Loud Pack 164 Kaplannzzzz UCSD Psych 164
Criminal resistance to boredom:
"A man shooting heroin into his vein does so largely for the same reason you rent a video. To dodge the redundancy of time"
Attachment:
"Caring about others, including respecting their opinions and expectations, and is based on a mutual respect that develops from ongoing interactions and relations with conventional adults."
Durkheim's view on crime
"Crimes are acts which shock the common conscience, or collective morality."
Marx's view on crime
"Crimes are determined by groups in power and are used to further their needs and consolidate power."
Foucault
"Discipline and Punish"; soul disciplining the body
The M'Naughten Rule
"If at the time of the committing of the act, the party accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, arising from a disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or, if he did know it, that he did not know what he was doing was wrong" AKA Insanity.
Commitment
"Individual's investment in conventional behavior including a willingness to do what is promised."
Commitment:
"The individual's investment in conventional behavior, including a willingness to do what is promised and respecting the expectations others have that it will be done; in other words commitment involves a cost benefit analysis of what degree of investment in conformity would be lost if one were to participate in the act."
Involvement
"The time and energy of participation in conventional activities."
Attachment
"caring about others including their opinions and expectations"
identity politics
"feminist"/"atheist"/"capitalist" criminology
actus reus
"guilty act" whether offender actually engaged in a given criminal act
mens rea
"guilty mind" offenders actually knew what they were doing was wrong
Belief
"in the moral validity of conventional norms and on the child's respect for authority."
Belief:
"in the moral validity of conventional norms and on the child's respect for the authority of those limiting their behavior."
Involvement:
"is the time and energy of participation in conventional activities."
"aforethought"
"previously in mind; premeditated, deliberate."
actus reus
"the guilty act" demonstrates a voluntary action, omission, or state of being that is prohibited by law
parens patriae
"the parent of the country" philosophical perspective state has both right and obligation to intervene on behalf go its citizens due to some impairment or impediment, or age and immaturity
DRD + Context of Drug War
# of incarcerated drug offenders increased by more than 1000% since 1980; disproportionally black (13% of gen pop, 50% of prison pop, 35% drug arrests); #s do not reflect higher rates of use
Tautology (Taut)
'He committed the robbery because he is impulsive and we know he is impulsive because he committed the robbery' = circular logic
Exceptions for criminal law
'strict liability' behaviors -Ignorance of the law is no excuse -Statutory rape
Problems with Control Theory
- Does •bad parenting > delinquency or •delinquency > bad parenting? - Plenty of people with these characteristics don't do crime, and vice versa - Circular logic - The only real policy implication for control theory is to intervene very early in 'at risk' children's lives
Pharma Industry #s
Sales in 1939: $300 million; 1959: $2.3 billion; 2007: $235 billion
Latent delinquency
Same state of mind exists but has not yet expressed itself through such behavior.
Victimology
Scientific study of victims. • Reasons that some individuals are more likely to be victimized. • Legal rights of victims. • Incidence/spatial distribution of victimization in a given geographic area.
Homosocial romance
Scotty and Petey had a bromance where they took care of each other; Petey fell in with Hank and others homoeroticized the relationship maybe in jealousy
Extroversion
Second dimension • Traits of being sociable, lively, active, assertive, sensation-seeking, carefree, dominant, surgent, and venturesome.
Lumpen Abuse
Sets the individual experience of intolerable levels of suffering among the socially vulnerable.
Constructive (instinctual drive)
Sexual in nature. • Make up the libido.
circular logic
Similarly, committing offenses against others is seen as evidence of a lack of empathy, yet lack of empathy is seen as a trait to explain offending
PC 212
The fear mentioned in Section 211 may be either: 1. The fear of an unlawful injury to the person or property of the person robbed, or of any relative of his or member of his family; or, 2. The fear of an immediate and unlawful injury to the person or property of anyone in the company of the person robbed at the time of the robbery.
Class Conflict
Various modes of production create classes of people who are in conflict over power.
correlation or covariation
a criterion of causality that requires a change in a predictor variable (X) to be consistently associated with some change in the explanatory variable (Y) (17)
verdict
a decision on a disputed issue in a criminal case (jury's verdict, judge's verdict).
guilty plea
a defendant admits to all the charges in a criminal case, 'knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently.'
Routine Activities Theory
A theory of criminology that suggests there is always a ready offender, a suitable target, and an absence of guardian.
Classical Rational Choice Theory
A theory on crime that suggests individuals choose to do crime to obtain benefits. Also suggests that there should be a proportionate punishment to go along with the crime. The theory is rotted in the ideals of the era of enlightenment.
Panhandling
AA homeless did not passively beg or hold up signs; they aggressively panhandled and asserted themselves to try and get money; police enforced panhandling laws more rigorously against blacks
AA Forgiving Families
AA men like Sonny spent holidays with their families and were pretty integrated
Intimate Apartheid Broken
Al and Sonny; white and black respectively; inseparable running partners who shared drugs and other resources
According to Self-control Theory, whose fault is it if someone commits crime? *Lecture 3*
The parents - because they were poorly trained as children Low parental: - investment - monitoring - discipline - the parent failed to use adequate child rearing practices
postmodernism
Truth' is always relative and 'discursive' (meaning created through the human processes of language) Critiques the accepted 'truths' as being in support of dominating power structures
Righteous Dopefiend
All but 2 ppl were btwn 40-50 yrs old; started injecting heroin on daily basis in late 60s or early 70s; most smoked crack as well; drank cisco
cross-sectional studies
a form of research design model in which a collection of data is taken at one point in time (often survey format) (92)
conviction
a formal declaration that someone is guilty of a criminal offense.
Control Theory
All people are naturally inclined toward misbehavior but social control contains them. Inverse of social learning theory because says people are naturally criminal.
euthanasia (physician-assisted suicide)
Also called 'mercy killing.' However, is generally considered criminal homicide. (EVEN if a person kills another person in order to end the other person's pain or suffering).
