thoery reason for why ppl have low self control

Lumpen (outcast) Abuse

sets individual experience of intolerable levels of suffering among socially vulnerable; taken in context of structural forces (politics, economy, institution, culture); embodies manifestation of distress (morbidity, physical pain, emotional craving)

the base

shapes the superstructure

Moral economy of sharing *Lecture 4*

share some of the stuff used to take drugs - help some guy shoot up and then residue will then become his because he helped the first guy

DRD etiquette

sharing among dealers and users; friendly scene

What did the homeless think of themselves when they saw their reflection? *Lecture 4*

shocked by their unhealthy, skinny, old, wrinkled, dirty, and tired appearance - often launched into self reflection

vignettes

short, descriptive sketches

vignettes

short, descriptive sketches (94)

political economic systems

slavery feudalism capitalism socialism communism

Rx Drug Use Patterns

sniffing, mixing drugs, alcohol; in 2006, over 740k ppl went to ER for problems with Rx or OTC drugs

Bordieu

social class and economic field of power (structural force) manifest themselves thru *habitus* of individuals' everyday intimate practices; instinct, common sense, character all seem individual, but they're shaped by historical forces and collective knowledge; ppl's behavior is determined by outside forces

debunked by reality

social ecology used the chicago school as evidence since then it has been

victim impact statements (VIS)

statements that are given by victims during the sentencing phase of the trial; these can be given in many ways, such as in person, a letter, or a video (23)

Crime control theory

stopping crime is the most important function of criminal justice and that it is sometimes necessary to violate criminals' human rights in order to provide safety and order to society - believe that police power should be expanded (technicalities like search warrants should be kept to a minimum) - the accused should be presumed guilty and the burden of proof should be on the defense

Structure

strain + conflict theories

rick ross making crack houses in 80s to make money

strain theory example

value cooperative socitety, emphasize social relations rather than instrumental, promote sharing over consuming, valuing humility and satisfaction w inner self over material things

strain theory policy implications

functional

strain thoery by durkheim believes it is

The structures of capitalism cause ______ in individual persons and ______ between groups *Lecture 3*

strain, conflict

Strain Theory: Policy Implications

stressing them would reduce or eliminate the insatiable desire to pursue instrumental goals: -Valuing cooperative society -Emphasizing social rather than instrumental relations -Promoting sharing rather than consuming -Valuing humility and satisfaction with the inner self as opposed to monetary success, physical beauty, and material trappings

sex trauma to others

strong evidene that ppl that exp sex trauma do this (psychodynamic theory)

Social-structural criminology

studies how criminal behavior is affected by structures and/or social situations. The idea behind this theory is that crime is a product of the deficiencies in social structure.

cytogenetic studies

studies of crime that focus on the genetic makeups of individuals, with a specific focus on abnormalities in chromosomal makeups (146)

family studies

studies that examine the clustering of criminality in a given family

family studies

studies that examine the clustering of criminality in a given family (141)

adoption studies

studies that examine the criminality of adoptees as compared to the criminality of their biological and adoptive parents (143)

twin studies

studies that examine the relative concordance rates for monozygotic vs. dizygotic twins (142)

twins separated at birth studies

studies that examine the similarities between identical twins who are separated in infancy (145)

scenario research

studies that involve providing participants with specific hypothetical scenarios and then asking them what they would do in each situation (94)

eungenics

study of policies related to the improvement of the human race via discriminatory control over reproduction

criminology

study of why it is people do crime,

Classical/Rational Choice Theory

suggests that people are rational actors and will make the choice that maximizes benefit or reward while minimizing cost. - Individuals choose to do crime to obtain benefits - Cost/benefit analysis - Proportionate punishment - Rooted in Enlightenment ideals

Superannuated workers

superannuated = too old to work; Sonny tried to steal some tools from car but got beat up and detained by owner

prison

supertax, max, medium, minimum security after conviction + sentencing

celerity

swiftness spending years in detention awaiting trial is detrimental in terms of deterrence because the individual did not link the sanction with the violation promptness associates crime with a punishment in the human mind

criminology

systematic study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of law breaking behavior, law making, law breaking, and law enforcing

robbery

taking property through violence

larceny

taking someones property

feeble-mindedness

technical, scientific term in the early 1900's meaning those who had significantly below average levels of intelligence (123)

Control is the willingness to do anything to demonstrate

that you are, in fact, a hardman

phrenology

the "science" of determining human dispositions based on distinctions (e.g., bumps) in the skull, which is believed to conform to the shape of the brain (114)

Anomie

the expectations of behavior are unclear and the system has broken down

testability

the extent that a theoretical model can be empirically or scientifically tested through observation and empirical research (16)

logical consistency

the extent to which concepts and propositions of theoretical model makes sense in terms of both face value and consistency with what is readily known about crime rates and trends (16)

Carceral conditions

define the daily life of many of the world's inhabitants at the global intersections of political and economic instability and increasing levels of detention, incarceration, forced migration, and population displacement. -Urban outcasts • Nevertheless, the urban outcasts of the world are capable of agency and resistence -Hunger strikes -Lip sewing -Self mutilation

prohitibed prosecuted and punished by law, enforced by a staff w legitimate power to enforce

definition of a crime

Social Control Theory (Lecture 3*

delinquent acts result when an individual's bond to society is weak or broken

cross- sectional studies

design model which a collection of data is taken at one point in time (often survey)

Broken Window Hypothesis

deteriorated neighborhoods attract criminal activity

formal/official deterrence

deterrent effects of law enforcement, courts, and corrections (95)

According to Social Control Theory, what is the key to self control? *Lecture 3*

developing an investment in convention (a stake in conformity) in the form of social bonds - attachment - commitment - involvement - belief

objective of criminology

developing of a body of knowledge regarding this process of law, crime, treatment, and prevention

structural theory

didn't commit crime because that person is a dick , did it bc of neglection abuse and other things that are everyones fault

physiologically changes you and you need it

diff between heroin addiction and other additons

anti-boredom technology

different kinds of escape than forms of commercial leisure; depicts the commission of crime and the pursuit of criminals as opportunities for achieving blissful loss of self-consciousness

parsimony

explaining phenomenon such as criminal activity in simplest way possible

parsimony

explaining the criminal activity in the simplest way possible

routine activities theory (lifestyle theory)

explanation of crime that assumes crime and victimization are highest in places where three factors come together in time and place: 1) motivated offenders 2) suitable or attractive targets, and 3) absence of guardian (100)

social contract

enlightenment ideal that stipulates an unspecified arrangement among citizens in which promise to not commit crimes against citizens and in turn are protected

•Photographic archiving: -Collections that are subordinated to control and subjected to principles of classification -Significant events become only those which can be pictured, transforming history into an ________ spectacle, resulting in extremely partial understanding of the past

entertaining

*Visual Criminology* •Visual criminology is a space from which to cultivate the kind of moral judgement and ways of seeing that are most often institutionally ________ in neoliberal discourses that drive law, politics, media, and prisons

erased

probation

essentially an arrangement between the sentencing authorities and the offender requiring the offender to comply with certain terms for a specified amount of time (8)

Gray Zone

ethical wasteland imposed by the state in which ppl struggle to stay alive; survival imperatives overcome human decency; in SF: de-industrialization, withdrawal of services for vulnerable populations, punitive govt model

Populist nationalism borders on

eugenics

consensus perspective

everyone agrees on the laws and therefore assume no conflict in attitudes regarding the laws and rules of society social contract-mutualist model: "why do some people commit crimes while others do not?"

labeling theory

everyone did primary deviance but then ppl start doing secondary deviance (crime) based on how they label themselves

certainty

evidence that perceived certainty and risk of punishment is most effective at crime prevention

ford paying class action rather than recealling cars

ex of rational choice thoery that is immoral

revolution and religious sect

ex of rebellion in strain theory

homelessness and peace through addiction

ex of retreatism in strain thoery

chemical castration

ex of way criminology and bio theory would go together

russia

example of where capitalism increased crime rate

Identity Politics

examples - Green criminology -'atheist criminology?' -'capitalist criminology?' -'shariya criminology?' What are your identity politics

theft drug dealing white collar crime

examples of innovation in strain thoery

statutory exclusion

excludes certain juvenile offenders from juvenile court jurisdiction; cases originate in criminal rather than juvenile court (11)

statutory exclusion

excludes some crimes committed by young being prosecuted in juvenile court

misregulation

exerting control in a way that fails to bring about the desired result

Cottee and Hayward on Radicalization

existential attractions: extreme excitement; raskolnikovian neutralizations; moral elevation; religious solution: transcendence from earthly misery

empirical validity

extent to which a theoretical model is supported by scientific research

experiential effect

extent to which previous experience affects individuals' perceptions of how severe criminal punishment will be when deciding whether or not to offend again (93)

Naturalistic methods + Cultural Criminology

extreme ethnography (Empire of Scrounge); street ethnography (Righteous Dopefiend); auto-ethnography (convict criminologist Michael Braun)

Retribution

eye for an eye

gives less of a shit

the farther you move away from the individual level the legal system tends to

Cesare Beccaria (1700s)

the father of criminal justice, deterrence theory, and classical school of criminology wrote "On Crimes and Punishments"

Code of Hammurabi

the first historical record about victims. Created in 1754 B.C.E., this code had many laws, the most relevant of which is that it included a portion that called for a restoration of equity between the offender and the victim provided by the government, referred to now as compensation (23)

compensation vs. restitution

the former is given by the government, the latter is given by the offender (23)

false alibi

the giving of a false alibi can be used by the court of actual evidence of guilt

false alibi

the giving of a false alibi may be used by the court as actual evidence.

carceral studies challenge

the hegemony of neoliberalist individualism • Abolitionism: -Slavery -The death penalty -Prisons • It is 'a tricky proposition' - But ideologies structure how we talk about punishment

Reaction Formation (Strain Theory: Cohen) *Lecture 3*

the idea that young boys yearn for social status, but that achieving this through conventional means is not available to marginalized persons - they will collectively rebel and redefine values that invert the conventional social status values and inventing their own, achievable goals

use value

the inherent value of a thing

individual, orgnaization, institution, society

the levels of analysis to explain a crime

Symbolic violence (Theoretical Approaches to Social Suffering) *Lecture 4*

the mechanisms that lead those who are subordinate to misrecognize inequalities as the natural order of things and to blame themselves for their location in their society's hierarchies (habitus) - the source of their violence comes from structural violence and they don't realize it

intent of the perpetrator

the mental state of the perpetrator can also push an assault from simple assault to aggravated assault. If he/she acted with the intent to cause severe harm, an assault could become aggravated. Depending on the state, reckless behavior can also constitute the aggravated assault (i.e. when someone acts with reckless indifference to human life, with without the specific intent to injure any particular person.

'murder' vs. 'manslaughter' based upon:

the state of mind and intent of the person who commits the homicide. The intent of the killer usually determines whether a criminal homicide is classified as murder or manslaughter at what degree.

pc 187

the statuate outlawing murder in california

eugenics

the study of and polices related to the improvement of the human race via discriminatory control over reproduction (111)

comparative criminology

the study of crime across various cultures to identify similarities and differences in crime patterns. - Why do some societies have lower crime rates? - What are the differences and similarities in crime definition and control across social and cultural frontiers? - How do theoretical models relating to crime translate across cultures? (12)

physiognomy

the study of facial and other bodily aspects to identify developmental problems, such as criminality (115)

What is criminology? *Lecture 1*

the systematic study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of law-breaking behavior - law making - law breaking - law enforcing

conflict perspective

theories that assume that most people disagree with what the law should be power relations: why are some behaviors defined as a crime and others are not

consensus perspective

theories that virtually everyone is in agreement on the laws and therefore assume no conflict in attitudes regarding the laws and rules of society (5)

deterrence theory

theory of crime associated with Classical school proposes individuals will make rational decisions regarding their behavior

deterrence theory

theory of crime associated with the Classical School; proposes that individuals will make rational decisions regarding their behavior (62)

find crime in surplus population

theory of crime in conflict theory is that you find it here

Control Theory

theory that compliance with social norms requires strong bonds between individuals and society. Broken bond theory: children that do not obtain 'attachment' and 'commitment' to parents at a young age are more likely to deviate - Control theory enjoys a lot of empirical support - Participation in Head Start correlates with lower criminality

rational choice theory

theory that individuals choose to do crimes to obtain benefits

rational choice theory

theory that individuals choose to do crimes to obtain benefits cost benefit analysis when doing crimes is this theory

Differential Association Theory

theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to

self control theory

theory that says low self control leads to crime

Labeling Theory

theory that society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant Lemert proposed - 'primary' deviance (spontaneous minor rule violations) and - 'secondary' deviance (rule breaking that emerges from the person's identity)

Liberal/Socialist Feminists argue that

there is something about the socially constructed gender identity 'male' that leads to higher likelihood of crime -Women and men are inherently equal -'Male' values of aggression, competition, domination, individualism, etc.—which are also values of capitalism—tend to lead to crime

liberal feminist theory of crime

there is something about the socially constructed gender identity 'male' that leads to higher likelihood of crime Women and men are inherently equal

strain and conflict theory

these theories focus on the level of the soicety

productive labor

things that humans need to do so society makes mode of production

crime

this is inherently thrilling and exciting

restorative justice

this method is very efective w juveniles

control theorists

this person would ask "why do people conform"

ethnography

this study is like what happens in star trek

self control theory

this theory blames the parents a lot

social ecology thoery

this thoery came out of the 40s - 60s

institutionalizing

this very generally leads to labeling and stigma

italian phrenologists

thought they could identify criminals by physical features like large jaws or giant ears

psychological theories

try to bridge the gap between rational choice and biological determinism

psychological theories

try to bridge the gap between rational choice and biological determinism has raised serious questions with both the mechanical determinism of biological theories and the pure individual freedom claimed in classical models

inconclusive

twin and adoption studies on the criminal influence of genetics evidence is

concordance rates

twin pairs share a treat or lack of trait

dizygotic twins

twin pairs that come from two separate eggs (zygotes) and thus share only 50% of the genetic makeups that can vary (142)

endomorphic

type of body shape associated with an emphasis on the inner layer of tissue (endoderm) during development (130)

mesomorphic

type of body shape associated with an emphasis on the middle layer of tissue (mesoderm) during development (130)

ectomorphic

type of body shape associated with an emphasis on the outer layer of tissue (ectoderm) during development (130)

somatotonic

type of temperament or personality associated with a mesomorphic (muscular) body type; tends to be risk taking and aggressive (130)

self harming or shoplifting

types of crime women commit

factors which raise an 'assault' to an 'aggravated assault'

typically include the use of a deadly weapon, the status of the victim, the intent of the perpetrator, and the degree of injury involved.

'deadly weapons'

typically include things which could cause death or serious injury.

involuntary manslaughter

typically involves an unintentional killing that resulted from a person's criminal *reckless or negligent* disregard for human life.

1st Degree Murder

voluntary, purposefully ['wittingly' willingly(?)], intentionally, deliberately. Any intentional murder that is *WILLFUL AND PREMEDITATED* with malice aforethought ['and forethought(?)]: *felony murder*

1st degree murder

voluntary, purposely, intentionally, deliberately. any intentional murder that is willful and premeditated w malice aforethought; felony murder

Racialized difference in relations with kids

white homeless parents rejected by kids; white homeless parents avoided topic of children; black homeless parents were sought out by their children; black homeless parents discussed their children w/ some enthusiasm; Cater was excited to see his son and mistook his daughter for his cousin's cute girlfriend; Sonny was able to retreat from SF heroin scene with his daughter but came back; Sonny's son was killed

freud

who came up w psychodynamic theory

fbi

who collects data for UCR

the people

who gives the staff legitamacy to enforce crimes

males

who is more likely to commit highly disruptive crime (gender)

money drain and civil rights purposes

why are lawmakers interested in ending mass incarceration

interpersonal violence is historically a crime

why are some non index crimes not included on ucr

other forces determining behvaior or not thinking rationally

why classical rational choice theor is not the best thoery

rap

why did crack usage decline in america

easier to record through tech , but mostly crack cocaine usage and enforcement and punishment

why did crime rate increase so greatly in 80s

govt intervened in black groups

why did gang phenomenon happen

protection

why do most gangs form

insurance company

why is auto theft an index crime

hard to evaluate empirically

why is psychoanalytical theory problematic

confounding variables like adoption institutions and prenatal enviro

why may twin and adoption studies on crime influenced by genetics not be conclusive

structure of society have them beleive system is good

why no revolts from surplus population

What are some policy implications of biological theories? *Lecture 2*

why not just identify biological traits that cause crime, test newborns for those traits, and simply execute them - if not execution, how about lobotomies or other biological tinkering WE CANT DO THIS

Strain Theory (Durkheim) *Lecture 3*

with a rapidly changing political economy... - people feel confused/frustrated by disjunction between *goals* valued by society and the legitimate *means* available to that individual - they believe the should have a fulfilling career and family life but... *the person doesn't have the means to get this stuff* The point is: - everybody thinks they deserve stuff, but the process of capitalism dictate that not everyone can have it

less control over criminal label and little power to resist

what is true of labeling theory in powerless groups

hot spots of crime

what is unique about the crime rate figures in the united states compared to every other countries

postmodernism

what it contributes to criminology is that we should abandon constructions about crime,

crimes known to the police from individual police agencies

what makes up the Uniform crime reports

pure defense

what type of defense is insanity referred to as

racist

what was true about original anthrompology

dopamine

what way do meth and coke work to flood your brain w this for addiction

Male Love

when Scotty OD'd, all theories emerged; by assigning individual blame for Scotty's death, homeless were able to hide their anxiety over own everyday vulnerability to accidental overdose

Secondary deviance

when a person repeatedly violates a social norm, which leads others to make assumptions about that person and assign a label to him or her. Some examples of labels are 'criminal,' 'psycho,' 'addict,' and 'delinquent.' Secondary deviance gets such a strong reaction from others that the individual is typically shunned and excluded from certain social groups

conformity

when adopt goals and means

innovation

when adopt goals but not means

ritualism

when adopt means but not goals

victim precipitation

when an individual increases the likelihood they will be victimized, by something the do or don't do (21)

passive victim precipitation

when an individual increases the likelihood they will be victimized, particularly by not doing something, such as not locking their home or car (21)

active victim precipitation

when an individual increases the likelihood they will be victimized, particularly by proactively doing something, such as yelling a racial slur or "throwing the first punch" (21)

racist determinism

when attributes of a person are cause to a correlation

racist determinism

when attributes of a person cause to a correlation because you are Latino you are five times as likely to be in a street crime arrest because of your race is an ex of this

young white people die

when do people start caring about drug addiction

strain theory

when don't have the means to achieve financial success so you develop illegitamite means to achieve the goal

hegemony

when everyone believes the systemis a way

spuriousness

when other factors (often referred to as 'Z factors') are actually causing two variables (X and Y) to occur at the same time; it may appear as if X causes Y, when in fact they are both being caused by other Z factor(s) (19)

spuriousness

when other factors cause X and Y ( z)

incapacitation

when the state pevents the bad guy from doing crime while locked up

ethnography

writing about ppl from the field w thick descripiton and observation , gives deep knowledge

92

year of beginning of great american crime decline

80-92

years the us was a high crime rate country

Heroin Demographics

younger people; white runaways; switched from pills to heroin; stayed away from older, hardcore, homeless dopefiends

Carceral Studies

• Addresses forms of punishment and/or confinement that are not prisons or jails - Migrant detention centers - Refugee camps - Worker camps - Non-custodial state control such as ankle monitors and surveillance •Connecting all forms of confinement and/or control to global capitalism and neoliberalism •Neoliberalism and crime and punishment: -Privatization -Withdrawal of the welfare state -Governing through crime

canada and some parts of europe

where are they piloting heroin perscription

corporate crime

where does rational choice thoery apply well

assault with a deadly weapon

whether or not objects constitute deadly weapons depends on the manner in which they are used in the assault (i.e. a pocket knife is generally not considered a lethal weapon, but if held to a victim's neck, it could be deadly).