The interplay between rational and irrational:
Although 'professional' hardmen invoke the rational (being professional), they often act totally irrationally (killing victims unnecessarily)
Pedagogical veneer
As part of an ostensible mission to educate middle class consumers about the dangers of sex, drugs, and violence, it promises a look at what is alluring yet not respectable—that which, in other words, is forbidden to those who seek a life of middle class comfort.
The National Crime Victimization Survey
Attempts to help the UCR by providing data on characteristics of crime victims and offenders.
Attendant Circumstances
Attendant circumstances are external circumstances that surround an event. For example, there are certain states that make it a crime to knowingly perform a lewd act in the presence of a child under the age of 16 years. Thus, one could perform the lewd act, but if it cannot be proved that the act was committed in the presence of a child under the age of 16 years, there would be no crime. The presence of the 16-year old child constitutes the attendant circumstances.
Problems with Social Ecology Theory
Attributing characteristics to invidious based on aggregate statistics. Developing a policy based on ecological theory would entail massive wholesale social changes.
When an individual does or does not do something that increases their risk of being victimized, this is referred to as victim
B A. anticipation. B. precipitation. C. expectation. D. consideration.
When an offender is ordered to pay money to the victim as part of sentencing, it is referred to as _______________, whereas when the state or federal government provides funds to the victim for losses due to the crime, it is referred to as _______________.
B A. compensation; restitution B. restitution; compensation
rational choice theory
a modern, Classical School-based framework for explaining crime that includes the traditional formal deterrence aspects and other informal factors that studies show consistently and strongly influence behavior (95)
serotonin
a neurotransmitter that is key in information processing and most consistently linked to criminal behavior in its deficiency; low levels are linked to depression and other mental illness (152)
dopamine
a neurotransmitter that is largely responsible for good feelings in the brain; it is increased by many illicit drugs (e.g., cocaine) (152)
Age of Enlightenment
a period of the late 17th century to 18th century in which philosophers and scholars began to emphasize the rights of individuals in society (59)
Postive school
a perspective that assumes individuals have no free will to control their behavior
Positive School
a perspective that assumes individuals have no free will to control their behavior (111)
utilitarianism
a philosophical concept that relates to the idea of the greatest good for the greatest number (66)
pares patriae
a philosophical perspective that recognizes that the state has both the right and the obligation to intervene on behalf of its citizens due to some impairment or impediment such as mental incompetence, or in the case of juveniles, age and immaturity (9)
According to Merton's theory, which type of individual deals with strain by emphasizing the conventional means of gaining success without any consideration for the conventional goals of such success?
B a. Ritualists b. Conformists c. Retreatists d. Rebels e. Innovators
Marx's "base" and "superstructure" of Conflict theory *Lecture 4*
Base= mode of capitalism Superstructure= institutions that sit on top of the base *we are trained to add to capitalism*
severity
Beccaria claimed that in order for a punishment to be effective, the set penalty must outweigh the potential benefits of the given crime but too much severity could lead to more crime
According to Merton's theory, which type of individual deals with strain by emphasizing the conventional goals of success without any consideration for the conventional means of gaining such success?
E a. Ritualists b. Conformists c. Retreatists d. Rebels e. Innovators
Hustling in Moral Economy
Edgewater homeless formed a community of addicted bodies that held together by moral economy of sharing; authors had to make sure they were not hustled; shared money, food, and other resources with homeless; homeless did not steal from authors
What do we measure crime with?
UCR index and NCVS
federal and state courts
US Supreme Court (1 court) U.S. Court of Appeals (13 Circuits) U.S. Districts Courts (94 districts)
Homicide rates in other countries, Peer States:
US: 5.9 UK: 0.9 Germany: 0.9 Japan: 0.3
Lowest Homicide rate
USA > UK = Germany > Japan
Which country has the highest incarceration rate? *Lecture 1*
United States
Most likely individuals to be victims of violent crimes
Elderly persons. • Due to media coverage. • In fact, older individuals are least likely to be victimized by violence.
Tenets of Cultural Criminology
Embraces naturalistic methods (extreme/street/ auto ethnography) and cultural studies methods (texts, artifacts, accidents, commerce, and quotidian)
Tenets of Cultural Criminology
Embraces naturalistic methods: - Extreme ethnography (Empire of Scrounge) - Street ethnography (Righteous Dopefiend) - Auto-ethnography (Convict Criminologist Michael Braun) Embraces cultural studies methods: - Texts - Artifacts - Accidents - Commerce - Quotidian life
The Superstructure
Emerges after the base. The infrastructure of society; i.e. beliefs, norms, views of life, institution, criminal justice system.
Classical School of Criminology
Emphasizes the ideas that people make choices to commit crime and that punishment should be about preventing future crimes from being committed.
3 types of crime
Felonies, misdemeanors and violations/infractions
Different categories of crime include:
Felony crimes Misdemeanor crimes Offenses Treason and espionage Inchoate offenses
Psychoticism
First dimension • High psychoticism = aggressive, cold, egocentric, impersonal, impulsive, antisocial, unemphatic, creative, and tough-minded. • Low psychoticism: empathic, unselfish, altruistic, warm, peaceful, and generally more pleasant.
Jeremy Bentham labeled people who are motivated by pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain?
Hedonists
Highest Homicide rate
Honduras > El Salvador > Venezuela
Homicide rates in other countries, Dangerous States:
Honduras: 84 El Salvador: 64 Venezuela: 62
Postmodern Theories of Crime *Lecture 4*
Human reality has moved beyond "modernity" into a new period - all about science and the ability to discover essential and universal truths through logic and testing
postmodern theory of crime
Human reality has moved beyond 'modernity' into a new period
Biological Theories
- Some human beings have inherent, biological characteristics that lead to criminal acts under certain conditions such as Stress and When reminded of previous trauma
What are some problems with the Three-strikes laws? *Lecture 2*
- assumes criminals are rational - over incarceration - extreme disproportionality - inconclusive evidence of effectiveness in reducing violent crimes
Problems with contemporary rational choice theory
- assumes that all people are rational individuals all the time - But many people doing crimes are intoxicated or psychologically troubled
What are the four forms of social bonds in Social Control Theory? *Lecture 3*
- attachment - commitment - involvement - belief
Criminal law requires that a criminal act has what *two* aspects? *Lecture 1*
- bad act (actus reus) - guilty mind or intent (mens rea)
Belief (bond in Social Control Theory) *Lecture 3*
- belief in moral validity of conventional norms - respect for authority of those limiting their behavior
Attachment (bond in Social Control Theory) *Lecture 3*
- caring about others - respecting opinion and expectations - mutual respect for adults - ongoing interactions/relations with conventional adults
5 other features of crime
- causation - harm - legality - punishment - attendant circumstances
Personal Crimes
- crime against a person This category of crime includes: - Murder - Forcible rape - Robbery - Aggravated assault - Terrorism
Psychoanalytic Theories on explaining crime *Lecture 2*
- crime is an expression of internal conflicts resulting from childhood trauma - traumatic childhood events affect the unconscious component of the human mind - hard to evaluate empirically
What are some problems with Control Theory? *Lecture 3*
- does bad parenting cause delinquency or does delinquency cause bad parenting? - plenty of people with low self-control characteristics don't do crime, and vice versa - circular logic - identifying bad parenting as the cause of crime isn't very helpful
The M'Naughten Rule
- due to a mental impairment (called 'insanity'), the person either: a) did not understand the 'nature and quality' of what he was doing (thought the gun was a banana) b) did not know that his actions were wrong (delusional thinking that shooting someone would save their soul) - Basic premise underlies most insanity doctrines
What are some contemporary policies and rational choice? *Lecture 2*
- incapacitation - three-strikes laws - capital punishment
Criminal punishment must
- inflict unpleasant consequences - be ordered by law - be ordered intentionally as punishment - be ordered by the government
Commitment (bond in Social Control Theory) *Lecture 3*
- investment in conventional behavior - willingness to do what is promised - respecting expectations of others - cost benefit analysis of what degree of investment in conformity would be lost if one were to participate in deviant acts
What are some critiques of Marxian/Radical Theories? *Lecture 4*
- it's deterministic and simplistic - ignores how some capitalist countries have very low crime rates (Japan and Switzerland)
Cesare Lombroso
- leader of the positivist theory - He believed that criminals were born, not made, and that crime was a matter of nature, not nurture
Misdemeanor
- less serious crimes - punishable by less than one year imprisonment Examples of misdemeanors include simple assault, simple battery, petty shoplifting, disturbing the peace or writing bad checks
Strain Theory (Agnew) *Lecture 3*
- loss of something good - receive something bad - cannot get what they want
Marx: Superstructure
- maintains and legitimates the base Eg, religion, education, family, mass media, politics
What are Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) Index crimes? *Lecture 2*
- murder - rape - robbery (taking property through violence) - assault - burglary (breaking and entering) - larceny (taking someone's property) - auto theft - arson
Homicide
- occurs when one person kills another - doesn't mean it's a crime - A homicide is a crime when someone kills another unlawfully
What's the problem with Uniform Crime Reports *Lecture 2*
- only about 1/3 of crimes are reported to police - different law enforcement agencies have different definitions of crime - data collection issues - police departments might underreport crime to bolster clearance rates - doesn't include white collar crime, environmental crime, vice, etc.
Neutralization Theory *Lecture 2*
- people "drift" in and out of criminality and delinquent groups based on their internal "techniques of neutralization" - drift between criminality and conventionality
What are the different paradigms within criminology? *Lecture 1*
- rational choice theory - biological theories - psychological theories - social learning theories - control theory - structural theories - conflict or critical theories
Marx- base
- shapes the superstructure - relations of production - means of prodcution
What are some examples of Marx's "base" of Conflict Theory
- slavery - feudalism - capitalism - socialism - communism *says human beings have an inherent drive to work (labor)*
Sociological Theories of Crime
- social learning theory - social conflict theory
What are the the levels of violence (Theoretical Approaches to Social Suffering) *lecture 4*
- structural - everyday - symbolic
What are the problems with Social Ecology Theory *Lecture 3*
- the ecological fallacy--> attributing characteristics to individuals based on aggregate statistics - does count for white collar crimes
Due process theory
- the main function of criminal justice should be to provide fundamental fairness under the law - everyone deserves protection under the law and worries that police suspicion can lead to undue persecution of individuals in an effort to find and try a person - associated with social liberalism
Utilitarianism (Beccaria)
- theory that one is motivated by pleasure and the fear of pain so punishments can be used as a deterrent to crime. - Punishment should increase the overall amount of happiness in the world and create a better society - belief that the government should only legislate in ways that provide the greatest public good
Involvement (bond in Social Control Theory) *Lecture 3*
- time and energy of participation in conventional activities
Psychological/Psychiatric Theories to explain crime *Lecture 2*
- tried to bridge the gap between rational choice and biological determinism
Biological theory- twin study results
- twin and adoption studies are inconclusive as to the criminal influence of genetics - This may be partially due to confounding variables -The effect of adoption institutions - Prenatal problems in the mother that are not genetic but environmental
Ironies
ISIS using Twitter and Youtube to get their message across is the exact message that they despise; violent dialectics: victimizers victimize and get victimized; Carlie Hebdo massacre will only cause more violence from the west; Warrior cartoonists (valorizing rights); Jihadi Badasses (valorizing murder and martyrdom)
Individual's behavior presumed to be due to the three aspects of his/her personality.
Id, ego, superego.
M'naughten rule
If at the time of the committing of the act, the party accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, arising from a disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, or, if he did know it, that he did not know what he was doing was wrong"
Exceptions for 'strict liability' behaviors
Ignorance of the law is no excuse Statutory rape
D. Because Charlie lacked legitimate means to obtain his goals, he innovated by using illegitimate means to obtain his goals.