Property crime

which are not directed specifically at individual people but aimed at property - Burglary - Larceny-theft - Motor vehicle theft - Arson

larceny less serious

which is taken more serious larceny or robbery

Anti-prison activists against criminology

• Anti-prison activists tend not to be criminologists • They are different from reformist criminologists, who tend to advocate for more humane, incremental adjustments to the criminal justice system • Instead, they view prisons and jails as a form of racialized state violence that must be dismantled as part of a wider social justice agenda

How to be Tough

• Appearance/affect -Shades -Silence • Maintain moral imalleability during communicative processes - Remaining silent and unavailable when buying an ice cream cone?

Antagonistic Relational Aesthetics

• Contemporary art theory: - Gallery as laboratory - Work that is open-ended, interactive, and resistant to closure, often appearing to be 'work-in-progress' • Relational Aesthetics: - Collectively shared intersubjective encounters - Micro-topias -Depends on an upbeat, positive attitude about social relations and democracy

More on Freud id, ego, and superego

• Ego can cope with anxiety through rational measures. Irrational measures (rationalization) if ladder doesn't work (ego-defense mechanisms). • Large portions of the ego and superego can remain unconscious.

Visual Criminology

• Mass incarceration = global neoliberal carceral formations - Prisons - Migrant detention centers - Refugee camps - Worker camps - War prisons • Using the visual to do carceral studies • Visualizing is a way to politicize those who have been marginalized to the point of depoliticization

Ethics of Visual Criminology

• The advent of photography immediately created a set of problems: -Private v. public -Looking v. being looked at -Gendered gaze -Exploitation -Spectacle -Recording atrocity

over incarceration

3 strikes law problem for prisons

Operation Sudden Fall at SDSU

33 SDSU students arrested; many were business majors

attachment committment involvement belief

4 tenants of social bonds fr social control theory

Adaptations to Strain

5 adaptations according to Merton

attachment theory

7 essential features of this theoretical prospective specificity, duration, engagement of emotion, course of development, learning organization, and biological function

Approximate number of people under correctional supervision

7 million - 2% of the population is under the control of the state

Crime rates exploded in ____ and continued to rise through the ____

70s; 80s

According to Merton's theory, which type of individual deals with strain by emphasizing the conventional goals of success as well as strongly considering the conventional means for gaining such success?

A a. Ritualists b. Conformists c. Retreatists d. Rebels e. Innovators

Destructive (instinctual drive)

Aggression, destruction, and death.

Neutralization Theory

Matza and Sykes: People 'drift' in and out of criminality and delinquent groups based on their internal 'techniques of neutralization'

Neutralization Theory

Matza and Sykes: The concept that most people commit some type of criminal act in their lives and that many people are prevented from doing so again because of a sense of guilt, but criminals neutralize feelings of guilt through rationalization, denial, or an appeal to higher loyalties.

Alibi

a claim or shred of evidence that one was elsewhere during the time of the crime

Social control theory

looks for social factors that help people obey the law

state level law enforcement

state police + specialized units, highway patrol

always has been always will be

what is true about the concept of class conflict

Taxonomy of Rx Drug Dealers

*"A friend indeed":* bartering and sharing, hooking up friends, mostly *adderall*; *"Mexican backdoor":* buying small amounts in TJ pharmacies; buying larger amounts from pharma dealers in TJ; mostly *opioids and CNS depressors*; *Pharma Fraudster*: trick doctors and doctor shopping; *Hypocritical Oath*: doctors who freely prescribe abused drugs

Theoretical Approaches to Social Suffering *Lecture 4*

*"structure": strain, conflict theories *"agency": classical psychological theories

What is Becker's Theory of deviance? *Lecture 3*

*1.* powerful social groups make rules *2.* apply the rules to particular people *3.* label the rule breakers as "outsiders"

Multi Level Approach to Charlie Hebdo

*Macro* marginalization and exclusion; blowback against neoliberalism; French secularism; *Meso* radical religious cultural scenes; *Micro* The Jihadi Badass

Strain Theory (Cohen) *Lecture 3*

*Reaction Formation:* the idea that young boys yearn for social status, but that achieving this through conventional means is not available to marginalized persons - they will collectively rebel and redefine values that invert the conventional social status values and inventing their own, achievable goals

Levels of Violence

*Structural*: political economic organization of society wreaks havoc on vulnerable ppl; *everyday*: social production of indifference in face of institutionalized brutalities; *symbolic*: subordinated ppl misrecognize inequality as natural order of things and blame themselves for their location in society's hierarchies (habitus)

feticide

*The killing of a viable fetus*. Most states recognize it is not a homicide, however some states it is classified as a homicide.

Obsolete manual workers

*globalization* shipyards, steel mills are gone; the homeless' parents had blue collar jobs but lost them; most homeless had blue collar jobs but lost them as well; *shifting subjectivities* from: rebellious young members of the disappearing industrial working class and low wage service sector; to: middle-aged outlaw or outcast dopefiends

Policy + public criminology

*heroin Rx:* allows user to experience drug's pleasurable effects; leads to abstinence; makes ppl docile but benefits larger society by reducing crime, violence, family disruption; less expensive than incarceration

Labeling Theory (What Lemert proposed) *Lecture 3*

- *"primary" deviance:* spotanoue minor rule violations - *"secondary" deviance: rule breaking that emerges from the person's identity

What are the analysis to explain crime? *Lecture 1*

- *the individual* ex: - gang member - *the organization* ex: - the gang - *the institution* ex: - a school - *the society* ex: - neoliberal capitalism

Feminist Criminology

- A developing intellectual approach that emphasizes gender issues in criminology. - the study of women and crime

3 Components of crime

- Actus reus - mens rea - concurrence (both the act and mental state to occur at the same time)

Marx: The Base

- All humans need to engage in 'productive labor' - All societies will develop a 'mode of production' - this is called 'the base' and means the political-economic system: -Slavery -Feudalism -Capitalism -Socialism -Communism

Control Theory

- All people are naturally inclined toward misbehavior but that social control contains them, to varying degrees - This is the inverse of social learning theory - Broken bond theory: children that do not obtain 'attachment' and 'commitment' to parents at a young age are more likely to deviate - Hirschi, proposed that every individual is tempted to engage in at least some deviant behavior, but the thought of likely social consequences is enough to stop them from committing deviant acts

Contemporary Rational Choice Theory

- More nuanced than classical theory and argues that a variety of factors play into criminals' decisions to offend -Risk factors -Coping mechanisms

Strain Theory: Durkheim

- Anomie - In a rapidly changing political economy, individual persons feel confused and frustrated by a disjunction between the goals valued in the society and the legitimate means available to that individual person - Individuals want and believe they should be able to have a fulfilling career, a happy family life, and material things - Some individuals do not have legitimate means to get it - Everybody thinks they deserve stuff, but the processes of capitalism dictate that not everyone can have it

What did it mean to be punk?

- Anti-thatcher - Masochistic

Problems with Three-strike laws

- Assumes criminals are rational - Over incarceration - Extreme disproportionality - Encourages worse behavior to avoid capture - Dubious effectiveness

Problems with Three-strikes Law

- Assumes criminals are rational - Over incarceration - Extreme disproportionality - Encourages worse behavior to avoid capture - Inconclusive evidence of effectiveness in reducing violent crime.

4 Social Bonds

- Attachment: "Caring about others, including respecting their opinions and expectations, and is based on a mutual respect that develops from ongoing interactions and relations with conventional adults." - Commitment: "The individual's investment in conventional behavior, including a willingness to do what is promised and respecting the expectations others have that it will be done; in other words commitment involves a cost benefit analysis of what degree of investment in conformity would be lost if one were to participate in the act." - Involvement: "is the time and energy of participation in conventional activities." - Belief: "in the moral validity of conventional norms and on the child's respect for the authority of those limiting their behavior."

Why don't those in the surplus population revolt?

- Because the structures of society influence them to believe that the system is actually good -Religion and school advocate conformist, 'hard work' ideologies -This is hegemony

Cold Blooded Murder

- Being a pariah - They are deeply disgraced ex-cons - Getting lost in the dizziness of deviance - Their killings emerge from a dizziness in which conformity is the greatest spiritual challenge and deviance promises the peace of transcendent significance - Living as a pariah makes you think about being a pariah - Reversing the equation with a final act of transcendent violence that resolves the narrative - After years of playing with the symbolism of evil, they specifically imposed suffering, writing in their victims' blood the history of disrespect and lack of faith by which others had defiled them.

Felonies

- Most serious crimes - punishable by one year or more imprisonment or even death Felony crime includes personal crimes, such as murder, robbery, rape, arson, kidnapping, drug possession, burglary, and aggravated assault.

Treason and Espionage

- Both of these crimes constitute felony crimes. - Treason occurs when a US citizen assists a foreign government to overthrow, institute a war, or cause injury to the US - espionage consists of collecting, transmitting, and providing information pertaining to the national defense to enemies of the US - Espionage can be committed by either U.S. or non-U.S. citizens.

Moderately Dangerous Large and Diverse States

- Brazil - Mexico - Russia

Becoming Determined

- By experiencing himself as an object controlled by transcendental forces, a person can genuinely experience a new or different world - By pacifying his subjectivity, a person can conjure up a magic so powerful, it can change his ontology

Marx: Surplus Population

- Capitalism needs a perpetual supply of unemployed people to be drawn on whenever the competition between employers increases the cost they have to pay for workers - Consists of those who do not contribute to society except to serve as a labor reserve - This population is poor and suffers deprivations, which leads to crime in various ways -Strain theory style adaptation -Biological and psychological problems from deprivation

Strain Theory: Merton

- Capitalist society can create profound disjunctions between goals and means - Individual persons sometimes 'adapt' to this 'strain' (or stress)

What are the five components of Merton's Strain Theory? *Lecture 3*

- Conformity - Innovation - Ritualism - Retreatism - Rebellion

Subtypes of strain theory - Merton

- Conformity: Adopt goals and means - Innovation: Adopt goals but not means Eg: Theft, Drug dealing, white collar crime, Organized crime - Ritualism: Adopt means but not goals Eg, Obsessive bureaucrats - Retreatism: Abandon goals and means Eg, Homelessness, Peace through addiction - Rebellion: Abandon goals and means and replace them with new ones Eg, Revolutionaries, Religious sects

Problems with the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)

- Contains only crimes reported to police - Different law enforcement agencies have different definitions of crimes - Data collection issues (computers making it easier) - Police departments might be tempted to under-report to bolster clearance rates. - UCR only counts the index crimes (No white collar)

Pros of control theory

- Control theory enjoys a lot of empirical support - Participation in Head Start correlates with lower criminality - 'Midnight basketball'

Psychoanalytical Theories

- Crime is an expression of buried internal conflicts that result from traumas and deprivations during childhood - Traumatic events that occur during childhood affect the unconscious component of the human mind

Psychoanalytical Theories

- Crime is an expression of buried internal conflicts that result from traumas and deprivations during childhood - Traumatic events that occur during childhood affect the unconscious component of the human mind - Hard to evaluate empirically

Sutherland's Differential Association Theory

- Criminal behavior is learned - A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law

What is Humiliation?

- Different than shame - One is humiliated (not self-humiliated), but one can self-shame - Humiliation objectifies you - Righteousness is the necessary stepping stone from humiliation to rage

Social Process Theories

- Moves from the level of the individual to the level of the group - Criminals are not fundamentally different from anyone else - They learn crime through associations with others who have deviant norms

Problems with Control Theory

- Does bad parenting > delinquency or delinquency > bad parenting? - Plenty of people with these characteristics don't do crime, and vice versa - Circular logic: "Propensity toward crime and low self-control appear to be one and the same thing" identifying 'bad parenting' as the cause of crime is not very helpful - The only real policy implication for control theory is to intervene very early in 'at risk' children's lives - Moral problems around the state's role in child rearing

Capital punishment

- Empirical research suggests that the DP does not deter - Murderers are rarely rational

Note on profiling

- FBI profiling has a very mixed record - They were wrong about Kaczynski and wrong about the Maryland shooters (John Muhammad and Lee Malvo)

Note on profiling:

- FBI profiling has a very mixed record - They were wrong about Kaczynski and wrong about the Maryland shooters (John Muhammad and Lee Malvo)

Dangerous States:

- Honduras - El Salvador - Venezuela

The Badass - What does it mean to be tough?

- I am not morally malleable - I have an impenetrable self - I am not here for others (although others might be here for you)

Trait Based Theories

- Impulsiveness

Characteristics of low self-control are

- Impulsivity - Instant gratification - Low persistence - Seeks sensation - Prefer simple tasks - Self-centered - Insensitive - Low tolerance for frustration - Addresses conflict through confrontation

What are the characteristics of low self-control? *Lecture 3*

- Impulsivity - Instant gratification - Low persistence - Seeks sensation - Prefer simple tasks - Self-centered - Insensitive - Low tolerance for frustration - Addresses conflict through confrontation

Social Conflict Theory

- Sociological theory that analyzes crime and society's structures and conflicts - there is a big gap in wealth and class warfare is causing the problem - Durkheim, Weber, and Marx

Contemporary Policies and Rational Choice

- Incapacitation - Three-strikes laws - Capital punishment

Classical/Rational Choice Theory

- Individuals choose to do crime to obtain benefits - Cost/benefit analysis - Proportionate punishment - Rooted in Enlightenment ideals - Beccaria

Strain Theory: Durkheim

- Individuals want and believe they should be able to have a fulfilling career, a happy family life, and material things - Some individuals do not have legitimate means to get it - Everybody thinks they deserve stuff, but the processes of capitalism dictate that not everyone can have it

Critiques of Marxian/Radical Theory

- Instrumental Marxism is deterministic and simplistic - Romanticizes a utopian fantasy of 'pure communism' and simultaneously ignores how some capitalist countries have very low crime rates

Durkheim: Crime is Functional

- It reminds the community of its values and standards - It creates a sense of solidarity among law-abiding citizens - It allows society to make moral messages about which rules are most important by adjusting severity of punishment (e.g., changing drug laws)

Complex metaphysics of sneaky thrills:

- Known to be illegal - But shocked when caught - Real risk, but playful - Developing the competence to conceal morally unacceptable aspects of the self from those who are motivated to detect exactly those aspects - Shoplifting career usually ends with arrest

Self-Control Theory

- Low self-control leads to crime - People have low self-control because they have been poorly trained as children, as a result of low parental investment in child rearing, poor monitoring, and disciplining practices - Socialization is not defective because of biological or psychological deficits, but because the parents have failed to use adequate child rearing practices

Feminist Theories of Crime

- Men commit 90% of crime •Radical Feminists (McKinnon) argue that men are inherently more criminal -Women are inherently superior to men

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) Index

- Murder - Rape - Robbery (taking property through violence) - Assault - Burglary (breaking and entering) - Larceny (taking someone's property) - Auto theft - Arson

Walter Benjamin's dire warning on photography's ability to beautify suffering

- Nazi concentration camp phots (group discussion) - Crime scene photos - Addiction - Abuse - Atrocity - Destruction - Etc.

Data Problems with the UCR

- Only crimes reported to police (maybe 1/3) - Different definitions of crimes - Changing reported crimes to bolster clearance rates - UCR only counts the index crimes, not white collar, environmental, vice, etc.

Data Problems with the UCR

- Only crimes reported to police (maybe 1/3) - Different definitions of crimes (e.g., 'attempted rape' v. 'rape') - Data collection—did crimes happen to increase when police departments got computers? - Changing reported crimes to bolster clearance rates - UCR only counts the index crimes, not white collar, environmental, vice, etc.

Jared Loughner

- Personality change in high school - Consistent with schizophrenic psychotic break - Fired from Quiznos and as a dog walker because he had a personality transformation and couldn't comprehend directions - Rejected from the military - Disruptive in Jr. college - He believed in conspiracy theories - He believed he could control lucid dreams -Arizona has no NGI (it has 'guilty but insane') -The Federal judge found him incompetent to stand trial - Doesn't understand the charges and can't assist in defense -The government forced anti-psychotic meds - But the 9th Circuit ruled against that but said that prison administrators could force him to take tranquilizers for safety - Prison officials resumed forcing him to take anti-psychotic drugs, saying this was for safety not for competency - The case eventually settled with LWOP

Postmodern Theories of Crime

- Postmodernism criticizes this basic conceptualization of reality - Modernity is science and the ability to discover essential truths through logic and testing - Truth' is always relative and 'discursive' - Critiques the accepted 'truths' as being in support of dominating power structures - Postmodernist approaches to CJS emphasize the idea of deconstructing taken-for-granted assumptions - Such as 'individuals are responsible for crimes'

A fundamental problem for the anti-prison movement:

- Prisoners are 'disappeared' in the USA - Anti-prison wants to make them visible • Or to 'make their disappearance visible' - But do not want to perpetuate the racialized body displayed in confinement

Routine Activities Theory

- Ready offender - Suitable target - Absence of guardian

2 main reasons why the government administers criminal punishment

- Retribution - Prevention

Antagonistic Relational Aesthetics examples

- Santiago sierra tattooing people (poor people) - paying people to sit under boxes for a whole day - dying african american men's hair blonde

Features of the Typical Homicide

- Self-righteous act defending communal values - Quickly developing rage - The goal of the killer is not necessarily the death of the victim -Killing is not enough in some cases

Historical Contingencies on Crime

- Slavery being legal until 1863 - Rape-of-wife not being a crime until the 20th century. - Coca-cola actually containing cocaine until 1904 - Sodomy laws invalidation in 2003

Social Ecology: Landscapes

- Space-based crime caused by crowding and mixed-use development - 'Broken Windows' -This theory is NOT empirically supported - But recent urban renewal projects in Baltimore, Pittsburg and NYC suggest this whole approach is problematic

Social Ecology: Neighborhoods

- The Lower East Side in New York City - The South Side of Chicago - The Mission in San Francisco - East Village in San Diego

social ecology: neighborhoods

- The Lower East Side in New York City - The South Side of Chicago - The Mission in San Francisco - East Village in San Diego

Social Ecology/Social Disorganization

- The basic idea is that the physical location itself is criminogenic—regardless of the persons inhabiting the space

Problems with Social Ecology Theory

- The ecological fallacy: attributing characteristics to individuals based on aggregate statistics - Doesn't account for white collar crimes - Developing a policy based on ecological theory would entail massive wholesale social changes

Problems with Social Ecology Theory

- The ecological fallacy: attributing characteristics to individuals based on aggregate statistics - Doesn't account for white collar crimes, begging the question of what counts as crime? - Developing a policy based on ecological theory would entail massive wholesale social changes—structural and political-economic changes (e.g., reforming capitalism)

Explaining Righteous Slaughter

- The killer believes the victim is attacking an eternal human value and that this is the last stand - The killer transforms himself from humiliation to rage - Rage obliterates the future - When this causes death, it becomes a sacrificial slaughter - Despite the likely materials consequences (prison or worse), the killer will have eternal moral peace

Marx: The Superstructure

- The meta-narrative that organizes a particular society -Beliefs (people are individuals) -Norms (people are responsible for themselves) -Views of life (irresponsible people should be punished) -The institutions that manifest these: law -The concept of 'the criminal justice system' is an aspect of the superstructure - Everything in the superstructure serves the base

The tradition of 'the fantastic'

-Theatre -Illusion -Fantasy

Positivist Criminology

- The study of criminal behavior based upon external factors - Criminals are born

UCR reporting:

- Total numbers of crimes - Rate of crimes per 100,000 - Percentage change from previous year - Arrests for particular crimes - Characteristics of arrestees

Peer States

- UK - Germany - Japan

Marx: Class Conflict

- Various modes of production (feudalism, slavery, capitalism) create classes of people who are in conflict over power - In capitalism, these classes are the capitalists themselves and the workers - In previous systems, the conflict would be between the King and his serfs, or slave-owner and slaves, etc.

Why do we need capital punishment?

- Victims deserve retribution -Society needs symbolic cleansing -Some people are so dangerous, the only form of incapacitation is death

Some approaches to anti-prison

- Visualizing anti-prison shifts our focus from the commonsense assumption that policing and prisons create security, to the possibility of creating safety by redirecting resources to provide for the basic human rights of all community members - "Jails are toxic" • Protest of a new jail proposed to be built in a location designated as too polluted for residential use -"Bring our loved ones home" emphasizes family connections to prison

Photography as phrenology

- Visually identifying status distinction and 'criminal characteristics' - Perfectly recording the criminal's image

What are some problems with Differential Association Theory? *Lecture 2*

- where does criminal behavior *start*? - from whom did the first criminal learn? - could it be that deviant behavior *causes* groups (maybe groups form the purpose of deviant behavior)

Gendered Murder

- women very rarely kill women - The vast majority of homicides by women are in the family

What is ethnography? *Lecture 4*

- writing about humans - going into the field - thick description - participant observations - triangulation - deep knowledge rather than broad

Criminal law requires that a criminal act have two aspects

-Actus reus (a 'bad act') -Mens rea (a 'guilty mind' or intent)

Problems with Three-strike laws

-Assumes criminals are rational -Over incarceration -Encourages worse behavior to avoid capture -Dubious effectiveness

Harsh punishment is a burden on the state because of

-Collateral effects: •Kids •Disenfranchisement •Work -The 'migratory pattern' between prison and the hood

Three-strikes laws

-Deterrence -Incapacitation

Capitalist modernity's preference for conformity:

-Dorm programs to get you 'integrated' -The dominance of fraternities

The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) Index includes:

-Murder -Rape -Robbery (taking property through violence) -Assault -Burglary (breaking and entering) -Larceny (taking someone's property) -Auto theft -Arson

Crimesploitation- ideologies

-Neoliberalism: •Privatization •Responsibilization •Individualism •Entrepreneurialism -Law and Order Punitivism: •Valorization of law enforcement officers •Spectacles of humiliation of offenders •Instant justice

Anti-prison critiques:

-Patriarchy -Capitalism -Racism -Heteronormativity •Because these ideologies cause: -Poverty -Intimate violence -Police brutality -Immigrant detention -War

The tradition of documentary

-Serious -Recording 'the ways things are'

Psychodynamic theory (Freud)

-Something traumatic took place developmentally that caused psychological disturbances leading to criminal behavior -Somewhat deterministic (although not so much as biological theories)

How does one be alien?

-Street styles -Tattoos? - What is a cholo? • Paradoxically working class and aristocratic

Incapacitation

-The state prevents an individual from doing crime while he is locked up or dead

Jared Loughner

-killed 6 people and shot Gabrielle Giffords (a democrat for gun control) -forcibly medicated to make him fit to stand trial -ultimately pleaded guilty - Personality change in high school - Consistent with schizophrenic psychotic break - Fired from Quiznos and as a dog walker because he had a personality transformation and couldn't comprehend directions - Rejected from the military - Disruptive in Jr. college - He believed in conspiracy theories - He believed he could control lucid dreams - Arizona has no NGI (it has 'guilty but insane') - The Federal judge found him incompetent to stand trial: Doesn't understand the charges and can't assist in defense - Case settled with LWOP

A homicide may be justified or excusable by the surrounding circumstances...

... In such cases, the homicide will not be considered a criminal act.

Generally, the law requires that the death of a person occur...

...*within a year and a day of the fatal injury*. This requirement initially reflected the difficulty in determining whether an initial injury led to a person's death, or whether other events or circumstances intervened to cause the person's death. However, because of the latest developments in the Forensic Sciences, the difficulty in determining the cause of death has diminished

A homicide requires...

...only a volitional act by another person that results in death, and thus a homicide may result from *accidental, reckless, or negligent* acts even if there is no intent to cause harm.

justifiable homicide (3)

1) *Justifiable* homicide is a homicide that is *commanded or authorized* by law. Typically, the circumstances surrounding a killing determine whether it is criminal. 2) For example, individuals may, in a necessary act of self-defense, kill a person who threatens them with death or serious injury. 3) In addition, a public official is justified in carrying out a death sentence because the execution is commanded by state or federal law.

Some of defenses may provide an absolute defense to a charge of criminal homicide; some will not.

1) *Voluntary intoxication* typically *will not allow* an individual to escape liability for any lesser charges, such as second-degree murder or manslaughter. 2) As with any defense to a criminal charge, the offender's *mental state* will be a critical determinant.

General Strain Theory: Agnew

1) Failure to achieve positively valued goals. 2) Dis-junction between expectations and achievements. 3) Removal of positive stimuli. 4) Introduction of negative stimuli.

2 categories of 'criminal homicide'

1) Murder 2) Manslaughter

PC for robbery

211 & 212 -211. Robbery is the felonious taking of personal property in the possession of another, from his person or immediate presence, and against his will, accomplished by means of force or fear. -212. The fear mentioned in Section 211 may be either: 1. The fear of an unlawful injury to the person or property of the person robbed, or of any relative of his or member of his family; or, 2. The fear of an immediate and unlawful injury to the person or property of anyone in the company of the person robbed at the time of the robbery.

excusable homicide (3)

1) a person is authorized to kill another person in self-defense or defense of others, but only if the person reasonably believes that the killing is necessary in order to prevent serious harm or death to him/herself or others. Some states require the person to *retreat before using deadly force*. 2) Police officers*may use deadly force* to stop or apprehend a fleeing felon, but only if the suspect us armed pr has committed a crime that involved the infliction or threatened infliction of serious injury or death. 3) Only certain felonies are considered in determining whether deadly force may be used to apprehend or stop a suspect. For instance, a police officer *may not use deadly force* to prevent the commission of larceny unless other circumstances threaten him or other persons with imminent serious injury or death.

Labeling theory: Becker's theory of deviance

1) powerful social groups make rules 2) apply the rules to particular people 3) label the rule breakers outsiders Powerless groups have less control over what is labeled criminal and have little power to resist the labels Chambliss' famous study where he followed similar groups of teenage boys and found that urban, lower-class, offenders were labeled differently than middle class boys - The lower class kids were 'criminals' and the middle class boys were 'typical boys being boys'

three elements of manslaughter

1) someone was killed as a result of the defendant's actions. 2) the act either was inherently dangerous to others or done with *reckless or negligent* disregard for human life (i.e.drunk driving). 3) the defendant knew or should have known his or her conduct was a threat to the lives of others (i.e. malpractice).

crime data from self-report surveys

1) the prevalence of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors 2) changes in these attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors over time 3) differences between groups of people in their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors 4) causal propositions about these attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors

Rape-of-wife was not a crime in the

19th century

Sodomy laws valid until

2003

3 conditions under which differential reinforcement is most likely to occur:

1. Behavior is frequently rewarded and rarely punished 2. Behavior results in lots of rewards and few punishments. More rewards than punishment 3. behavior is more likely to be reinforced than other behaviors. For example, if kenneth gets pats on the back from his friends for stealing but not after buying candy, he is more likely to steal in the future since he gets the reward of respect from peers and candy.

Sutherland's Differential Association Theory

1. Criminal behavior is learned 2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication 3. The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups 4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes simple and the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes 5. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable 6. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law 7. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity 8. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning 9. While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those needs and values, since non-criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values

Techniques of Neutralization

1. Denial of responsibility: "I was drunk" (Date rape) 2. Denial of injury: "No one got hurt" (Drug dealing) 3. Denial of the victim: "They had it coming" (Gang retaliation) 4. Condemnation of the condemners: "The cops are crooked" 5. Appeal to higher loyalties: "I did it to feed my kids" 6. Metaphor of the ledger: "I've done more good than bad in my life" (Ghetto heroes giving away Christmas gifts) 7. Claim of normality: "Everyone is doing it" (Tax evasion) 8. Denial of negative intent: "It was a joke" (hate crime) 9. Claim of relative responsibility: "There are worse then me"

Techniques of Neutralization

1. Denial of responsibility: "I was drunk" (Date rape) 2. Denial of injury: "No one got hurt" (Drug dealing) 3. Denial of the victim: "They had it coming" (Gang retaliation) 4. Condemnation of the condemners: "The cops are crooked" 5. Appeal to higher loyalties: "I did it to feed my kids" 6. Metaphor of the ledger: "I've done more good than bad in my life" (Ghetto heroes giving away Christmas gifts) 7. Claim of normality: "Everyone is doing it" (Tax evasion) 8. Denial of negative intent: "It was a joke" (hate crime) 9. Claim of relative responsibility: "There are worse then me" But this neglects structural factors: why did they develop these rationales

Zygmunt Bauman's Two Forms of Culture

1. Freedom: the activity of the free roaming spirit, the site of creativity, invention, self-critique and self-transcendence' 2. Control: the handmaiden of social order, regularity and pattern (Durkheim)

Becker's Theory of Deviance

1. Powerful Social Groups make rules. 2. Apply rules to particular people. 3. Label the rule breakers outsiders.

5 principles of the classical school of criminology

1. Rationality 2. Hedonism 3. Punishment 4. Human rights 5. Due process

routine activities theory

3 factors come together to make likelihood of crime likely! 1. motivated offenders 2. suitable targets 3. absence of guardian

over incaraeratio

3 strikes law problem for prisons

Involuntary Manslaughter (probation to 5 years)

1. The unlawful killing, 2. Of another human being, 3. Without justification or excuse, and 4. The actions were reckless or criminally negligent.

First Degree Murder (25 to life, death penalty)

1. The unlawful killing, 2. Of another human being, 3. Without justification or excuse, and 4. With premeditation.

Second Degree Murder (15 to 40 years in prison)

1. The unlawful killing, 2. Of another human being, 3. Without justification or excuse, and 4. With the intent to do great bodily harm.

Voluntary Manslaughter (5 to 15 years)

1. The unlawful killing, 2. Of another human being, 3. Without justification or excuse, and 4. Without premeditation, and Under provocation, Or in the heat of passion.

manslaughter statute

1. The unlawful killing, 2. Of another human, and 3. Committed upon provocation from the victim.

A typical murder statute is:

1. The unlawful killing, 2. Of another human, and 3. With premeditation.

3 major types of Positivism

1. biological: people commit crimes because of a biological abnormality. 2. psychological positivism: believes that psychological issues cause people to commit crimes. 3. Sociological positivism: believes that society is the cause of criminal behavior

Beccaria's 3 reasons for ineffective death penalty

1. capital punishment inherently violates social contract 2. brutalization effect; negative example to the rest of society 3. not effective for deterrence when compared to long term imprisonment

Beccaria's 3 elements of punishment

1. celerity (Swiftness) 2. certainty (most important element) 3. severity

3 types of self-report surveys

1. monitoring the future 2. the national survey on drug use and health 3. national youth survey-family study

reforms of Beccaria in the criminal justice system

1. secret accusations should not be allowed 2. witnesses should be publicly confronted and cross-examined 3. torture should not be used against defendants 4. responsibility for determining facts of the case must be placed in the hands of more than 1 person (judge vs. jury)

possible reasons for dark figures in crime

1. the victim may believe nothing could be done about the incident 2. the victim may feel that the crime incident was not important enough to report to the police 3. the victim may perceive the incident was too private or personal 4. the victim may think that the police would not want to be dealing with the crime incident

crime statistics for the US obtained from

1. uniform crime reports 2. supplementary homicide reports 3. the national incident-based reporting system 4. hate crime statistics 5. law enforcement officers killed and assaulted statistics

12 step model

12 step model relies on individual willpower and spiritual solidarity; does not account for structural forces; still has best success against relapse

The arrest rate for this age range is much higher than other ages

16-25 years

Slavery was legal until

1863

Coca-cola was made with cocaine until

1904

rights of juveniles in the criminal justice system

1966- first US Supreme Court case to address juvenile court procedures: -proof beyond a reasonable doubt -notice of charges -right to counsel -right to confront and cross examination of the witness -right against self incrimination -34 states: once and adult always an adult

Risks

1980 to 2006, US incarceration increased by 450%; no increase in offending; offending decreased in 1990s perhaps due to mass incarceration; mass incarceration against POC; war on drugs largely responsible; Judge Gray argues that no formal laws will defeat laws of supply and demand; drugs are plentiful, cheap, and powerful

Medicalization of ADHD

1990s, ADHD extended to adults; $$$ for pharma making Adderall and Ritalin; 75% adults diagnosed with ADHD are white; boutique diagnosis for white ppl

Crime decline since

1992

Institutionalization

A form of labeling that leads to negative stigmas on individual's.

Rebellion

A method of adaption through Merton's Strain theory where the individual abandons both goals and means but replaces them with new ones. This leads to people like revolutionaries and religious sects.

Retreatism

A method of adaption through Merton's Strain theory where the individual abandons both goals and means through things like homelessness and addiction to drugs and other forms of escapism.

Innovation

A method of adaption through Merton's Strain theory where the individual adopts the goals in a society but not the means. This leads to crime like theft, drug dealing, white collar crime, and organized crime.

Ritualism

A method of adaption through Merton's Strain theory where the individual adopts the means in a society but not the goals. E.g. Obsessive bureaucrats.

B. 'Male' values of aggression, competition, domination, individualism, etc. tend to lead to crime

According lecture, which of the following is the basic position of Liberal Feminist Criminology? A. Men are inherently inferior to women B. 'Male' values of aggression, competition, domination, individualism, etc. tend to lead to crime C. Women are inherently meeker and thus less likely to undertake criminal behaviors D. A and B

B. No, because they always eventually run into somebody more badass, or eventually run into the ultimate badass, the state

According to lecture, can people maintain the badass identity? A. Yes, because they become addicted to power. B. No, because they always eventually run into somebody more badass, or eventually run into the ultimate badass, the state C. No because badasses always 'age out' and give up the identity. D. Yes, because once they have internalized the badass identity by marking themselves with icons such as facial tattoos, they become permanent badasses.

D. Because capitalism needs a perpetual supply of unemployed people to be drawn on whenever the competition between employers increases the cost of labor, a surplus population emerges and consists of those who do not contribute to society except to serve as a labor reserve. Because this population is poor and marginalized, its members suffer various deprivations, which can lead to crime.