Imagine that Charlie is a white UCSD senior who does okay in school but is no valedictorian. Charlie is a first generation college student and grew up with a single mom in a run-down part of Claremont. Charlie's mom took care of him decently, but he never got a lot of bonding from a stable family situation. Charlie ditched school and shoplifted a few times as a teenager, but was never arrested. Charlie has a lot of friends at school, most of who like to party, which mostly means drink beer, but occasionally includes using other drugs such as pot, and rarely ecstasy and cocaine. Charlie and a bunch of his friends decide to go to Las Vegas for New Year's Eve. Charlie and eight of these friends decide to pool their money to procure an ounce of cocaine and twenty tablets of ecstasy for the party. Charlie obtains the drugs with his own money through a family connection and splits up the ounce into eight separate bags which he keeps in his pocket along with the twenty pills. Charlie's plan is to hand out the separate bags of coke among the large crew of friends once they get to Vegas, and once they all chip in with the money they agreed to contribute. On the drive to Vegas, Charlie gets stopped for speeding in Barstow. Because Charlie seems nervous, the officer searches him and finds the eight '8-balls' in his pocket, along with the ecstasy. California law dictates mandatory minimum sentences for possession of one ounce or more of cocaine with intention to distribute. The range of possible sentences is 3-15 years. Since it is his first offense, Charlie agrees to a plea bargain deal with the prosecutor and is sentenced to three years in prison. Charlie has no prior record, but because of the mandatory minimums, he ends up having to serve for two solid years in prison. While locked up, he joins the Nazi Low Riders (NLR), a white prison gang. While in the NLR, Charlie learns a recipe for how to manufacture methamphetamine. When Charlie gets out, he returns to Claremont to live with his single mother again, even though he is now 24 years old. Charlie cannot re-enter UCSD because he can't afford tuition and can't get a student loan due to his status as a convicted felon. Eventually, Charlie gets a job in a warehouse, but the pay is bad. After a few months, another NLR guy gets out and paroles to San Diego. The two get together and start cooking methamphetamine in an apartment they rent in Lakeside. After a couple of months, their neighbors get suspicious from a foul odor and call the police, after which the two are arrested and Charlie gets a long prison sentence for manufacturing methamphetamine, with enhancements for his prior cocaine conviction. What would a strain theorist say about Charlie's story? A. Charlie's crimes can be explained by the government's 'looking the other way' while Nicaraguan Contras shipped massive amounts of cocaine into Southern California. B. After his first arrest, Charlie gave up his 'college partier' attitude and adopted and internalized a hardcore 'criminal' identity. This change in self-image allowed Charlie to move from the relatively harmless practice of 'partying' to the serious and violent world of prison gangs and manufacturing methamphetamine. C. Charlie's criminal behavior can best be explained by his association with different groups—in the first offense, his group of 'partying friends' basically condoned and encouraged his drug behavior; in the second offense, his association with a prison gang influenced his decision to get into methamphetamine. D. Because Charlie lacked legitimate means to obtain his goals, he innovated by using illegitimate means to obtain his goals.
Active victim precipitation
John yells a racial slur at Ron and then Ron attacks John. John increased the likelihood of being attacked. • Involves individual actually doing something that increases their probability of being victimized.
What are some policy implications of Strain Theory? *Lecture 3*
- valuing cooperative society - emphasize social rather than instrumental relations - valuing humility and satisfaction with the inner self as oppose to monetary success, physical beauty, and material trappings *stressing these would reduce or eliminate the insatiable desire to pursue instrumental goals*
What does Marx say about class conflict? *Lecture 4*
- various modes of production (feudalism, slavery, capitalism) create classes of people who are in conflict over power - in capitalism, these classes are the capitalists themselves and the workers - in previous systems, the conflict would be between the King and his serfs, or slave-owner and slaves, etc
If capital punishment doesn't work on deterring criminals from crime, why do we need it? *Lecture 2*
- victims deserve retribution - society needs symbolic cleansing - some people are so dangerous, the only form of incapacitation is death
USA
Moderate crime rates, yet highest incarceration rates.
Ego
Moderator between the demands of an instinct (id), the superego, and reality. • Reason and sanity. • Conflicts between impulses need to be resolved.
Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development
Moral judgement evolves in children in a three-level progression.
Contemporary Rational Choice Theory
More nuanced than classical theory and argues that a variety of factors play into criminals' decisions to offend - Risk factors - Coping mechanisms Rational choice theory applies well to corporate crime - E.g., the Ford Motor Company deciding that it would be cheaper to pay for class action suits to Pinto drivers who burned to death than the costs of recalling the Pinto But it assumes that all people are rational individuals all the time But many people doing crimes are - intoxicated - psychologically troubled
Contemporary Rational Choice Theory
More nuanced that classical theory; argues that a variety of factors play into criminals' decisions to offend. Applies well to corporate crime.
USA has the highest incarceration rates and total number in the world
More than China Nearly 7 million people under correctional supervision US population is about 330 million, which means more than 2% of the population is under the control of the state
What does Katz mean by 'magical?'
-Transcendental, meaning that the emotional experience transcends (goes beyond) the practical, utilitarian, or real -Also the ways in which sneaky thrill seekers endow the objects and environments with non-real, seductive attributes
Al
-White male, middle aged, running partners with Sonny, bought the first car in the group, then upgraded to a truck, grew up in an African American neighborhood, crosses intimate apartheid boundaries
Roper v. Simmons (2005)
-bans death penalty for juveniles
part II offenses
A UCR/NIBRS offense group used to report arrests for less serious offenses. Agencies are limited to reporting only arrest information for Part II offenses, with the exception of simple assault.
state requirements for 'self-defense'
Most states do not require retreat if the individual is attacked or threatened in his/her home, place of employment, pr place of business. In addition, some states do not require a person to retreat unless that person in some way provoked the threat of harm.
August Aichhorn
Most well-known psychoanalysts to apply psychoanalysis to criminal behavior. • Uncover the unconscious motives of juveniles engaging in delinquent behavior.