According to lecture, how does the Marxian notion of surplus population relate to crime? A. The surplus population of any society consists primarily of those persons who are experiencing anomie because they do not have the means to meet societally-approved goals. This situation often leads to adaptation among those in the surplus population from legitimate labor to illegal labor. B. Marx's notion of alienation explains that laborers often resort to crime because of their anger at the capitalists who exploit them. C. Human beings can be understood as analogous to commodities and their use value because persons have different inherent aptitudes, potential, interests, wants and needs. People, like commodities, have inherent differences (and inequalities). But human beings in rational-formal legal systems are turned into abstract juridical subjects with abstract rights. This process is similar to the idea of exchange value. In this analogy, persons are like products—they have inherent (use) value but in rational-formal legal systems obtain abstract rights (exchange value) that do not necessarily correspond to their inherent character. This is alienating because it renders human relations into rather abstract, quantitative terms. D. Because capitalism needs a perpetual supply of unemployed people to be drawn on whenever the competition between employers increases the cost of labor, a surplus population emerges and consists of those who do not contribute to society except to serve as a labor reserve. Because this population is poor and marginalized, its members suffer various deprivations, which can lead to crime.

D. A and B

According to lecture, which of the following are objectives of restorative justice? A. To reinstate the victim to his or her state before the crime occurred B. The hold the offender accountable for his or her crime in a supportive manner C. To incapacitate the offender D. A and B

D. A and B

According to lecture, which of the following scenarios reflect the concept of anomie? A. Same sex marriage causes older, white religious people to think that 'society has gone down the drain. B. The lack of decent-paying jobs in a marginalized community causes the inhabitants of that community to feel frustrated. C. Free higher education in Germany causes most persons in that country to feel satisfied with their access to means to achieve goals. D. A and B

What is a Crime?

Acts that are prohibited, prosecuted, and punished by criminal law. Also enforced by a staff with the legitimate power to enforce.

What is a crime? *Lecture 1*

Acts that are: - prohibited, persecuted, and punished by criminal law - enforced by a staff with the legitimate power to enforce

What is Crime?

Acts that are: prohibited, prosecuted, and punished by criminal law enforced by a staff with the legitimate power to enforce Legal definitions of crime are historically contingent

Criminal law requires that a criminal act have two aspects:

Actus reus (a 'bad act') Mens rea (a 'guilty mind' or intent)

Tina

African American female, early 40's, in relationship with Carter, drank and smoked crack, used heroin by the end of the study, worked at KFC, used to be a hooker, makes money by performing "licks" on wood, identifies publicly as an alcoholic, gets mad when disrespected, survives on the street by shoplifting, aggressive panhandling, and many male friends

Carter

African American male, in relationship with Tina, makes money by performing "licks" on wood, attracted 3 more black guys to join the core group, worked selling Christmas trees and parking attendant for jaguar dealership (got money from stealing too), contributed generously in economy of sharing after he got fired he begged everyone, passed through sobriety treatment, slipped up and died from overdose

Sonny

African American male, mid 40's, joined the core group after Carter, running partner with Al, judges Tina when she starts using heroin

Gray Zone

An ethical wasteland imposed by the state in which you struggle to stay alive. Survival imperatives overcome human decency.

According to psychologist August Aichorn, in psychodynamic theory, delinquency could be caused by a lack of parental love, creating

An undeveloped superego

Exploitation

Andy the mover would pay $40-60 a day; Macon the construction supply depot owner would pay them to fill sandbags, brought breakfast once a week, cashed welfare checks; Christmas tree man paid minimum in cash plus tips; Bruce the abusive furniture store owner let Al sleep in truck but only paid $20/day to haul furniture

National Crime Victims Awareness Month

April

Contemporary Rational Choice Theory *Lecture 2*

Argued that a variety of factors play into criminals' decision to offend - risk factors - coping mechanisms Applies well to corporate crimes... *ex:* - Ford Motor company deciding that it would be cheaper to pay for class action suits to Pinto drivers rather than recalling the car

French Assertive Secularism

Article 2 of constitution: secularism as official ideology and identity of state, rather than functional legal principle delineating relationship of state to religion; 2004 and 2010 laws banned signs or dress in public schools; Frances says Islamic culture hegemonically oppressive

Low emotional arousal

Biological theorists argue that people with this condition take up risky behavior to increase emotional stimulation.

Albert Fish

Boogeyman. • Serial killer. • Lured children to isolated house and strangled her, mutilated her body, and engaged in cannibalism.

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Both complex and extremely systematized. • Anxiety, defense mechanisms, and the unconscious.

Homicide rates in other countries, Moderately Dangerous Large and Diverse States:

Brazil: 24 Mexico: 15 Russia: 10

Surplus Population

Capitalism needs a perpetual supply of unemployed people to be drawn on whenever the competition between employers increases the cost they have to pay for workers.

Dialectics of Capitalism and Deviance- thesis

Capitalist consumer culture creates waste

strain theory by merton

Capitalist society can create profound disjunctions between goals and means Individual persons sometimes 'adapt' to this 'strain' (or stress)

visual criminology

Carceral conditions define the daily life of many of the world's inhabitants at the global intersections of political and economic instability and increasing levels of detention, incarceration, forced migration, and population displacement = prisons, detention centers, refugee camps urban outcasts connect visual criminology with movements using visual to convey the scale, scope, and irrational logic of mass incarceration using visual to do carceral studies Visual criminology is a space from which to cultivate the kind of moral judgement and ways of seeing that are most often institutionally erased in neoliberal discourses that drive law, politics, media, and prisons The advent of photography immediately created a set of problems: Private v. public, Looking v. being looked at, Gendered gaze, Exploitation, Spectacle, Recording atrocity, Etc. ethics: beautify suffering

attachment

Caring about others, including respecting their opinions and expectations, and is based on a mutual respect that develops from ongoing interactions and relations with conventional adults."

Domestic tranquility and crime

Carter would "go to work" stealing and Tina would support the "home life"

Socialization of Drugs

Carter's older brother AJ shot heroin; AJ and his buddy stole a side of beef; lived in house w/ 8 ppl

Art =

Celebrating deviance or antagonism •In criminal justice, 'bad behavior' is punished •In art, 'bad behavior' is celebrated

Preconventional level of morality

Characteristic of designating what is considered "right" and "wrong".

Commercial Art

Charlie Hebdo publicly criticizes everything but their own complicity in the most totalizing worldview of global capital and culture industries

Harsh punishment is a burden on the state:

Collateral effects: Kids Disenfranchisement Work The 'migratory pattern' between prison and the hood All adds up to cost beyond the literal dollar amount for prisons/probation/parole

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

Collected every six months by the US census bureau

*Carceral Studies* •_______ all forms of confinement and/or control to global capitalism and neoliberalism

Connecting

carceral studies

Connecting all forms of confinement and/or control to global capitalism and neoliberalism challenging the hegemony of neoliberalist individualism ideologies structure how we talk about punishment

What is the inverse of social learning theory? why? *Lecture 3*

Control Theory control theory--> people are naturally criminal and social processes control criminality social learning theory--> people aren't naturally criminal, they learn from social associations

What are some ideas that control theory offers to stop criminal behavior? Does it work? *Lecture 3*

Control Theory has a lot of empirical support - Head Start - "midnight basketball"

Stage 3 and 4

Conventional level of morality • Normal adult approaches used to maintain the family and social order.

USA has moderate crime rates like

Crime rates exploded in 70s and continued to rise through the 80s Crime decline since 1992 High violent crime rates in hot spots

David Abrahamsen

Criminal behavior is a symptom of more complex personality distortion; there is a conflict between the ego and superego as well as the inability to control impulsive and pleasure-seeking drives, because these influences are rooted in early childhood and later reinforced through reactions to familial and social stresses.

Differential Association Theory *Lecture 2*

Criminals are essentially *NO* different from others - Criminal behavior is learned - A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law

Who is considered the Father of Victimology by most scholars?

D A. Lombroso B. Beccaria C. Sutherland D. Mendelsohn

The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that victim impact statements can be given during only what stage of a criminal trial?

D A. before the verdict but not after B. after the verdict and before the sentencing C. both before the verdict and before sentencing D. neither during the actual trial nor before sentencing; only after the sentence

DEA + SDSU

DEA got involved bc pretty white girl OD'd and died lmao sucks

No guns no risk

DRD never suffered violence; one instance when police were called due to robbery; DRD would ostracize problematic buyers/dealers

A. They are adapting to strain by rebelling

David is a charismatic 35 year old leader of a small Christian religious sect based in Texas called the 'Branch Davidians.' According to David's teachings, this sect believes God has provided a prophet whose pronouncements are to be regarded on a par with the Bible, and that Christ's death on the cross provided salvation only for those who died before Christ's death. People who have died since then will only be saved through the activities of the current prophet, David himself. The Branch Davidians believe that the 'lamb' mentioned in Revelation 5:2 is not Jesus Christ (as essentially all Christians believe) but is David himself. According to David, his personal actions will bring about Christ's return to earth. Upon Christ's return to earth, a battle will occur in which the Branch Davidians would play a major role and the members alone would ascend to heaven to be with God. David preaches to his followers that they must abandon all attempts to achieve success in mainstream American society and instead take up arms to initiate a conflict which will result in Christ's return to earth. What would a strain theorist say about the Branch Davidians? A. They are adapting to strain by rebelling B. They are adapting to strain by retreating C. They are adapting to strain by innovating D. They are adapting to strain by conforming

Deterrence

Deterrence assumes that the threat of punishment outweighs the urge to commit a crime

Laws of Detournement

Detournement by simple reversal is always the most direct and the least effective.

Conflict gangs

Develop in neighborhoods that have weak stability and little or no organization. • State of flux because people constantly moving in and out. • Youth form together as relatively disorganized gang. • Lack skill or knowledge to make profit.

Twelve-year-old Molly is allowed to drink alcohol at home with her parents. Learning from these experiences, Molly then drinks when at her friends' houses. Which theory best explains her drinking behaviors?

Differential Association Theory.

Ritualism

Do not seek to achieve the goals of material success. • They buy into the conventional means in the sense that they like to do their jobs or are happy just making ends meet.

no one's getting hurt

Drift; metaphor of the ledger - they do more good than bad; ^ used to drift back and forth between sneaky thrills and identifying as drug dealers while reaping benefits of such a title denial of injury; denial of victim;

The M'Naghten Rule *Lecture 2*

Due to mental impairment (called 'insanity'), the person either: - did not understand the "nature and quality" of what he was doing (thought the gun was a banana) - did not know that his actions were wrong (delusional thinking that shooting someone would save their soul)

A. Denial of responsibility

During Kawhi's sentencing phase, he decided to testify on his own behalf. In trying to explain why he shot Steph's daughter, Kawhi testified to the following: "Look, I was completely out of it when I did that. I was celebrating with my friends and we got wasted on alcohol and cocaine. I didn't even know what I was doing when I went into that store." According to lecture, which technique of neutralization is Kawhi employing? A. Denial of responsibility B. Appeal to higher loyalties C. Denial of negative intent D. Metaphor of hegemony

Who are some major figures in Conflict Theory? *Lecture 4*

Durkeim, Weber, Marx

D. Because religious and other social institutions promote hegemonic ideologies of individualism and hard work that ultimately protect power relations.

Enrique is an undocumented immigrant from El Salvador living in San Diego. Enrique is trained and has experience as a plumber in San Salvador but is not able to obtain work in his profession in San Diego. Enrique is an ardent Catholic with a strong work ethic, and came to San Diego to pursue better pay for plumbing work than is possible at home in El Salvador. After one year of unemployment, Enrique starts looking for day labor among other day laborers at the Home Depot in Lemon Grove. While standing under the shade of a tree in the parking lot, Enrique is approached by an organizer from the American Communist Party named Karl. Karl argues to Enrique that the power dynamics in the USA inherently prevent Enrique from ever achieving even minimal success. Karl goes on to try to recruit Enrique to join the cause of American Communists to form a revolution and overthrow the dominant capitalist system and replace it with a more equitable communist workers' utopia. After listening politely, Enrique chuckles and tells Karl to move along—he isn't interested. According to lecture, why does Enrique reject Karl? A. Because Salvadorians are suspicious of strangers. B. Because Home Depot is not a good location for talking politics. C. Because Enrique is afraid that Karl might be an undercover US government agent. D. Because religious and other social institutions promote hegemonic ideologies of individualism and hard work that ultimately protect power relations.

Stage 4

Establishing good citizenship instilling a strong work ethic, and following the laws of society.

The Base

Every society has a "mode of production" or their form of work that drives people to be produced. Understood to mean the political-economic system.

Superego

Evolves during the course of an individual's development, during which he or she learns the restrictions, mores, and values of society.

Erik Erikson

Examined adolescents struggling to discover their own ego identity while negotiating, learning, and understanding social interactions as well as developing a sense of morality and right and wrong.

federal law enforcement agencies

FBI DEA US Secret Service ATF Postal Service and Forest Service - have police powers

What is kinda sketchy about profiling? *Lecture 2*

FBI profiling has a mixed record - they can be WRONG

Simultaneous Exclusion and Inclusion

Fake LV car detailing vs Gucci in the hood?

Chambliss' study

Followed similar groups of teenage boys and found that lower-class offenders (criminals) were labeled differently than middle class (boys being boys)

conformity

Fordism standards actuarial society rationalization alienation

Transgressive sexuality

Foucault says that heterosexual and homosexual were not solidified until late 19th century; Lumpen subjectivity emerges form negative relationship to hardcore capitalism and biopower

Community of Addicted Bodies

Foucault's defn of "docility" is that conformists (us reg. folk) are docile through self-imposed hegemonic docility, not coercion; dopefiends aren't docile, but they feel terrible about their non-docility

Responses to Charlie Hebdo

France's PATRIOT Act; intensification of PEDIGA; nationalist power (Brexit, Le Pen, Trump)

estranged families

Frank visits his father, who stood tall and confident while frowning at his son; Frank squatted and looked down, squinting and flinching at his father's criticisms

Serious Crime

Frank was big time heroin dealer; Carter robbed a House of Pancakes; Sonny and a partner conducted an invasion robbery

The classical school of criminology is based on the concept of?

Free will

Macro + marginalization and exclusion

French Muslims excluded for decades; Muslim = race; Balieue life; general hostility toward The West felt by dispossessed young men living in the shadows of western capitalisms shiny temples

religion as culture

Geertz: "believing that man is animal suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun, I take culture to be those webs"; social construction of world-closedness; ordering institution; total worldview is impervious to scientific or logical interrogation; *autopoietic*: absorbs all ideas into its own systems of meaning

Restitution

Given by the offender. • If an offender is required to pay restitution as part of his/her sentence, the victim will likely not fare well in actually receiving it.

Compensation

Given by the state or government. • Victims' services units are usually housed in the county district attorney's office. • Typically do a great job of helping victims.

Innovation

Greatly desire the conventional goals of material success but are not willing to engage in conventional means of obtaining those goals. •

Harm Reduction and Treatment

HIV infection in west US was lower than east US bc west US used black tar heroin that clogged which would require rinsing while east US had china white

Levels of childhood and families

Hank and sister Barbara's addiction to heroin can be analyzed on psychodynamic terms as sociopathological aberration of 2 victimized individuals (individual level); their refernces to skin color, immigration, cultural dislocation, masculinity, poverty, and religion show that even extreme interpersonal abuse is shaped by ideology and culture (individual, group, society)

C. Retributive

Imagine that San Diego has experienced a dramatic increase in the trafficking of juvenile girls into prostitution. UCSD researchers studying this phenomenon conclude that the increase is largely due to local gangs transitioning out of drug sales into prostitution. The researchers discover this through confidential interviews with local gang members who inform them that they decided to decrease selling illegal drugs because the penal sanctions were too risky, and that trafficking girls and young woman was much less risky for them. With this knowledge, the San Diego Police Department institutes a new policy of targeting gang members involved in sex trafficking through the use of undercover operations aimed not at the girls and women, but the gang member pimps. After a two year implementation of this policy, the researchers study the results and find that it had zero impact on sex trafficking in San Diego—in other words, the policy did not decrease the numbers of girls and women being trafficked. After the results of the UCSD analysis of the study were reported in the local media, the Chief of Police said: "It doesn't make any difference that our policy of targeting gang members did not decrease trafficking—we will still implement it because these criminals deserve to be punished." According to lecture, which of the following describes the Chief's belief about punishment's purpose? A. Utilitarian B. Deterrence C. Retributive D. Incapacitation

B. The ecological fallacy

Imagine that you are a patrol officer for the San Diego Police Department. Your 'beat' is the Mid City Division, which includes City Heights. Being a good officer, you pay attention to crime trends reported each week in departmental meetings. You recently learned that the rate of methamphetamine use among Asian female teens living is City Heights is approximately 40%. One day while on a late night shift, you notice two young Asian females sitting in a parked car on a side street off of El Cajon Blvd. You decide that this is suspicious so you park behind the car and carefully approach the young women. Both girls appear nervous. When you ask them what they are doing, the one in the driver's seat stares straight ahead and mumbles, "nothing." You respond: "OK, both of you out of the car. Where's the stuff? I know you two are smoking meth." Both girls shake their heads and deny any wrongdoing. You say again: "Listen, I know what's going on in this neighborhood and I know you guys are getting high. Hand over the dope." After a thorough search of the individuals and vehicle, you find nothing illegal. It turns out the girls were just talking. According to lecture, what logical error did you make? A. Tautological thinking B. The ecological fallacy C. The straw man argument D. The red herring

C. Control Theory

Imagine that you are watching the television program Nancy Grace. On this episode, Nancy is discussing the case of Jared Loughner, the shooter of several persons in Tucson Arizona, including U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords. One of Nancy's panelists is a the famous criminologist Travis Hirschii. When Nancy asks Dr. Hirschii to explain why Loughner did it, he replies: "Well, from what I can tell, Mr. Loughner must not have formed close bonds with his parents at a young age. When this happens, some people are more likely to engage in criminal behavior." According to lecture, which theory of crime is this criminologist using to explain Loughner's shootings? A. Psychological Theory B. Classical/Rational Choice Theory C. Control Theory D. Techniques of Neutralization

Trait Based Theories

Impulsiveness : - Stealing may be taken as an indicator of impulsiveness and impulsiveness given as the reason for stealing - 'He committed the robbery because he is impulsive and we know he is impulsive because he committed the robbery' = circular logic (tautology)

low self control characteristics

Impulsivity Instant gratification Low persistence Seeks sensation Prefer simple tasks Self-centered Insensitive Low tolerance for frustration Addresses conflict through confrontation

Oregon

In 2003, was the only state to permit physician-assisted suicide. However, at that time similar laws had been introduced in Arizona, Hawaii, and Vermont.

Functionality of Crime

In Strain theory, this is the idea that crime reminds the community of its values and allows society to make moral messages about which rules are must important.

strain theory durkheim

In a rapidly changing political economy, individual persons feel confused and frustrated by a disjunction between the goals valued in the society and the legitimate means available to that individual personThe person truly wants and believes that he or she should be able to have a fulfilling career and also a happy family life and also some of the material things we all want—TV's, cars, a house, vacations, a fancy electric guitar, etc. The person does not have legitimate means to get this stuff The point is, everybody thinks they deserve stuff, but the processes of capitalism dictate that not everyone can have it

Durkheim's Strain Theory

In a rapidly changing political landscape, individual persons feel confused and frustrated by a disjunction between the goals valued and the legitimate means to achieve them.

Stage 3

Individuals begin to understand and live by the principle of the golden rule. • They appreciate such acts as generosity for those in need and forgiving those who do wrong

Classical/Rational Choice Theory *Lecture 2*

Individuals choose to do crime to obtain *benefits* - cost/benefit analysis

Retreatism

Individuals do not seek to achieve the goals of society or buy into the idea of conventional hard work. • Ex. People who isolate themselves in desolate places without human contact

Retreatist gangs

Individuals who have failed to succeed in the conventional world and also could not achieve status in the criminal or conflict gangs. • Primary form of offending is usually drug usage. • Simply want to escape from reality.

Labeling Theory (Institutionalization) *Lecture 3*

Institutionalization in prison is a form of labeling - leads to labeling stigma, also identification with antisocial groups and activities, such as gangs and drug dealing cultures

Most accurate measures of crime

Interviews with victims. • National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) 1973.

What is the problem with Classical or Rational Choice Theory? *Lecture 2*

It assumes that all people are rational individuals all the time, however... many people doing crimes are: - intoxicated - psychologically troubled

Problems with the NCVS:

It relies on subjective respondents, who might exaggerate or mis-remember events or not report because of their own implication in the crime

Problems with the National Crime Victimization Survey

It relies on subjective respondents, who might exaggerate or mis-remember events or not report because of their own implication in the crime

D. B and C

Katz likes sexual metaphors when talking about crime. Which of the following are ways in which Katz thinks that shoplifting can be understood through a sexual metaphor? A. Shoplifters test out different sexual identities while doing their crimes B. Shoplifters experience a compulsion to obtain and possess the object that has 'seduced' them C. The act of shoplifting always ends either with euphoric success or shameful failure D. B and C

Gangs and Ethnic Socialization into crime

Labeling Theory!; juvenile detention; many life rituals were mediated by incarceration systems; poor AA boys formed into outlaws before drug use; poor whites embarked on criminal careers later in life, after drug use went out of control; ethnic pattern of 1970s was crucial in shaping the *outlaw vs outcast* dopefiend habitus

Santiago Sierra

Line Tattooed on 4 and 6 People

Self-Control Theory

Low self-control leads to crime. They have this low self-control because they were poorly trained as children and had a lack of parental investment.

Criminal gangs

Lower-class neighborhoods that have an organized structure of adult criminal behavior. • Adult gangsters mentor the youth

due to a mental impairment (called 'insanity'), the person either: a) did not understand the 'nature and quality' of what he was doing (thought the gun was a banana) b) did not know that his actions were wrong (delusional thinking that shooting someone would save their soul)

M'naughten rule explained

Differential Association Theory

Main ideas are that criminal behavior is learned and a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of laws over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law.

Background of chaos:

Malcolm X (and others) report relief upon being caught

liberal feminist theory of crime

Male' values of aggression, competition, domination, individualism, etc.—which are also values of capitalism—tend to lead to crime

D. Righteous slaughter

One day Donald comes home to his high-rise penthouse apartment to find his wife Ivanka in bed with another man, Bernie. After being discovered, Ivanka yells at Donald, "Hah! I'm glad you found out! You're an old loser who can't perform in bed anyway! Bernie is more man than you'll ever be!" Donald is overcome with humiliation, which quickly turns into intense rage. Without thinking about it, Donald grabs an empty bottle of champagne sitting on the dresser near the bed and bashes Bernie with it, knocking him out. The bottle breaks and Donald immediately attacks Ivanka with the broken glass, slashing her jugular vein and killing her. According to Katz, which type of murder is this? A. Sneaky thrills B. Badass revenge C. Cold-blooded murder D. Righteous slaughter

Lumpen Abuse and Globalized Neoliberalism

One historical epoch's sinners are another's virtuous needy; US neoliberal model since 1980 has been accompanied by massive state expenditures; based on individualism; "Widespread misrecognition of class power by most ppl in US and their celebration of individual agency stems from historically engrained cultural valorization of rugged individualism, which subjects poor and powerless to dismissive moralizing judgments"; Edgewater homeless represent human cost of American neoliberal model; "made in America"

Actus Reus

One of the required aspects of a criminal act -- latin for "a bad act".

Mens Rea

One of the required aspects of a criminal act -- latin for "a guilty mind" or intent.

Sigmund Freud

Originated psychoanalysis. Founded on the perception of resistance used by individuals when therapists attempt to make them conscious of their unconscious.

Neutralization Theory

People "drift" in and out of criminality and delinquent groups based on their internal "techniques of neutralization". Based on denial of criminal activities.

neutralization theory

People 'drift' in and out of criminality and delinquent groups based on their internal 'techniques of neutralization'

neutralization theory

People 'drift' in and out of criminality and delinquent groups based on their internal 'techniques of neutralization' The idea that delinquents 'drift' between criminality and conventionality is well illustrated by Cle Sloan (in Bastards of the Party)

Merton's Strain Theory

People can adapt to the disjunction between goals and means. They achieve this adaptation through conformity, innovation, ritualistic, retreatism, or rebellion.

Conformity

Person buys into the conventional goals of society but also buy into the conventional means of working hard in school or labor.

Jared Loughner

Personality change consistent with schizophrenic psychotic break. Rejected from military and believed in conspiracy theories. Federal judge found him incompetent to stand trial so they forced anti-psychotic meds and ended with LWOP.

Commodity Fetishism

Persons have "use value" -- They exist with different aptitudes, potential, interests, wants and needs. But in the (rational-formal) law the person is turned into an abstract "juridical subject".

restorative justice

Restore the victim, offender, and community

Political, economic, cultural ideological, and institutional forces (neo-liberalism)

Restructuring of labor market War on Drugs Gentrification of SF's housing market Gutting of social services Administration of bureaucracies Racism Sexuality Gender power relations Stigma

B. No, because even though Pete may have been very confused and disoriented, this situation was not due to a 'defect of reason' or 'disease of the mind.'

Pete is a frustrated college professor who always wanted to make it as a rock star, but got stuck in an academic job where he is forced to teach and read and write all the time. One night, Pete decides to blow off some steam and 'relive his youth' by going down to the local punk rock bar, the Casbah, to watch a band and drink a few beers. At the show, Pete runs into an old friend from Oakland whose band happens to be playing that night. Against his better judgment, Pete drinks several beers too many, and ends up quite drunk. After the show, Pete's so-called friend brings him in the band van and they all proceed to drink even more alcohol—by now getting deep into a bottle of Maker's Mark whiskey (Pete's old favorite, before he went to grad school). Eventually, Pete and his buddy are completely drunk, passing out in the van in the parking lot. One of the other band members eventually opens the back door of the van and surprises Pete, who is half asleep. Pete jumps up, and in his drunken, half-dreaming state, mistakes the other band member for a dangerous intruder and grabs a guitar and clubs him fatally in the head. Immediately after, Pete realizes what has happened and breaks down into horrified tears while his just-waking buddy calls the ambulance (and police). In light of the M'Naughten doctrine on insanity, should a jury find Pete insane? A. Yes, because Pete thought that the guitar was a banana. B. No, because even though Pete may have been very confused and disoriented, this situation was not due to a 'defect of reason' or 'disease of the mind.' C. Yes, because he did not understand that clubbing the intruder in the head was wrong. D. Yes, because he did not understand the nature and quality of the act that caused the victim's death.

Photographic archiving:

Photography as both honorific (portrait) and repressive (mug shots)

Labeling Theory (powerless groups) *Lecture 3*

Powerless groups have - less control over what is labeled criminal - little power to resist labels

Stage 1

Punishment and obedience orientation

Different paradigms within criminology

Rational choice theory Biological theories Psychological theories Social learning theories Control theory Structural theories Conflict or critical theories

Strain

Rebellion. Most complex of five adaptations. • Buy into the idea of societal goals and means, but they do not buy into the conventional goals and means currently in place.

Social contract

Refers to the belief that the government exists solely to serve the people, and the people are the source of the government's political power. This means the people can choose to give or restrict governmental power.

Punishment in terms of classical school

Remember how we said that a key idea was the idea of hedonism, where people seek pleasure and try to avoid pain? Well, that informs punishment, according to the classical school. For example, if Jordan thinks about stealing the candy and then realizes that he could go to jail for it, he might not steal it because he'll be trying to avoid the pain of jail. In this way, the classical school of criminology believes that punishment works as a deterrent to crime.

Victim Impact Statements

Reports of a victim (often a family member) to the court about how an offender affected their life. • Can only be given during sentencing phase of trial. • Not when the jury is determining the verdict.

Restorative Justice *Lecture 4*

Require the offender to take responsibility for his or her actions - send them to jail and have them participate in a conversation with the victim where the victim can tell them about how it felt --> basically closure for the victim

Boston has recently had a high turnover of residents who lack bonds to the community. Which theory assumes this will lead to crime in the area?

Social disorganization theory

Capital Mitigation

Social history: temporally long; complex; overdetermined causation; childhood trauma; mental illness; brain abnormalities; intellectual disability

external containment

Society, the state, family, and other groups keep individuals within bounds of accepted norms and expectations; provide meaningful roles and activities.

Strain and conflict theory focus on the level of society:

Society. The structures of capitalism cause strain in individual persons and conflict between groups

Biological Theories

Some human beings have inherent, biological characteristics that lead to criminal acts under certain conditions - This is a form of determinism - Which is exactly the opposite of rational choice theory - Populist nationalism borders on eugenics (the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics) Racist determinism - Attributes cause to correlation - Latinos are biologically identical to whites, but are over-represented (by five times) in street crime arrests - Race is reified: socially constructed and not biological (but is experienced as real)

Passive victim precipitation

Someone does not lock their car and it gets stolen. • Something they did not or forget to do.

psychodynamic theory

Something traumatic took place developmentally that caused psychological disturbances leading to criminal behavior

Psychodynamic theory (Freud):

Something traumatic took place developmentally that caused psychological disturbances leading to criminal behavior - But if a mental problem was a major contributor to the crime, can the defendant possess mens rea (intent of crime)? - Somewhat deterministic (although not so much as biological theories)

Id

Source of instinctual drives. • Contains everything that is present at birth. • Passions. • No conflicts.

Social Ecology: Landscapes

Space-based crime caused by crowding and mixed-use development 'Broken Windows' This theory is NOT empirically supported - But recent urban renewal projects in Baltimore, Pittsburg and NYC suggest this whole approach is problematic

Impulsiveness

Stealing may be taken as an indicator of impulsiveness and impulsiveness given as the reason for stealing

circular logic

Stealing may be taken as an indicator of impulsiveness and impulsiveness given as the reason for stealing

circular logic

Stealing may be taken as an indicator of impulsiveness and impulsiveness given as the reason for stealing Similarly, committing offenses against others is seen as evidence of a lack of empathy, yet lack of empathy is seen as a trait to explain offending

C. Incapacitation

Steph's daughter is murdered by a vicious member of the Raptors (a Toronto gang) named Kawhi. Kawhi brutally shot Steph's daughter during a robbery of a liquor store. Fortunately, Kawhi is caught by the police and brought to trial and charged with capital murder. During the sentencing phase of the trial, Steph testifies to the following about why he wants Kawhi executed: "This person is too dangerous to keep alive. If he is allowed to live, he might attack another inmate or even a guard. In the name of safety, I demand that the state execute him." According to lecture, which theory of punishment is Steph invoking? A. Deterrence B. Retribution C. Incapacitation D. Rehabilitation

Theoretical Approaches to Social Suffering

Structure; Agency; Lumpen Abuse; Levels of violence; Bourdieu; Foucault; Gray Zone; Intimate Apartheid

Marvin Wolfgang

Study showed that many of the victims of homicide were actually active precipitation of the crime. • Substantial percentage of homicides in Philadelphia involved situations in which the victim was the first to use force against the person(s) who killed them.

Broken Bond theory

Subset of control theory, idea that children that do not obtain attachment to parents are more likely to deviate.

What are some techniques of neutralization? What are they? *Lecture 2*

Techniques used to make deviant behavior seem OK - Denial of injury: "No one got hurt" (Drug dealing) - Claim of normality: "Everyone is doing it" (Tax evasion)

Highest rates of violent victimization

Teens and young adults. • Victimization is interracial. Offender is same race/ethnicity as victim.

Is Mean Gendered?

The badass can be seen as eroticized masculinity -Hardness -F*ck you

psychoanalytical theory

The basic argument is that crime is an expression of buried internal conflicts that result from traumas and deprivations during childhood

psychoanalytical theory

The basic argument is that crime is an expression of buried internal conflicts that result from traumas and deprivations during childhood Traumatic events that occur during childhood affect the unconscious component of the human mind

Social Ecology/Social Disorganization

The basic idea is that the physical location itself is criminogenic—regardless of the persons inhabiting the space

Biological Theories

The biological approach to explaining crime argues that some human beings have inherent, biological characteristics that lead to criminal acts under certain conditions. A form of determinism.

Hedonism

The classical school also assumes that people seek pleasure and try to avoid pain. For example, when Jordan looks at the candy in the store, he thinks about how it will bring him pleasure, so he steals it.

Capital punishment:

The death penalty for a crime or offence/ - Deterrence can only influence rational actors - Empirical research suggests that the DP does not deter - Murderers are rarely rational If it doesn't deter, why do we need it? - Victims deserve retribution - Society needs symbolic cleansing - Some people are so dangerous, the only form of incapacitation is death

laws of Detournement

The distortions introduced in the detourned elements must be as simplified as possible, since the main impact of a detournement is directly related to the conscious or semiconscious recollection of the original contexts of the elements. detournement by simple reversal is always the most direct and least effective

Social Ecology

The idea is that the physical location itself is criminogenic--regardless of the inhabitance. Space-based crime caused by crowding and mixed-use development.

Capital Punishment

The idea of enforcing the death penalty on capital crimes. Relies on the idea of deterring criminals from doing heinous crimes.

Postmodernism

The idea that "crime", "law", and "justice" need to be deconstructed to see what assumptions are perpetuated. The postmodern approach to CJS emphasize the idea of deconstructing taken-for-granted assumptions.

neutralization theory

The idea that delinquents 'drift' between criminality and conventionality is well illustrated by Cle Sloan (in Bastards of the Party)

Three-strikes Law

The idea that repeat offenders get increasingly harsher punishments.

Cohen's Reaction Formation

The idea that young boys yearn for social status but realize that achieving it is not available so they collectively rebel and redefine the values to make them achievable. E.g. "school is lame!"

Levels of Analysis to explain Crime

The individual (a gang member) The organization (a gang) The institution (a school) The society (neoliberal capitalism)

committment

The individual's investment in conventional behavior, including a willingness to do what is promised and respecting the expectations others have that it will be done; in other words commitment involves a cost benefit analysis of what degree of investment in conformity would be lost if one were to participate in the act."

C. Eyehategod is responding to the strain of their inability to achieve conventional goals with conventional means by retreating.

The infamous sludge-metal band eyehategod is known for its members' serious drug addictions and arrests for possession of heroin, as well as a song entitled 'Peace Through Addiction.' In that song, eyehategod advocates using drugs extensively to 'drop out of life' to avoid all of the stresses of work, responsibility, competition, consumerism, pop culture, and essentially everything about mainstream American life—the idea is to abandon the conventional goals of normal Americans and substitute them with the simple, hedonistic and pleasurable necessity of taking heroin every day. If Robert Merton (the originator of strain theory) were to analyze eyehategod, what would he say? A. Eyehategod is responding to the strain of their inability to achieve conventional goals with conventional means by innovating. B. Eyehategod is comprised of evil, selfish, losers who should all be locked up for 20 years. C. Eyehategod is responding to the strain of their inability to achieve conventional goals with conventional means by retreating. D. Eyehategod's music is very noisy and unpleasant—Merton prefers George Gershwin.

Intimate Apartheid

The involuntary and predictable manner in which sharply delineated segregation and conflict impose themselves at the level of everyday practices.

Punishment

The law must specify the punishment for the crime. Therefore, if the law fails to specify the punishment, there can be no crime.

the superstructure

The meta-narrative that organizes a particular society Beliefs (people are individuals) Norms (people are responsible for themselves) Views of life (irresponsible people should be punished) The institutions that manifest these: law The concept of 'the criminal justice system' is an aspect of the superstructure

Incapacitation

The state prevents the particular offender from doing crime while he is locked up. Mass over incarceration in the name of incapacitation has lots of unintended consequences.

Criminalistics

The study of crime detection

According to Freud, which unconscious mental process is the moral compass?

The superego

Criminology

The systematic study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of law-breaking behavior

What is Criminology?

The systematic study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of law-breaking behavior law making law breaking law enforcing

Problem with classical or rational choice theory

The theory assumes that all people are rational individuals all of the time. Ignores when people are intoxicated or psychologically troubled.

Routine Activities Theory

The theory stipulates three necessary conditions for most crime; a likely offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian, coming together in time and space. The lack of any of the three elements is sufficient to prevent a crime which requires offender-victim contact.. - Ready offender - Suitable target - Absence of guardian

Psychodynamic Theory

The theory that a traumatic incident occurred developmentally that caused psychological disturbances to induce criminal behavior.

Hans Eysenck

Theory of Crime and Personality. • Developed a theory that linked personality to criminality. • PEN model (personality can be viewed in 3 dimensions). • More difficult to condition extroverts than introverts.