Social Process Theories
Move from the level of the individual to the level of the group - Individual - GROUP - Institution - Society - Criminals are not fundamentally different from anyone else - They learn crime through associations with others who have deviant norms
Social Process Theories
Moving from the individuals fault to the group association's fault. Criminals are not fundamentally different from anyone else they learn crime through associations with others.
PC 211
Robbery is the felonious taking of personal property in the possession of another, from his person or immediate presence, and against his will, accomplished by means of force or fear.
determinism
a predictor-independent variable (X) causes an explanatory-dependent variable(Y) 1. temporal ordering 2. correlation-covariation 3. spuriousness
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
a primary measure of crime in the U.S.; collected by the DOJ and Census Bureau, based on interviews with victims of crime (21)
frontal lobe
a region of the brain located in the frontal portion of the brain; most of the executive functions of the brain, such as problem solving, take place here (153)
the base
accroding to marx the superstructure serves this
Control Theory *Lecture 3*
all people are naturally inclined toward misbehavior but that social control over them contains them, to varying degrees
control theory
all people are naturally inclined toward misbehavior but that social control over them contains them, to varying degrees
monozygotic twins
also referred to as "identical twins," these are twin pairs that come from a single egg (zygote) and this share 100% of their genetic makeup (142)
phenotype
an observed manifestation of the interaction on genotypical traits with the environment, such as height (159)
conflict theory
analyzes crime and society's structures and conflicts
Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
and annual report published by the FBI in the DOJ, which is meant to estimate most of the major street crimes in the U.S. (33)
Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
annual report published by the FBI: generating a consistent or reliable set of crime statistics that can be used in law enforcement and administration, operation, and management
counter images and anti-prisons
anti-prison = active work againstssptate control of citizens critiques patriarche, capitalism, racism, and heteronormativity because they cause poverty, intimate violence, police brutality, immigrant detention, and war view prisons and jails as a form of racialized state violence that must be dismantled as part of a wider social justice agenda state makes prisoners disappear
sociopath
antisocial personalities that are due to social or familial dysfunction
2nd degree murder
any intentional murder without premeditation, but with malice aforethough
2nd Degree Murder
any intentional murder without premeditation, but with malice aforethought.
1/3
approximate amt of crimes actually reported to police
*Ethics of Visual Criminology* • tradition of documentary -Serious -Recording 'the ways things _____'
are
jail
are often designated for individuals convicted of a minor crime, and to house individuals awaiting trial (9)
*Carceral Studies* •Addresses forms of punishment and/or confinement that (are/aren't) prisons or jails -Migrant detention centers -Refugee camps -Worker camps -Non-custodial state control
aren't
•Anti-prison activists (are/aren't) criminologists
aren't
Theoretical Approaches to Social Suffering (Bourdieu) *Lecture 4*
argued that social class and the economic field of power (structural forces) manifest themselves through the habitus of individuals' everyday intimate practices
Biological theory to explain crime *Lecture 2*
argues that some human beings have inherent, biological characteristics or traits that lead to criminal acts under certain conditions - stress - when reminded of previous trauma - charge that people with low emotional arousal take up risky behavior, including crime, to stimulate their emotional life
Common sense of sexwork
complex continuum btwn altruism and instrumentality in relationships becomes more evident under urban poverty and masculine domination
mens rea
concept regarding whether offenders actually knew what they were doing and meant to do it (97)
Legality
conduct cannot be considered criminal if there is no law that defines it as criminal
Brown's objective is to
connect visual criminology with - The anti-prison movement - Immigration movements - Labor movements - Social justice movements - Abolitionist movements • Using the visual to convey the scale, scope, and irrational logic of mass incarceration
more criminalizing young ppl and stop and frisk
consequences of broken window thoery
mala prohibita
considered crimes, declared bad by legal codes
•Stickup men live in flux worlds of
constant action -Illicit sex -Drugs -Crime -Open-ended action -Burning through money
social learning theories
criminals are not fundamentally different from anyone else—they just learn different things through associations with others who have deviant norms is this theory
Cultural Criminology
criminological version of an artist theorist's analysis of fashion culture can romanticize crime human culture intertwines with the structures of power and inequality
temporal ordering
criterion for determining causality. Requires that the predictor variable (x) precedes the explanatory variable (y) in time
correlation or covariation
criterion of causality that requires change in predictor variable (x) to be consistently associated with some change in the explanatory variable (y)
postmodernism
criticizes this basic conceptualization of reality
In regard to the function of deviance and society, what does Durkheim argue will happen if we eliminate all serious crime?
d. Society will criminalize less serious action.
race and class privilege
dealers were never searched when stopped by authorities
doesn't deter
death penalty effect on deterring crimes
Crime Politics
debate over homeless illustrates micropolitics of governmentality
limited jurisdiction
decide cases within area of the law or geographic territory
What is the goal of Righteous Dopefiend? *Lecture 4*
deconstruct commonsensical notions of what "the crackhead" is
victims retribution, symbolic cleansing, too dangerous to be alive
defenses of capital punishment
informal deterrence
factors like family, church or friends that do not involve official aspects like police, courts
informal deterrence
factors like family, church, or friends that do not involve official aspects of criminal justice, such as police, courts, and corrections (e.g. prisons) (95)
underregulation
failure to exert control over oneself
Family as an institution
family is crucial network for resources and reproduction of cultural and ideological values, but it also harbors violence
craniometry
field of study that emphasized the belief that the size of the brain or the skull reflected superiority or inferiority, with larger brains and skulls being considered superior (113)
spatial analyses of crime
focuses on crime places provides information as location, distance, direction, and pattern where and when crimes occur for reducing future criminal activity and crime control determines environmental conditions and crime influence
specific (individual) deterrence
focuses on defendant, involving punishment preventing the criminal from reoffending
Determinism
for everything that happens there are conditions such that, given those conditions, nothing else could happen
Zygmunt Baumans's two forms of culture
freedom: the activity of the free roaming spirit, the site of creativity, invention, self-critique and self transcendence control: the handmaiden of social order, regularity and pattern (Durkheim)
deviance amplification
guy who makes meth on prison yard an other ppl curious and ask him which leads to them producing meth and so on
residential sanctions
halfway houses + work/study release
Good Samaritan Policy
harm reduction on college campuses; encourage students to seek medical care without threat of criminal sanctions
psychological theories
has raised serious questions with both the mechanical determinism of biological theories and the pure individual freedom claimed in classical models
convicted
having been declared guilty of a criminal offense
convicted
having been declared guilty of a criminal offense.
zone 2
he 'transition zone' was full of transients living in crowded slums that factory owners were letting rot, who worked in nearby factories
Rationality
he classical school assumes that people have free will and that they choose to commit crimes. For example, if Jordan decides to steal some candy at the store, he is not forced to, based on some pre-destiny. He chooses to steal that candy. Not only that, he thinks about it beforehand and says to himself, 'I really want candy, and I don't have money, so I will steal it.' This is the rational thinking that goes into his planning to commit a crime.
other defenses for 'criminal homicide'
include *insanity, necessity, accident, and/or intoxication.*
Twin and adoption studies for biological theory
inconclusive as to the criminal influence of genetics This may be partially due to confounding variables - The effect of adoption institutions - Prenatal problems in the mother that are not genetic but environmental
Internal containment
individual's conscience; positive self-concept; good tolerance for frustration; general adherence to norms and values of society.
*Carceral Studies* •Challenging the hegemony of neoliberalist _____
individualism
psychopath
individuals whose antisocial behavior may result from a defect or abnormality within themselves rather than in their rearing or socialization
Katz's project is inductive/deductive rather than inductive/deductive
inductive; deductive
Visual Criminology •Carceral conditions define the daily life of many of the world's inhabitants at the global intersections of political and economic ______ and increasing levels of detention, incarceration, forced migration, and population displacement.
instability
critically applied public criminology
intellectually gratifying to engage with critical theory, but need to operate at level of immediate policy; developing policy is complex and difficult; policy choices framed by discursive logic of powers that: propel governmentality, shape subjectivities, reinforce habitus-based inequalities
Three-strikes laws
intended to make sure that offenders who are convicted of a third felony get locked up for a very long time (sometimes for life) Used as: - deterrence - incapacitation
mens rea
means "guilty mind" regarding defendant's mental state punishment is substantially different based on a defendant's intentions; plays key role in charges and sentencing
national crime victimization survey
measure of crime in USA
Biological theories =
mechanical determinism
Homicide crimes consist of
murder and manslaughter
Tenets of Cultural Criminology
naturalistic methods; cultural studies methods (texts, artifacts, accidents, commerce, quotidian life)
Visual Criminology •Mass incarceration = *global* ______ carceral formations
neoliberal
crimespolitation ideologies
neoliberalism: privatization, responsibilization, individualism (bad choices), entrepreneurialism (drugs) law and order punitivism: valorization os cops, spectacles of humiliation of offenders, instant justice
ex post facto excuses not cause
neutralization theory problem
methadone demographics
no AA entered methadone tx; all Latinos and whites did; everyone relapsed and blamed themselves; rapid dosage step down led ppl to turn to heroin again; poly drug use: markets outside methadone clinics that sold drugs that would enhance methadone effects
Postmodernism =
no real truths - Doublespeak: •"Peacekeeping missions" •"Humanitarian Intervention" •"Regime Change" •"Protective Custody" •"Family Values"
contradictory effects of capital punishment
no stranger-felony murders (involve planning) significantly decrease, and argument based (unplanned) murders increased
conventional level of morality
normal adult approach used to maintain the family and social order such as golden rule
Anomie (Strain Theory: Durkheim) *Lecture 3*
normlessness or norms confusion
Triangulation *Lecture 4*
not 100% trusting what people tell you - people ma tell you something about themselves but it might not be true, do you need to figure out if its true - fact checking
Symbolic Capital
not just about the money; whiteness, conventionalist, entrepreneurial, educated
deviance
not necessarily against the law but atypical and may be deemed immoral rather than illegal; disposition toward antisocial behavior
deviance
not normal behaviors, includes illegal acts as well as activities that are not necessarily criminal but are unusual and violate social norms
Techniques of Neutralization
not referring to pot as drugs, not using "hard" to describe cocaine and the works; denial of injury
broken windows theory
nyc mayor guliana to implement public nuscine crimes to present places that are safer, darkly lit places more crime is supported, if you get rid of grafiti and guys chiling drinking beers there is perception of more crime but crime was the same
Inchoate Offenses
offenses that have not been completed. Like if you wanted to commit burglary but the people came home and you ran away without stealing anything
criminal justice
often refers to the various agencies and institutions (e.g., police, courts, and corrections) that are interrelated (6)
lobotomize people
old ex of applied biological theory
Crazy Carl
on parole but addicted to heroin; risks death to avoid going to hospital bc police might be called and it would be parole violation
twin studies, monozygotic, dizygotic
one egg, two egg
certainty of punishment
one of the key elements of deterrence; the assumption is that when people commit a crime, they will perceive a high likelihood of being caught and punished (71)
experimental effect
previous experiences (not getting caught) effect perceptions about hoe severe criminal punishment will be when deciding whether or not to offend again
Feminist Theory of Crime *Lecture 4*
radical feminists argue that men are inherently more criminal - women are inherently superior to men liberal/socialist feminists argue that there is something about the socially constructed gender identity 'male' that leads to higher likelihood of crime - males are "aggressive"
scope
range of criminal behavior that a theory attempts to explain
no change
rate change in us in 2014
concordance rates
rates at which twin pairs either share a trait (e.g., criminality) or the lack of a trait (142)
Psychological and psychiatric theories try to bridge the gap between
rational choice and biological determinism
Being mean is a _____ _____ _____ for manifesting that one has _______ rationality
rational social logic; transcended
rarely
rationality and murder occurance
routine activities thoery
ready offender suitable target and absence of guardian
perscription opioids blew up and cant get a prescription or then too expensive
reason heroin became popular
mixed
record on fbi profiling
Making Money
recycling, panhandling, menial labor, shoplifting, burglary, larceny, drug dealing; economists show that high rent + high income inequality + low rental vacancy = high homelessness
empirical validity
refers to the extent to which a theoretical model is supported by scientific research (16)
scope
refers to the range of criminal behavior that a theory attempts to explain (16)
poorly trained as children, as a result of low parental investment in child rearing, poor monitoring, and disciplining practices
self control thoery reason for why ppl have low self control