Psychoanalytical Theory

Theory that crime is an expression of buried internal conflicts that result from traumas and deprivations during childhood. Traumatic events that occurred during childhood affect the unconscious component of the human mind. Hard to test empirically.

zone 2

These neighborhoods would always have higher rates of crime, drug use, alcoholism, illness, suicide, etc. according to social ecology thoery

Italian Phrenologists

These were the early advocates of the biological theory; they though they could identify criminals by physical features like large jaws or giant ears.

Neuroticism

Third dimension • Traits as anxiety, depression, guilt, low self-esteem, tension, irrationality, shyness, moodiness, and emotionality.

surplus population

This population is poor and suffers all kinds of deprivations, which leads to crime in various ways Strain theory style adaptation Biological and psychological problems from deprivation

absence of post-detox services

Tina detoxed, but when she got out there was no where for her to go; she relapsed and deepened her commitment to heroin and crack

Inclusive but Abusive Families

Tina's family welcomed her visit, but her step father expected her to bring crack; Sonny was able to accept his mother's nurture bc he is first born son, while Tina was supposed to bring crack bc she's female

"You filthy c*cksucker!"

Transforming the victim to a lower ontological status

Dialectics of Capitalism and Deviance- antithesis

Trash scroungers transform waste into food, clothing, and shelter

psychoanalytical theory

Traumatic events that occur during childhood affect the unconscious component of the human mind

photography as phrenology

Visually identifying status distinction and 'criminal characteristics' Perfectly recording the criminal's image

A. When teenagers engage in sneaky thrills such as shoplifting, they invent rules of engagement, boundaries, time constraints, and a sense of winning or losing.

What does Katz mean by the ludic metaphor in the phenomenology of crime? A. When teenagers engage in sneaky thrills such as shoplifting, they invent rules of engagement, boundaries, time constraints, and a sense of winning or losing. B. When badasses rob victims, they engage in a process of interaction and communication. C. When cold-blooded killers murder victims, they construct monstrous identities for themselves and the persons they kill. D. B and C.

Victim precipitation

When an individual does or doesn't do something that increases the risk that he or she will be victimized.

Manifest delinquency

When it results in antisocial behavior.

Stage 2

When one develops moral relativity • "You scratch my back, I'll scratch yours"

Routine Activities Theory *Lecture 2*

When you have to convergence of these three variables... - ready offender - suitable target - absence of guardian crime is LIKELY to happen

Culture

collective meaning norms customs art

D. B and C

Which of the following are examples of robbery? A. Vladimir tells Donald are having dinner in a fine restaurant. Vladimir tells Donald to give him $5, and Donald hands over the cash. B. Vladimir tells Donald are having dinner in a fine restaurant. Vladimir places a small handgun on the table and asks Donald if he happens to have $5 he could borrow, and Donald hands over the cash. C. Vladimir tells Donald are having dinner in a fine restaurant. Vladimir mentions that his friend Ivan happens to be in Donald's apartment having a conversation with Donald's wife, Ivanka. Vlad then wonders if Donald might have $5 he could borrow, and Donald hands over the cash. D. B and C E. None of the above

A. A computer engineer at Intel learns of a secret new technology that will dramatically improve microchip performance that Intel plans to unveil in six months. This engineer tells a stockbroker friend about this situation, who in turn advises his customers to buy Intel stock immediately, which they do.

Which of the following crimes would not be included in the Uniform Crime Reports? A. A computer engineer at Intel learns of a secret new technology that will dramatically improve microchip performance that Intel plans to unveil in six months. This engineer tells a stockbroker friend about this situation, who in turn advises his customers to buy Intel stock immediately, which they do. B. An aging and disgraced football star, along with three large, armed friends, forcibly takes sports memorabilia—at gunpoint—from a man in Las Vegas who legally owns the memorabilia C. A famous record producer fatally shoots a starlet at his mansion in Los Angeles. D. An Olympic ice skater is attacked and beaten on the leg with a metal baton while practicing for a major championship event.

Hogan

White male, chastised for his filthiness, overweight, has a cotton habit, has HIV, known for being lazy and broke, Vietnam vet, goes through a methadone treatment program however becomes depressed and dies from an overdose on opiates and meth

Hank

White male, old-timey, mid 50's, arrived with stab wound on first night even though Felix says it was an abscess removed at the hospital and that Hank is a liar, generous with wine and heroin, first one they saw transition to homeless; refused to go to shelters because they aren't safe, longest legal employment, exited from Edgewater by finally receiving successful treatment and living in Paul's garage with Hogan, Vietnam vet who receives SSI disability payments

Vernon

White, married to a nurse, receives most of his money from disability checks/wife, his father worked as a longshoreman

Frank

White, mid 40s-50s, paints signs for a local business, worked at a construction supply company with Max, running partners with Felix, Received methadone treatments because of the cancer in his larynx. Still smokes crack out of the hole in his throat

Petey

White, running partners with Scotty, one of "The Island Boys", When this person was caught they were required by court to enter a treatment program, Stayed away from Edgewater Boulevard after VA services helped him

B. Because crime creates a sense of solidarity among conformist members of society.

Why did Durkheim believe that crime is functional in societies? A. Because crime operates as a check on monopolies of power at the top of society B. Because crime creates a sense of solidarity among conformist members of society. C. Because a steady crime rate is essential to support the institutions that service crime, maintaining employment in institutions such as courts and prisons. D. All of the above.

The broken windows theory

Wilson and Kelling's theory that a neighborhood in disrepair signals that criminal activity is tolerated in the area. By cracking down on quality-of-life crimes, police can reclaim the neighborhood and encourage law-abiding citizens to live and work there.

thomas Hobbes and rational theory

Wrote Leviathan "Humans are rational beings who choose their destiny by creating a society" social contract between government and its citizens

A. Wynona learned stealing in interaction with her peers and role models, who collectively shared the view that it is morally acceptable to steal from high end designer companies because those companies are exploitive and have the money to cover the costs anyway.

Wynona is a 44 year old actress living in West Hollywood. Wynona grew up in a hippie commune in Northern California before moving to the Los Angeles area to take up acting. During her youth, Wynona learned that very expensive goods like Hermes scarves and Gucci purses were really just artificially priced products that actually had limited value—they were expensive because people were willing to pay the money for the label. Nevertheless, Wynona developed a powerful desire to possess such items. Wynona's peers and role models all believed that it would be theoretically okay to steal such products as a way of 'getting back at the man' for over-charging so much—especially because companies like Hermes and Gucci had plenty of money to cover some minor losses. Over time, Wynona developed a habit of shoplifting expensive items from designer boutiques because she didn't believe in paying the high prices that she knew were just artificially marked up. Eventually, Wynona got caught attempting to shoplift $5,500 worth of designer clothes and accessories at Saks Fifth Avenue in Beverly Hills and was eventually convicted and sentenced to probation for Grand Theft. If you were to explain this crime using differential association theory which of the following would best express your explanation? A. Wynona learned stealing in interaction with her peers and role models, who collectively shared the view that it is morally acceptable to steal from high end designer companies because those companies are exploitive and have the money to cover the costs anyway. B. Wynona suffered from an 'Oedipus Complex,' meaning a deep psychological conflict about her parents that caused her to 'act out' by seeking attention in criminal activity. C. Wynona's background in a marginalized 'hippie' community means that she is part of a sub-group that giant corporations like Gucci wish to exploit and dominate through the selling of over priced goods. D. A and C.

B. Decide not to charge Vicky with any crime because there is no mens rea in this case.

You are a prosecutor in San Diego County Superior Court handling major felony trials. You are presented with the following information about a homicide: The deceased, named Julie, was a three-year girl who died of complications due to burns caused by hot water in a bathtub. The deceased's legal guardian is her aunt Vicky, who had taken over care of Julie because her sister Veronica (Julie's mother) was addicted to methamphetamine. Julie lived with Vicky in Vicky's cramped two-bedroom apartment with four other children. Vicky was at home at the time of Julie's death, and told the police that she turned on the bathtub water and left the room, after which Julie fell into the tub on her own. Vicky further reported that when she retrieved Julie from the tub, she did not notice that the child had been burned, and put her in her crib. Vicky reported that Julie did cry in her crib but that Julie cried all the time, so she ignore the baby and went about preparing dinner for the rest of the family. When she found Julie's dead body later, she waited two hours to call the authorities because she had ingested three beers earlier in the evening and was afraid that she would get in trouble. In light of the law, how do you proceed? A. Charge Vicky with first-degree capital murder with the special circumstance of 'child murder.' B. Decide not to charge Vicky with any crime because there is no mens rea in this case. C. Charge Vicky with public drunkenness because you have to charge her with something considering the tragedy of Julie's death. D. Charge Veronica with first-degree capital murder with the special circumstance of 'child murder' for abandoning her daughter to an unsafe home.

C. Involvement—because playing basketball is time and energy engaged in conventional activities rather than criminal activities.

You are the new Police Chief of the City of San Diego, and you are confronted with very high crime rates that take place between 10:00pm and 3:00am in Southeast San Diego. Being an enlightened Chief, you have read a lot of criminological theory, including 'Social Control' theory—but you also have a lot of 'street experience.' In order to deal with the late-night crime problem in Southeast, you decide to implement a 'midnight basketball' program, which opens up several gyms in Southeast and creates a league with games taking place from 10:00pm until 3:00am. The idea is to get male teens and young men participating in 'conventional' activities to keep them busy doing positive things rather than hanging out in the street and engaging in crimes such as drug use and sales and gang activities. Which aspect of 'social bond' does your midnight basketball program emphasize? A. Belief—because playing midnight basketball demonstrates young persons' belief in moral rules. B. Attachment—because playing midnight basketball is evidence that young people care about others. C. Involvement—because playing basketball is time and energy engaged in conventional activities rather than criminal activities. D. Impulsivity—because basketball is a very fast-paced, vigorous sport, it allows impulsive youths to 'blow off steam' in a positive way rather than getting in fights.

Katz' explanation for the overrepresentation of Black men in robbery

Young black men far more involved in action, putting them closer to the seductions of the stickup - Structural forces create this situation

Causation

a certain result must occur as a result of the crime and not other causes

alibi

a claim or shred of evidence that one was elsewhere at the time the alleged offence was committed.

contemporary rational choice thoery

a variety of factors play into a criminals decision to offend theory

*Ethics of Visual Criminology* -Serious -Recording 'the ways things are' a) The tradition of documentary b) The tradition of 'the fantastic'

a) The tradition of documentary

*•Photographic archiving* -Photography is *honorific* a) portrait b) mug shots

a) portrait

Anti-prison activists: a) they view prisons and jails as a form of racialized state violence that must be dismantled as part of a wider social justice agenda b) tend to advocate for more humane, incremental adjustments to the criminal justice system

a) they view prisons and jails as a form of racialized state violence that must be dismantled as part of a wider social justice agenda

retreatism

abandon goals and means

Retreatism (strain Theory: Merton) *Lecture 3*

abandon goals and means - homelessness - peace through addiction

Rebellion (Strain Theory: Merton) *Lecture 3*

abandon goals and means and replace them with new ones - revolutionaries - religious sects

rebellion

abandon goals and means and replace w new ones

criminal homicide

act of one human killing another; requires only a volitional act by another person that results in death, and thus a homicide may result from accidental, reckless, or negligent acts even if there is no intent to cause harm Law requires that the death of the person occur within a year and a day of the fatal injury. Requirement initially reflected the difficulty in determining whether an initial injury led to a person's death, or if other events/circumstances intervened,

strict libaility

actions that are considered to be criminal regardless of the person's intentions. Examples - statutory rape - selling alcohol to minors - traffic offenses

Anti-prison =

active work against state control of citizens

mala prohibita

acts that are considered crimes primarily because they have been declared bad by the legal codes in that jurisdiction (3-5)

Mala in se

acts that are considered inherently evil

mala in se

acts that are considered inherently evil (3-5)

typical Rx drug abuser

adderall for studying/party energy; valium to sleep; 1st most common: stimulants (adderall); 2nd: opioids (valium); 3rd: tranquilizers (xanax)

Heroin Treatment

addiction to heroin is biological and social; a cure for heroin addiction doesn't work unless it accounts for complex social factors; most homeless who found treatment were motivation by sudden life crises

terms of juvenile justice system

adjudicated delinquent adjudication hearing aftercare commitment prison delinquent act delinquent detention disposition disposition hearing institution taken into curstody

Conformity (Strain Theory: Merton) *Lecture 3*

adopt goals and means

Innovation (Strain Theory: Merton) *Lecture 3*

adopt goals but not means - theft, drug dealing - white collar crime, organize crime

Ritualism (Strain Theory: Merton) *Lecture 3*

adopt means but not goals - obsessive bureaucrats

•Anti-prison active work (with/against) state control of citizens

against

state police

agencies with general police powers to enforce state laws as well as to investigate major crimes, they may have intelligence units, drug trafficking units, juvenile units, and crime laboratories (7)

neoclassical school

aggravating and mitigating taken in account for purposes of sentencing and punishing an offender

modernity

all about science and the ability to discover essential and universal truths through logic and testing

Parenting

all homeless had kids except Hank; none maintained regular contact with their kids; deadbeat dads and crackhead moms

Respect in Edgewater

all homeless wanted to be part of the photoethnography; "if you can't see the face, you can't see the misery"; often launched into self reflection

Culture

collective means; norms; customs

'homicide' as a broader term

although the term 'homicide' is sometimes used synonymously with murder, homicide had a broader scope than murder. Murder is a form of criminal homicide; other forms of homicide might not constitute criminal acts. These homicides are regarded as *justified or excusable*.

95%

amount of executions in china for the world?

social contract

an Enlightenment ideal or assumption that stipulates an unspecified arrangement among citizens in which they promise the state or government not to commit offenses against other citizens, and in turn, they gain protection from being violated by other citizens (66)

legislative definition of a crime

an act that is prosecutable by the state and punishable by the law

Incapacitation:

an approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them - The state prevents an individual from doing crime while he is locked up or dead - Mass over incarceration in the name of incapacitation has lots of unintended consequences

selective placement

an argument that adoptees tend to be placed in households that resemble that of their biological parents; thus, adoptees from rich biological parents are placed in rich adoptive households (144)

Cultural criminology is the criminological version of

an artist theorist's analysis of fashion culture

aggravated assault

an assault which criminal laws punish more severely due to its seriousness. Assaults that happen in the victim's home also qualify.

aggravated assault

an assault which criminal laws punish more severely due to its seriousness; typically include the use of a deadly weapon, the status of the victim, the intent of the perpetrator, and the degree of injury cause

Benjamin Mendelsohn

an attorney who is generally considered the "Father of Victimology" and proposed the first typology or theory of victimization that categorized victims by the degree to which the victims contributed to the criminal act in which they were victimized (20)

probation

arrangements between sentencing authority and offender 1. general conditions: regularly reporting to the supervisor officer. obeying the laws, submitting the searches, not benign possession of firearms and drugs 2.specific conditions: such as methadone maintenance under testing, urine testing, house arrest, vocational training, psychological or psychiatric treatment 3. shock incarceration: probation + incarceration

Disruptive Art as heroic

art is efficient at expressing an idea or emotion in a highly parsimonious and incisive way; Charlie Hebdo's cartoons are tradition of important French aesthetic movements

hate crime

assaults based on race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, or disability of the victim

classical school

assumes crime occurs after a rational individual mentally weighs the potential good and bad consequences of crime and then make a decision about whether to engage in a given behavior

Neoclassical School

assumes that aggravating and mitigating circumstances should be taken into account for purposes of sentencing and punishing and offender (77-81)

swiftness of punishment

assumption is that the faster punishment occurs after a crime is committed, the more an individual will be deterred in the future (70)

determinism

assumption that human behavior caused outside of free will and rational decision making

Social Bonds:

attachment, commitment, involvement, belief

The National Crime Victimization Survey

augments the UCR by providing some data on characteristics of crime victims and offenders

Epilogue of DRD

authors hope that DRD debunks myth of drug crimes

*Ethics of Visual Criminology* -Theatre -Illusion -Fantasy a) The tradition of documentary b) The tradition of 'the fantastic'

b) The tradition of 'the fantastic'

*•Photographic archiving* -Photography is *repressive* a) portrait b) mug shots

b) mug shots

reformist criminologists a) they view prisons and jails as a form of racialized state violence that must be dismantled as part of a wider social justice agenda b) tend to advocate for more humane, incremental adjustments to the criminal justice system

b) tend to advocate for more humane, incremental adjustments to the criminal justice system

trait based theory

bad personality trait = crime is an ex of this theory

why does crime exist

basic question of criminology

•Walter Benjamin's dire warning on photography's ability to ______ suffering

beautify

Why don't those in the surplus population revolt? *Lecture 4*

because the structures of society influence them to believe that the system is actually good - religion and school advocate conformist, 'hard work' ideologies - this is hegemony

racist determinism

because you are latino you are five times as likely to be in a street crime arrect because of your race is an ex of this

certainty of punishment

beccaria considered most important quality of punishment/ deterrence when people commit a crime they will perceive a high likelihood of being caught and punished

Social Process Theories *Lecture 3*

begin the theoretical move away from the level of the individual to the level of the group

social process theory

begin the theoretical move away from the level of the individual to the level of the group

psychoanalytic perspective

behaviors based on the id, ego, and superego anxiety defense mechanism and unconscious are key principles

deviance

behaviors that are not normal; includes many illegal acts, as well as activities, that are not necessarily criminal but are unusual and often violate social norms (3-5)

atavism

belief that certain characteristics or behaviors of a person are throwbacks to and earlier stage of evolutionary development (116)

Positivists

believed that the punishment should fit the criminal not the crime

assumes rational individuals

bigest problem w rational choice theories

craniometry

bigger brain or skull = superiority

requires prosecutorsto turn over evidence

brady v maryland

burglary

breaking and entering w the intent to steal

Psychological and psychiatric theories try to

bridge the gap between rational choice and biological determinism

•Protest of a new jail proposed to be ______ in a location designated as too polluted for residential use

built

yes

can cops lie to you

no

can you use polygraph as evidence

crime shows something may be wrong w social structure

canary in coalmine for strain theory

What does Marx say about *surplus population*? *Lecture 4*

capitalism needs a perpetual supply of unemployed people to be drawn on whenever the competition between employers increases the cost they have to pay for workers - consists of those who do not contribute to society except to serve as a labor reserve - this population is poor and suffers deprivations, *which can lead to crime in various ways* --> strain theory style adaptation --> biological and psychological problems from deprivation

crime and boredom

capitalist modernity's preference of conformity (frats, jock culture) boring conformity: standards, rationalization, alienation, fordism anti-boredom: punk, critical mass, flash mobs, hacktivism, crime crime is done to dodge redundancy of time

Strain Theory (Merton) *Lecture 3*

capitalist society can create profound disjunction between goals and means - individual people sometimes "adapt" to this "strain"(or stress)

*Visual Criminology* •Using the visual to do _______ studies

carceral

Love on the Street

carving out a woman's space on the street (Tina finding her place amongst the world); Tina and Carter stole and scavenged

brutalization effect

cause-and-effect relationship between death penalty and homicide rates executions diminish public's respect for life opposite of a deterrent effect

Art Theory

celebrates deviance or antagonism/ bad behavior

atavism

certain characteristics or behaviors of a person and throwbacks to an earlier stage of evolutionary development

correlation-covariation

change in the predictor (X) is associated with a change in the explanatory variable (Y)

parsimony

characteristic of a good theory, meaning that it explains a certain phenomenon, such as criminal behavior, with the fewest possible propositions or concepts (16)

•Photography as phrenology: -Visually identifying status distinction and 'criminal _________

characteristics'

Broken Bond Theory (Control Theory) *Lecture 3*

children that do not obtain 'attachment' and 'commitment' to parents at a young age are more likely to deviate

broken bond thoery

children that do not obtain 'attachment' and 'commitment' to parents at a young age are more likely to deviate

social contract

citizens give up certain rights in exchange for protection from the state or the government

Agency

classical + psychological theories

rational choice theory

classical school based framework for explaining crime that includes the traditional formal deterrence aspects and other informal factors that studies show consistently and strongly influence behavior

pure defense but not for murder

coercion is this type of defense except

kids , disenfranchisement, work

collateral effects of harsh punishment in us beyond the dollar figures

aggregate studies

collection of studies, generally on a particular topic (92)

antagonistic relational aesthetics

contemporary art theory: gallery as a lab with open ended, interactive work connected to experience economy relational aesthetics: collectively shared intersubjective encounters fully functioning democratic society is one where political frontiers are constantly being drawn and brought into debate = where relations of conflict are sustained ex.) Santiago Sierra makes audience uncomfortable

incapacitation and 3 strikes law and capital punishment

contemporary polices that com from rational choice teory

criminal justice terms

conviction trial parole sentence to crime criminal confinement in jail sentence/sentence hearing prison arrest

Differential Visibility

corner drug dealers visible to law enforcement; white surfer dudes are not; previous research on drug dealers shows dealers engage in complex and sophisticated risk minimization; college umbrella protects DRD

Rational choice theory applies well to

corporate crime - E.g., the Ford Motor Company deciding that it would be cheaper to pay for class action suits to Pinto drivers who burned to death than the costs of recalling the Pinto

rational choice theory

cost benefit analysis when doing crimes is this theory

local level law enforcement

county sheriff, and officers in municipalities

conflict

criems determined by groups in power and are used ot futrther their needs and consolidate power

What does Durkeim say about crime? (Strain Theory) *Lecture 3*

crime is *functional* - reminds community of values/standards - creates solidarity among law-abiding citizens - allows society to make moral messages about which rule are important by adjusting punishment - crime functions to warn society that something may be wrong with the overall way it operates (it's an indicator that something is amiss)

The Chicago School's Social Disorganization Theory

crime is largely the result of unfavorable conditions within a community

the center elusive on the borders

crime is not controversial in _____ but is _____

definition of hate crimes

crime must be motivated by bias; hate itself is not a crime occurs when a perpetrator targets a victim because his or her membership in a certain social group or race

4.5

crime rate in us in 2014

10

crime rate in us in 80s

medium

crime rate in us on a global scale

limitations of UCR

crime statistics can be used for political purposes changes in legal code can influence subsequent crime reports and make later comparisons difficult

consensus

crimes are acts which shock the common conscinece and collective morality

index crimes

crimes used to calculate he crime rate

conflict perspective or conflict theory

criminal behavior theories that assume most people disagree on what the law should be and that law is used as a tool by those in power to keep down other groups (6)

part 1 offenses

criminal homicide rape robbery aggravated assault burglary larceny-theft (except motor vehicle theft) motor vehicle theft arson human trafficking

What is the basic premise of social learning theories? *Lecture 3*

criminals are not fundamentally different from anyone else -- they just *LEARN* different things through associations with others who have deviant norms

Lumpen abuse *Lecture 4*

distress of the socially vulnerable - being abused by the cops, doctors, cal trans, etc basically all the violence these people see - structural changes

risk reduction + public criminology

diverse tx options; abstinence, harm reduction, methadone maintenance, buprenorphine detox, herion Rx, subsidized employment initiatives; coordinate btwn detox and post-detox; coordinate btwn medical and social needs; "harm reduction" only works for middle class addicts

no but can get ngri

does criminal theory and law care if you were deliusional

national crime victimization survey

doj adminsters sample surveys of households about crime victimization

M'naughten rule

due to a mental impairment (called 'insanity'), the person either: a) did not understand the 'nature and quality' of what he was doing (thought the gun was a banana) b) did not know that his actions were wrong (delusional thinking that shooting someone would save their soul)

The M'Naughten Rule

due to a mental impairment (called 'insanity'), the person either: a) did not understand the 'nature and quality' of what he was doing (thought the gun was a banana) b) did not know that his actions were wrong (delusional thinking that shooting someone would save their soul) - Basic premise underlies most insanity doctrines

italian phrenoogists

early advocates of bio thoery

inconclusive

effectiveness in reducing violent crime of 3 strikes law

Prevention

looks forward and punishes the criminal in an attempt to prevent future crimes

restitution

funds provided to victims of crime that are provided by the offender as a condition of his/her sentence (23)

compensation

funds provided to victims of violent crime that are provided by local, state, or federal government funds (23)

Rx drug dealers legitimizing their activity

fusion of "denial of responsibility" and "denial of injury"

prison

generally for those convicted of more serious crimes with longer sentences, who may be housed in a supermax, maximum, medium, or minimum security ______ (9)

uniform crime reports

generate consistent crime stats used in law enforcement administration

biological theory

genetic makeup for aggression and brain chem and hormones that lead to crime, it is an actuaral approach to crim, checklist of risk factors that someone has for a crime,

risk factors for crime

genetics, brain chemistry and hormones really only serve this purpose for criminology

Why college students use Rx drugs

get high (alters mood and consciousness); Harrison Act (1914) was deeply racist and created in response to fear of opium addicted Chinese immigrants and cocaine Negroes; keep up with pressures of college

simultaneous exclusion and inclusion

ghetto fabulous; knock off

requires th govt to provide counsel to the indigent

gideon v wainwright

judicial waiver

go from juvenile court to criminal court

clarify relationships between large scale power forces and intimate ways of being in order to explain why the us has produced addicts doing violence , essentially describe juxtaposition

goal of street enthnography in book

drug policy

government policies against illicit drugs created US Drug War; government policies created space for pharma companies to create huge market for easily abused drugs

Cellular level Addiction *Lecture 4*

heroin addict's body needs the drug in order to function - it's only when they don't have a steady supply of heroin do people flip out

cellular level

heroin is this type of addiction

usa

highest incarceration rates

usa

highest incarceration toatl

logical consistency

hoe consistent a theoretical model is with what is known about crime rates and tendencies

Hustling in a moral Economy *Lecture 4*

homeless form a community held together by *economy of sharing* - shared money, food, other resources

Ethnic Hierarchies

homeless white heroin injectors were at bottom; African American crack dealers disgusted w/ these white folk; White characterized AAs with stereotypical racist remarks; ironic bc most generous benefactor was AA man; camp was exclusively white until Carter

cease fire in war on drugs + public criminology

homeless will no vanish unless die/incarcerated/housed; 1% adults in US in prison; 2-3% under control of justice system; WAY HIGHER than any other country in the world

criminal homicide

homicide is the act of one human killing another.

4.5

homicide rate in usa last year

justifiable homicide

homicide that is commanded or authorized by law. example: soldiers in war, self defense, public official is justified in carrying out death sentence because execution is commanded by law

brutalization effect

homicides increase after high profile executions

nonresidential sanctions

house arrest, electronic monitoring, day reporting centers

structrually protected

how are victimless crimes protected

people thought criminals were evil/possessed

how did beccaria change the game w classical rational choice thoery

oxycotin and vicodin are expensive heroin is cheap

how has heroin become more prevalent

20 years

how long do people sit on death row up to

scope

how much the given phenomenon the theory attempts to explain. the larger the scope the better

Structural violence (Theoretical Approaches to Social Suffering) *Lecture 4*

how the political-economic organizations of society wreaks havoc on vulnerable categories of people

PEN model

human personality can be viewed in 3 dimensions psychoticism (aggressive, cold), extroversion(lively, active), and neuroticism (depressed, shy)

belief

in the moral validity of conventional norms and on the child's respect for the authority of those limiting their behavior."

restore victim

in the theory of justice the first priority is to do this

bad act and intent

in the usa criminal law requires that a criminal act have two aspects

ignorantia juris non excusat

ignorance of the law is no excuse decision-making processes should be public knowledge

strict liability behaviors

ignorance of the law or driving drunk are still crimes if didn't have intent because of this

Coercive Treatment

in 2001, CA voted to mandate tx over incarceration for non-violent drug offenders; Carter got released and attended tx center for 10 months; got job, but when the job ended, he was back on the street; 2 weeks later he died

Rx Drug Market

in DRD, informal network of opportunistic dealers getting Rx drugs from legitimate sources; 20 million Americans use drugs; 1/3 use Rx drugs illegally (2nd to marijuana); 2.1 million cocaine users; 1 million hallucinogen users

burglary

in contrast to both theft and robbery, is the entering of a building or residence with the intention to commit a theft or *any felonious crime*.

robbery

in contrast to theft, is a taking of property that *DOES* involve person-to-person interaction with force, intimidation, and coercion.

actus reus

in legal terms, whether the offender engaged in a given criminal act (67)

degree of injury to the victim

in most states, assault causing serious bodily injury is classified as aggravated assault.

surplus population

in order for capitalism to fx there has to be this

interventionalists

in terms of criminology cops function as this

the study of the nature and extent of crime and criminal justice systems across societies

international nature of markets of drugs sexual services human trafficking illicit firearms stolen care

control theory bc people are naurally criminal

inverse of social learning theory and why

•Phenomenology of photographs -The viewer is _________ in to the photographic narrative

invited

Intimate Apartheid

involuntary and predictable manner in which sharply delineated segregation and conflict impose themselves at the level of everyday practices driven by habitus; ethnic components the Edgewater homeless racist habitus emerged from US history of slavery, racism, socioeconomic inequality

Visual Criminology •Using the visual to convey the scale, scope, and _______ logic of mass incarceration

irrational

Primary deviance

is an initial violation of a social norm - about which no inference is made regarding a person's character. Primary deviance includes minor deviant acts that just about everyone does once or twice, like playing hooky from school or work.

no

is broken windows theory empirically supported

Criticisms of DRD

is pot dealing actually drug dealing though; not enough analysis of *why* ppl do crime; not enough triangulation (just believe the authors lol)

somewhat deterministic

is psychodynamic thoery deterministic or choice

no but experience is real

is race real

Hegemony

is the idea that the ruling class can manipulate the value system and mores of a society, so that their view becomes the world view

PC 187

is the statute outlawing murder

Criminology

is the study of crime from four different perspectives. These include legal, political, sociological, and psychological.

Social-process criminology

is the theory that explores how certain individuals become criminals. This theory also takes a look at criminal behavior as a learned behavior; for example, a younger brother learning how to shoplift from an older sibling, or younger gang members learning criminal behavior from seasoned gang members.

involvement

is the time and energy of participation in conventional activities."

What is wrong with trait based theories that try to explain criminal behavior? *Lecture 2*

it can resemble circular reasoning: - stealing may be taken as an indicator of impulsiveness and impulsiveness given as the reason for stealing *ex:* he committed the robbery because ehe is impulsive and we known he is impulsive because he committees the robbery = circular logic (tautology)

organization

level of analysis - a gang

society

level of analysis - capitalism

individual

level of analysis - gang member

institution

level of analysis - school

What level of analysis do strain and conflict theory focus on? *Lecture 3*

level of society

enthnography

live in a subculture and try not to effect the subculture

To complete the project of being a badass

it is necessary to impress on others the apprehensions that, however carefully they may maintain a respectful comportment, you might suddenly thrust the forces of chaos into their world

superego

its not part of our nature but must be developed through early social attachments

murder sex crimes

japan lacks these crime but a lot of these go unreported

•Visual criminology is a space from which to cultivate the kind of moral ______ and ways of seeing that are most often institutionally erased in neoliberal discourses that drive law, politics, media, and prisons

judgement

Containments

keep people within the bounds of the laws while pressures pushes them toward crime

social control theory

key to self control is developing an investment in convention (a stake in conformity) in the for of social bonds by means of attachment committment involvement or belief

Righteous Slaughter

killer believes victim is attacking an eternal human value and that this is the last stand; killer must transform himself from humiliation to rage; rage obliterates future; when this causes death, it becomes a sacrificial slaughter; killer will have eternal moral peace

shock incarceration

kind of probation make you spend time certain place

Pathogenic Law Enforcement

law enforcement is dominant institutional regular of poverty and drug use in the US; hardcore status encourages street addicts to pursue drugs with self-destructive intensity as if they have nothing left to lose (Labeling Theory)

3 components of the criminal justice system

law enforcements courts corrections

legislation and case law

laws/crimes are defined by

2nd gen young Muslim men

learn Islam in Europe; global neoliberal capitalism; secularization; European multiculturalism

Violations/ offenses/ infractions

less serious than misdemeanors and include traffic violations or violations of town or city ordinances Examples: public intoxication, disorderly conduct, traffic violations, littering, jaywalking

Self-control Theory *Lecture 3*

low self-control leads to crime - people with low self-control were poorly trained as children (because of low parental investment) - the parents failed to use adequate child rearing practices If someone were to be uneducated and poor, self control theory would say its because they were lazy - the crime would've come from the fact that they have no self-control and not from their low SES and education

Feminists have critiqued cultural criminology as being

macho and sexist

criminal behavior is learned

main aspect of differential asociation theory

superstructure

maintains and legitamizes the base

White Christmas

majority of whites had no contact with natural families

Incapacitation *Lecture 2*

make legally unable to commit a crime because they are locked up

Patriarchal Abuse

male homeless parents talked about having beat their children, girlfriends, wives; many were also beaten themselves; *Oedipal Complex*: unconscious desire to possess your opposite sex parent and kill your same sex parent; many of abusive en discussed wanting to kill their fathers; homeless miserable lives attributed to form of self punishment from childhood trauma

exchange value

market value of a product

power is motivating collectivism

marxism take on consensus

starting to turn ship on policy

mass incarceration thoughts currently

Charlie Hebdo

mass murder of cartoonists and other magazine employees; home grown jihadi terrorism; killing soaked in Islamic symbolism; French born young men born of Islamic immigrants

mala prohibita

meaning that the act is "not inherently immoral, but wrong and prohibited"

mala in se

meaning the act is "inherently and essentially wrong or evil, that is immoral in its nature" -independent of regulations governing the conduct

post conventional level of morality

person attempts to balance between individual rights and societal rules

methadone

medical establishment tout it as cure for heroin addiction; many others think it's a dangerous and immoral drug; designed to block euphoria produced by heroin, but it often ends up being more addictive and has worse withdrawal symptoms

endoderm

medical term for the inner layer of tissue in our bodies (129)

mesoderm

medical term for the middle layer of tissue in our bodies (129)

ectoderm

medical term for the outer layer of tissue in our bodies (129)

feminist radical thoery of crime

men are inherently more criminal Women are inherently superior to men (radical)

control theory involvement

midnight basketball is an ex of this

the hood

migratory pattern between prison and here bc of mass incarceration

jail

minor crimes + a place for individuals awaiting trial before conviction

Classical School

model of crime that assumes the crime occurs after a rational individual mentally weighs the potential good and bad consequences of a crime and then makes a decision about whether to engage in a given behavior (58-84)

According to Katz, Crime is the result of

moral emotion rather than material lack

Reciprocal Labeling

most dealers believed that their success was deserved and ignored their transgressions; they were labeled as conventional, not deviant

dealers aging out

most dealers scaled back or quit dealing entirely

highway patrol

one type of model characterizing statewide police departments. The primary focus is to enforce the laws that govern the operation of motor vehicles on public roads and highways (7)

the badass

only a transitional state; only way to stay bad is to be dead; state is ultimate badass

concurrent jurisdiction

original jurisdiction for certain cases is shared by both criminal and juvenile courts; the prosecutor has discretion to file such cases in either court (11)

Kouachis

orphaned; mother committed suicide; grew up in institutions; marginalized; not banality of evil

spuriousness

other factors (Z) may account for observation between X and Y

Lumpen Subjectivity

outcast identity shared by all Edgewater homeless embodies abusive dynamics of their relationships (individual, family, institution, economic, labor market, cultural-ideological values, themselves)

consensus vs conflict

overarching theme on society creation of crimes

rational choice theory, biological theories, psychological

paradigms of criminology that have individual frame analysis

objective of the juvenile justice system

parents patriae: "parent of the country" primary objective is the best interest of the child

3 strikes law

passed in 90s after little girl killed by former criminal

broken windows thoery

pretty much social disorganization breeds social disorganization

Individual Trait Theory

people commit crimes because of certain personality traits

2.1 million

people in jail in usa

social learning theory

people learn from the people around them

5+ million

people on probation in us

Strain Theory *Lecture 3*

people turn to crime because they cannot realize the American Dream through conventional means Major causes of crime: - poverty - discrimination - lack of opportunity

7 million

people under correctional supervision in usa

Biological theorists have argued that

people with low emotional arousal take up risky behavior, including crime, to stimulate their emotional life