Lumpen (outcast) Abuse
sets individual experience of intolerable levels of suffering among socially vulnerable; taken in context of structural forces (politics, economy, institution, culture); embodies manifestation of distress (morbidity, physical pain, emotional craving)
the base
shapes the superstructure
Moral economy of sharing *Lecture 4*
share some of the stuff used to take drugs - help some guy shoot up and then residue will then become his because he helped the first guy
DRD etiquette
sharing among dealers and users; friendly scene
What did the homeless think of themselves when they saw their reflection? *Lecture 4*
shocked by their unhealthy, skinny, old, wrinkled, dirty, and tired appearance - often launched into self reflection
vignettes
short, descriptive sketches
vignettes
short, descriptive sketches (94)
political economic systems
slavery feudalism capitalism socialism communism
Rx Drug Use Patterns
sniffing, mixing drugs, alcohol; in 2006, over 740k ppl went to ER for problems with Rx or OTC drugs
Bordieu
social class and economic field of power (structural force) manifest themselves thru *habitus* of individuals' everyday intimate practices; instinct, common sense, character all seem individual, but they're shaped by historical forces and collective knowledge; ppl's behavior is determined by outside forces
debunked by reality
social ecology used the chicago school as evidence since then it has been
victim impact statements (VIS)
statements that are given by victims during the sentencing phase of the trial; these can be given in many ways, such as in person, a letter, or a video (23)
Crime control theory
stopping crime is the most important function of criminal justice and that it is sometimes necessary to violate criminals' human rights in order to provide safety and order to society - believe that police power should be expanded (technicalities like search warrants should be kept to a minimum) - the accused should be presumed guilty and the burden of proof should be on the defense
Structure
strain + conflict theories
rick ross making crack houses in 80s to make money
strain theory example
value cooperative socitety, emphasize social relations rather than instrumental, promote sharing over consuming, valuing humility and satisfaction w inner self over material things
strain theory policy implications
functional
strain thoery by durkheim believes it is
The structures of capitalism cause ______ in individual persons and ______ between groups *Lecture 3*
strain, conflict
Strain Theory: Policy Implications
stressing them would reduce or eliminate the insatiable desire to pursue instrumental goals: -Valuing cooperative society -Emphasizing social rather than instrumental relations -Promoting sharing rather than consuming -Valuing humility and satisfaction with the inner self as opposed to monetary success, physical beauty, and material trappings
sex trauma to others
strong evidene that ppl that exp sex trauma do this (psychodynamic theory)
Social-structural criminology
studies how criminal behavior is affected by structures and/or social situations. The idea behind this theory is that crime is a product of the deficiencies in social structure.
cytogenetic studies
studies of crime that focus on the genetic makeups of individuals, with a specific focus on abnormalities in chromosomal makeups (146)
family studies
studies that examine the clustering of criminality in a given family
family studies
studies that examine the clustering of criminality in a given family (141)
adoption studies
studies that examine the criminality of adoptees as compared to the criminality of their biological and adoptive parents (143)
twin studies
studies that examine the relative concordance rates for monozygotic vs. dizygotic twins (142)
twins separated at birth studies
studies that examine the similarities between identical twins who are separated in infancy (145)
scenario research
studies that involve providing participants with specific hypothetical scenarios and then asking them what they would do in each situation (94)
eungenics
study of policies related to the improvement of the human race via discriminatory control over reproduction
criminology
study of why it is people do crime,
Classical/Rational Choice Theory
suggests that people are rational actors and will make the choice that maximizes benefit or reward while minimizing cost. - Individuals choose to do crime to obtain benefits - Cost/benefit analysis - Proportionate punishment - Rooted in Enlightenment ideals
Superannuated workers
superannuated = too old to work; Sonny tried to steal some tools from car but got beat up and detained by owner
prison
supertax, max, medium, minimum security after conviction + sentencing
celerity
swiftness spending years in detention awaiting trial is detrimental in terms of deterrence because the individual did not link the sanction with the violation promptness associates crime with a punishment in the human mind
criminology
systematic study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of law breaking behavior, law making, law breaking, and law enforcing
robbery
taking property through violence
larceny
taking someones property
feeble-mindedness
technical, scientific term in the early 1900's meaning those who had significantly below average levels of intelligence (123)
Control is the willingness to do anything to demonstrate
that you are, in fact, a hardman
phrenology
the "science" of determining human dispositions based on distinctions (e.g., bumps) in the skull, which is believed to conform to the shape of the brain (114)
Anomie
the expectations of behavior are unclear and the system has broken down
testability
the extent that a theoretical model can be empirically or scientifically tested through observation and empirical research (16)
logical consistency
the extent to which concepts and propositions of theoretical model makes sense in terms of both face value and consistency with what is readily known about crime rates and trends (16)
Carceral conditions
define the daily life of many of the world's inhabitants at the global intersections of political and economic instability and increasing levels of detention, incarceration, forced migration, and population displacement. -Urban outcasts • Nevertheless, the urban outcasts of the world are capable of agency and resistence -Hunger strikes -Lip sewing -Self mutilation
prohitibed prosecuted and punished by law, enforced by a staff w legitimate power to enforce
definition of a crime
Social Control Theory (Lecture 3*
delinquent acts result when an individual's bond to society is weak or broken
cross- sectional studies
design model which a collection of data is taken at one point in time (often survey)
Broken Window Hypothesis
deteriorated neighborhoods attract criminal activity
formal/official deterrence
deterrent effects of law enforcement, courts, and corrections (95)
According to Social Control Theory, what is the key to self control? *Lecture 3*
developing an investment in convention (a stake in conformity) in the form of social bonds - attachment - commitment - involvement - belief
objective of criminology
developing of a body of knowledge regarding this process of law, crime, treatment, and prevention
structural theory
didn't commit crime because that person is a dick , did it bc of neglection abuse and other things that are everyones fault