Biological theorists argue that

people with low emotional arousal take up risky behavior, including crime, to stimulate their emotional life.... however no crime gene has been found yet

90%

percent of crime committed by ben

70%

percent of experiments that are not reproduced

2%

percent of us population under the control of the state

restorative justice

perform reparations for victim w/o stigmatizing the person and reintegrating them into society

•A fundamental problem for the anti-prison movement: -Prisoners are 'disappeared' in the USA -Anti-prison wants to make them visible -But do not want to _______ the racialized body displayed in confinement

perpetuate

utilitarianism

philosophical concept - greatest good for the greatest number

minor physical anomalies

physical features such as asymmetrical or low- seated ears which are believed to indicate developmental problems

minor physical anomalies

physical features, such as asymmetrical or low-seated ears, which are believed to indicate developmental problems (122)

Social Ecology/Social Disorganization *Lecture 3*

physical location itself is criminogenic--regardless of the persons inhabiting the space - location not the person

spin crimes

police departments may do this to make an aea look better

Racial threat hypothesis

police patrols are more likely to be sent to minority neighborhoods and make more arrests there, which increases the crime statistics

surplus population

population waiting to fill the gap

Late Modernity

postmodernism = no real truths doublespeak: peacekeeping missions, war is peace, protective custody, fake news

allow us to deconstruct accepted truths Language can redefine crime

postmodernism influence on criminology overall

theory of deviance

power perserves power that allows it to determine who the rule breakers are going to be, everybody is rule breaker but only those in power say who is breaking rules,

theory of deviance

powerful social groups make rules 2) apply the rules to particular people 3) label the rule breakers outsiders

techniques of neutralization

ppl drift between a criminal nad not being a criminal on a continuum though

Primordial

pre-historical, in the sense that history is socially constructed -'Primordeal good' means a value that precedes anything else -Something perceived to be universal and beyond critique

temporal ordering

predictor or independent variable (X) precedes the explanatory or dependent variable (Y)

diminishing returns o after small fish

problem w mass incarceration when caught all the really bad guys

chicken and egg problem and does deviant behavior cause groups

problem w social learning thoeries

utopian

problem w strain theory policy implications

circular logic and correlation vs causation

problem w trait based theory

deterministic and symplystic, ignores low criem rate capitalism

problems w marxism thoery

different definitions of crimes

problems w reporting crimes from different agencies

can be bias or not report when implicated in crime

problems w the ncvs

SF Treatment Scene

programs used audits to determine eligibility + to screen out risky patients; homeless blamed rehab workers for the injustice when it was actually the lack of funding

Dialectics of Capitalism and Deviance-synthesis

property owners advocate policing of their trash while 'freegans' sneak in at night

state police

prosecute state policies. drug unit, juvenile unit, crime labs

US Dept. of Justice Supplementary Homicide Reports

provide details of the murder victim and offender their relationship to one another weapon used circumstances in each criminal homicide

ncvs

provides more data about crime outside the ucr

National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) *Lecture 2*

provides some data on characteristics of crime victims and offenders

social ecology thoery

psychial location is criminogenic thoery regardless of people

Restorative Justice

punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender's criminal act - Restore the victim, offender, and community - Require the offender to take responsibility for his or her actions - Accountability with support

general deterrence

punishment given meant to prevent or deter potential offenders from engaging in such criminal activity in the future

specific deterrence

punishment given to prevent or deter the individual from committing crime in future

deviance amplification

punishment leads to more deviance than the original crime

severity of punishment

punishment must outweigh any potential benefits gained from crime

general deterrence

punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the general public and to discourage the commission of offenses

general deterrence

punishments given to an individual meant to prevent or deter other potential offenders from engaging in such criminal activity in the future (73)

specific deterrence

punishments given to an individual meant to prevent or deter that particular individual from committing crime in the future (73)

Anti-boredom technologies

punk critical mass flash mobs hactivism crime

Classical theory =

pure individual freedom

a democratic society is one in which

relations of conflict are sustained, not erased. • Fully functioning democratic society is not one in which all antagonisms have disappeared, but one in which new political frontiers are constantly being drawn and brought in to debate • Without antagonism there is only the imposed consensus of authoritarian order—a total suppression of debate and discussion, which is inimical to democracy.

What are some problems with the National Crime Victimization Survey? *Lecture 2*

relies on subjective respondents - might exaggerate the crime - might misremember events - might not report because of own implication in the crime

Brady v. Maryland (1963)

requires prosecutors to turn over evidence

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

requires the government to provide counsel to the indigent

Visual Criminology •Nevertheless, the urban outcasts of the world are capable of agency and ______

resistence

ID

responsible for our innate desires and drives and it battles the moral conscience of the superego

thich description

rich and vividly describing somthing

pragmatic tolerance and strategic support + public criminology

right to housing; community based infrastructure; might attract larger proportions of homeless into legal economy, enabling them to reduce their reliance on crime and stand up to predatory employers

Law enforcement risks

risk of detainment and necessary bribery in Mexico; no risk in US

doing stickup

robbing at gunpoint

forbids outlawing abortion

roe v wade

ready offender suitable target and absence of guardian

routine activities thoery requires these

spatial theory of crime

routineactivities theory overall is this type of theory

secondary deviance

rule breaking that emerges from the person's identity

*Counter Images and Anti-Prison* -Visualizing anti-prison shifts our focus from the commonsense assumption that policing and prisons create security, to the possibility of creating ______ by redirecting resources to provide for the basic human rights of all community members

safety

effects not causes

self control theory problems

guilty plea

the defendant admits to all charges in a criminal case "knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently"

group learning

social process theories say you learn to do crime through this type of learning

mode of production

societies particular form of work

Strain and conflict theory focus on the level of

society (from individual, group, institution, society lvls of analysis)

Mother Love

society condemns mothers more than fathers for using drugs and abandoning children; all homeless women had internalized this notion and had more contact with their children; Tina's domestic stability stemmed from living with her sister and working at a nursing home; this all came crashing down when Sylvia was stabbed to death

High tech vs. no social services

society value high tech med tx but not low tech policies for hopelessly marginalized; Hank and Petey in and out of SF General, getting expensive tx to keep them alive; but they're left on the street where they can't get any help; Bourgeois became Chair of dept in med school at UCSF (offered 900k to move into new home in SF, juxtaposed with SF General falling apart); No systematic coordination between high tech and social services

the identity of the victim

some assaults become aggravated assaults depending on the status of the victim. (i.e. many states punish assault on *police officers, firefighters and even teachers* as aggravated assault). Typically, for it to constitute 'aggravated assault,' *the victim must have been performing his or her duty when assaulted, and the perpetrator must have known of the victim's status*.

identity of the victim

some assaults become aggravated depending on the status of the victim; police officers, firefighters, teachers, etc. as aggravated

biological theory

some human beings have inherent, biological characteristics or traits that lead to criminal acts under certain conditions

Labeling Theory and the mainstream *Lecture 3*

some of the terms have moved into the realm of acceptable mainstream culture - bank robbers/drug dealers = glamorized - snitches/ child molesters = hated

Harm

someone must have suffered as a result of the crime

excusable homicide

sometimes distinguished because it involves some fault on the person who ultimately uses deadly force; some states require the person to retreat before using deadly force self defense: most states do not require retreat if the individual is attacked or threatened in his or her home at this point justifiable homicide is most widely used

excusable homicide vs. justifiable homicide

sometimes distinguished on the basis that it involves some fault on the part of the person who ultimately uses *deadly force*. Generally, the distinction between the two has mostly disappeared, and only the term justifiable homicide is widely used.

Social Ecology: landscapes *Lecture 3*

space-based crime by crowding and mixed-use development

primary deviance

spontaneous minor rule violations)

prosecutors

staff w the legitiamite power to enforce

somatotyping

the area of study, primarily linked to William Sheldon, that links body type to risk for delinquent and criminal behavior. Also, as a methodology, it is a way of ranking body types based on three categories: 1) endomorphy 2) mesomorphy, and 3) ectomorphy (129)

severity of punishment

the assumption is that a given punishment must be serious enough to outweigh any potential benefits gained from a crime (72)

determinism

the assumption that human behavior is caused by factors outside of free will and rational decision making (119)

limited jurisdiction

the authority of the court to hear and decide cases whithin an area of the law or a geographic territory (8)

judicial waiver

the authority to waive juvenile court jurisdiction and transfer the case to criminal court (11)

Micro

the badass; working class male street braggadocio and violent rejection of mainstream or middle class values; offers magical symbolic solutions to actual class realities

relations of production and means of production

the base is made up of this

Phernology

the belief that the bumps on the skull represent more or less of a certain characteristic about a person

temporal ordering

the criterion for determining causality;requires that the predictor variable (X) precedes the explanatory variable (Y) in time (17)

In inductive research

the data drives the theory

What does Marx say "the superstructure" of Conflict Theory is? *Lecture 4*

the meta-narrative that organizes a particular society - beliefs (people are individuals) - norms (people are responsible for themselves) - the institutions (irresponsible people should be punished) - the concept of 'the criminal justice system' is an aspect of the superstructure *everything in the superstructure serves the base*

Ontology

the nature of reality

criteria for scoring hate crimes

the offender and the victim should belong to different races, religions, disabilities, sexual orientations, ethnicities, genders/gender identities certain objects, items, or things which indicate bias should be used bias-related drawings, markings, symbols, or graffiti left at the crime scene

ego

the only conscious domain of the psyche according to freud

determinism

the opposite of rational choice thoery

stigmata

the physical manifestations of atavism (biological inferiority), according to Lombroso (117)

the base

the political economic system

What does Marx say "the base" of Conflict Theory is? *Lecture 4*

the political economic system - all humans need to engage in 'productive behavior' - all societies will develop a 'mode of production'

autonomic nervous system

the portion of the nervous system that consists of our anxiety levels, such as fight or flight response, as well as our involuntary motor activities (e.g., heart rate) (157)

central nervous system

the portion of the nervous system that largely consists of the brain and spinal column and is responsible for our voluntary motor activities (154)

brutalization effect

the predicted tendency of homicides to increase after an execution, particularly after high-profile executions (70)

National Crime Victimization Survey

the primary purpose of NCVS is to collect information that was previously unavailable on crime, victims, and offenders

Deviance amplification (Labeling Theory) *Lecture 3*

the punishment leads to more deviance than the original crime

swiftness of punishment

the quicker punishment made, more likely will be deterred in the future

temporal lobe

the region of the brain responsible for a variety of functions and that is located right above many primary limbic structures that govern our emotional and memory functions (153)

criminology

the scientific study of crime and the reasons why people engage (or don't engage) in criminal behavior (5)

victimology

the scientific study of victims of crime (20)

Everyday violence (Theoretical Approaches to Social Suffering) *Lecture 4*

the social production of indifference in the face of institutionalized brutalities

In deductive research

the theory drives the data

viscerotonic

the type of temperament or personality associated wit an endomorphic (obese) body type; these people tend to be jolly, lazy, and happy-go-lucky (130)

cerebrotonic

the type of temperament or personality associated with and ectomorph (thin) body type; these people tend to be introverted and shy (130)

personal value

the value of a thing to you

crimesploitation

to catch a predator, making a murderer crime focused reality tv, pseudo-documentary makes a spectacle of and thrives off criminology exploitation films = focus on forbidden topic and promise of shocking truths) promises of unfiltered knowledge about normally hidden or off limits experiences (auto theft, crack smoking, prison violence) narrative simplicity and repetition= minimal original content, recycled images cheap to produce and highly profitable pedagogical veneer: educate middle class consumers about the dangers of sex, drugs, and violence; shows what is forbidden to those who seek a life of middle class comfort porn & real killing are not crimspolitation because they show the signified of their signifier reassuring punishment: mass incarceration = sterile warehousing; crimesploitation = vivid punishment

What is the goal of the street photo-ethnography in Rightous Dopefiend? *Lecture 4*

to clarify the relationships between large-scale power forces and intimate ways of being in order to explain why the US, the wealthiest nation, has emerged as a pressure cooker for producing destitute addicts embroiled in everyday violence portray the full details of the agony and the ecstasy of surviving on the street as a heroin injector without beatifying or making a spectacle of the individuals involved, and without reifying the larger forces enveloping them

3 goals of the criminal justice system

to control crime to prevent crime to provide and maintain justice

policy implications

to what extent a theoretical model can be applied to a policy

empirical validity

to what extent a theoretical model is supported by scientific research

testability

to what extent a theory can be empirically and scientifically tested

Chicago School of Criminology

tried to identify aspects of crime that come from outside of a person

involuntary manslaughter

typically involves an unintentional killing that resulted from a person's criminal reckless or negligence disregard for human life 3 elements that must be satisfied: 1. someone who was killed as a result of the defendant's actions 2. the act either was inherently dangerous to others or done with reckless or negligent disregard for human life (drunk driving). 3. the defendant knew or should have known that his or her conduct was a threat to lives of others

Motivations for Drug Dealing

underwrite costs of personal drug use; underwrite incidental and entertainment expenses; spirit of capitalism; ego gratification and pursuit of status as drug dealers; sneaky thrills and being gangsta; warding off emasculating force of privilege

Globalization + work

undocumented immigrants were most visible, face-to-face competitors for day labor work; homeless were hostile and afraid of immigrants

routine activities thoery

unlit park thoery of crime example

DRD General Info

upper middle class white men; marijuana is biggest cash crop than any other agricultural commodity; authors had access bc they were peripheral members; closed market (dealers only sold to ppl they knew); dealers were heavy pot smokers; business majors; cocaine is the money maker, but is very expensive

crime

various definitions but from a legalistic approach, _____ is that which violates the law (3)

vice

victimless crimes aka

photoethnography

vivid photographs that do more than words can do, very dirty work and labor intensive and lots of time

crime free except isolated segreated areas

what is true about americ and crime geographically overall

The essence of classical exploitation

was a promise to deliver a stimulating glimpse of an off-limits topic—the female body, historical atrocities, vice—under the pretense of fulfilling a pedagogical mission.

strain theory durkheim

we all have pretty good access to goal, some ppl don't have same access to goal as harvard kids, lotsof ppl that don't have means to achieve goals which causes crime, have to figure out illegitamate means to reach goals, if you don't have that access will dvelop own,

What is the postmodernist approach to the criminal justice system? *Lecture 4*

we need to reconstruct the assumptions such as " individuals are responsible for crimes" and make the world "less harmful" - advocate the idea that crimes are created by interactions between *individuals and social structures*

assault with a deadly weapon

weapons classified as deadly weapons typically include things which could cause death or serious injury; constitutes weapons' manner in which they are used in the assault

Early advocates of biological theories

were Italian phrenologists who thought they could identify criminals by physical features like large jaws or giant ears - Lombroso - This is a form of determinism - Which is exactly the opposite of rational choice theory

Early advocates of biological theories

were Italian phrenologists who thought they could identify criminals by physical features like large jaws or giant ears - Lombroso: believed that criminality was inherited and that criminals could be identified by physical attributes

criminal procedure

what cases do the supreme court look at mostly for crimes

riskier behvaior including crime for stimulation

what do bio theory ppl say about ppl w low emotional arousal

they are rational

what does 3 strikes law assume of criminals

worse behavior to avoid 3rd strike

what does 3 strikes law encourage for 2 strike criminals

says capitalism creates crime

what does conflict go farther than strain in terms of crime theory

offender take responibiliy

what does restorative justice require

crowding and mixed use development

what does social ecology say crime is caused by

crime for thrill

what does strain thoery fall apart on

individual frame analysis

what does the law care about in terms of the paradigms of criminology

norms of the group

what explains crime best in social process theories

appears like less but still the same

what hapens if you crack down on guys drinking beer in street and clean up all grafiti according to broken window thoery

go to mental hospital but not guiilty

what happens if get an ngri

25 to life

what happens on thirds strike

eugenics

what has bio theories led to in some instances

harder to win a case

what has happened to m'naughten rule over time

preconventional level of morality

what is considered right and wrong

manipulation by prosecutors on criminals w one srike

what is problem in courts w 3 strikes law

answering innocence question

what is problem w making appeals faster for death peanalty

number of crimes/ 100k peopl

what is the crime rate determined by

Crimesploitation tends to include:

•A journey into deviance: - Constructing Others - Promises of unfiltered knowledge about normally-hidden or off limits experiences •Narrative simplicity and repetition: - Minimal original content •Cheap to produce and highly profitable: - no actors - high ratings •Pedagogical veneer: -Classical exploitation created fake ethnography •Different from porn or real killing: -Neither porn nor real killing are crimesploitation because they show the signified (i.e., the act of decapitation) of their signifier (the horror of ritualistic slaughter) -They do not titillate—they end with the money shot of male orgasm or death -Crimesploitation displays partial nudity and dead bodies, but never sex or murder • Gangsploitation: - Spectacle reflects and reinforces middle-class fascination with and fears about young men of color • Anti-Boredom-Technology •Reassuring punishment

Crimesploitation

•Crime focused reality TV •Verisimilitude (the appearance of truth) •Pseudo-documentary •Produced for profit - The opposite of criminology • Criminology aims to explain criminal behavior and reduce crime and punishment • Crimesploitation makes a spectacle of and thrives off them

Labeling Theory

•Lemert proposed -'primary' deviance (spontaneous minor rule violations) and -'secondary' deviance (rule breaking that emerges from the person's identity) •Becker's theory of deviance: -1) powerful social groups make rules -2) apply the rules to particular people -3) label the rule breakers outsiders

problems with labelling theory

•Powerless groups have -less control over what is labeled criminal -and have little power to resist the labels •Chambliss' famous study where he followed similar groups of teenage boys and found that urban, lower-class, offenders were labeled differently than middle class boys •The lower class kids were 'criminals' and the middle class boys were 'typical boys being boys' •Deviance amplification: the punishment leads to more deviance than the original crime

Different paradigms of criminology

•Rational choice theory •Biological theories •Psychological theories •Social learning theories •Control theory •Structural theories •Conflict or critical theories

The Lethality of the Badass

•The badass can never remain the badass -Unless he is dead •The only real badass is the state

4 levels of analysis to explain crime

•The individual (a gang member) •The organization (a gang) •The institution (a school) •The society (neoliberal capitalism)