physiologically changes you and you need it
diff between heroin addiction and other additons
anti-boredom technology
different kinds of escape than forms of commercial leisure; depicts the commission of crime and the pursuit of criminals as opportunities for achieving blissful loss of self-consciousness
parsimony
explaining phenomenon such as criminal activity in simplest way possible
parsimony
explaining the criminal activity in the simplest way possible
routine activities theory (lifestyle theory)
explanation of crime that assumes crime and victimization are highest in places where three factors come together in time and place: 1) motivated offenders 2) suitable or attractive targets, and 3) absence of guardian (100)
social contract
enlightenment ideal that stipulates an unspecified arrangement among citizens in which promise to not commit crimes against citizens and in turn are protected
•Photographic archiving: -Collections that are subordinated to control and subjected to principles of classification -Significant events become only those which can be pictured, transforming history into an ________ spectacle, resulting in extremely partial understanding of the past
entertaining
*Visual Criminology* •Visual criminology is a space from which to cultivate the kind of moral judgement and ways of seeing that are most often institutionally ________ in neoliberal discourses that drive law, politics, media, and prisons
erased
probation
essentially an arrangement between the sentencing authorities and the offender requiring the offender to comply with certain terms for a specified amount of time (8)
Gray Zone
ethical wasteland imposed by the state in which ppl struggle to stay alive; survival imperatives overcome human decency; in SF: de-industrialization, withdrawal of services for vulnerable populations, punitive govt model
Populist nationalism borders on
eugenics
consensus perspective
everyone agrees on the laws and therefore assume no conflict in attitudes regarding the laws and rules of society social contract-mutualist model: "why do some people commit crimes while others do not?"
labeling theory
everyone did primary deviance but then ppl start doing secondary deviance (crime) based on how they label themselves
certainty
evidence that perceived certainty and risk of punishment is most effective at crime prevention
ford paying class action rather than recealling cars
ex of rational choice thoery that is immoral
revolution and religious sect
ex of rebellion in strain theory
homelessness and peace through addiction
ex of retreatism in strain thoery
chemical castration
ex of way criminology and bio theory would go together
russia
example of where capitalism increased crime rate
Identity Politics
examples - Green criminology -'atheist criminology?' -'capitalist criminology?' -'shariya criminology?' What are your identity politics
theft drug dealing white collar crime
examples of innovation in strain thoery
statutory exclusion
excludes certain juvenile offenders from juvenile court jurisdiction; cases originate in criminal rather than juvenile court (11)
statutory exclusion
excludes some crimes committed by young being prosecuted in juvenile court
misregulation
exerting control in a way that fails to bring about the desired result
Cottee and Hayward on Radicalization
existential attractions: extreme excitement; raskolnikovian neutralizations; moral elevation; religious solution: transcendence from earthly misery
empirical validity
extent to which a theoretical model is supported by scientific research
experiential effect
extent to which previous experience affects individuals' perceptions of how severe criminal punishment will be when deciding whether or not to offend again (93)
Naturalistic methods + Cultural Criminology
extreme ethnography (Empire of Scrounge); street ethnography (Righteous Dopefiend); auto-ethnography (convict criminologist Michael Braun)
Retribution
eye for an eye
gives less of a shit
the farther you move away from the individual level the legal system tends to
Cesare Beccaria (1700s)
the father of criminal justice, deterrence theory, and classical school of criminology wrote "On Crimes and Punishments"
Code of Hammurabi
the first historical record about victims. Created in 1754 B.C.E., this code had many laws, the most relevant of which is that it included a portion that called for a restoration of equity between the offender and the victim provided by the government, referred to now as compensation (23)
compensation vs. restitution
the former is given by the government, the latter is given by the offender (23)
false alibi
the giving of a false alibi can be used by the court of actual evidence of guilt
false alibi
the giving of a false alibi may be used by the court as actual evidence.
carceral studies challenge
the hegemony of neoliberalist individualism • Abolitionism: -Slavery -The death penalty -Prisons • It is 'a tricky proposition' - But ideologies structure how we talk about punishment
Reaction Formation (Strain Theory: Cohen) *Lecture 3*
the idea that young boys yearn for social status, but that achieving this through conventional means is not available to marginalized persons - they will collectively rebel and redefine values that invert the conventional social status values and inventing their own, achievable goals
use value
the inherent value of a thing
individual, orgnaization, institution, society
the levels of analysis to explain a crime
Symbolic violence (Theoretical Approaches to Social Suffering) *Lecture 4*
the mechanisms that lead those who are subordinate to misrecognize inequalities as the natural order of things and to blame themselves for their location in their society's hierarchies (habitus) - the source of their violence comes from structural violence and they don't realize it
intent of the perpetrator
the mental state of the perpetrator can also push an assault from simple assault to aggravated assault. If he/she acted with the intent to cause severe harm, an assault could become aggravated. Depending on the state, reckless behavior can also constitute the aggravated assault (i.e. when someone acts with reckless indifference to human life, with without the specific intent to injure any particular person.
'murder' vs. 'manslaughter' based upon:
the state of mind and intent of the person who commits the homicide. The intent of the killer usually determines whether a criminal homicide is classified as murder or manslaughter at what degree.
pc 187
the statuate outlawing murder in california
eugenics
the study of and polices related to the improvement of the human race via discriminatory control over reproduction (111)
comparative criminology
the study of crime across various cultures to identify similarities and differences in crime patterns. - Why do some societies have lower crime rates? - What are the differences and similarities in crime definition and control across social and cultural frontiers? - How do theoretical models relating to crime translate across cultures? (12)
physiognomy
the study of facial and other bodily aspects to identify developmental problems, such as criminality (115)
What is criminology? *Lecture 1*
the systematic study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of law-breaking behavior - law making - law breaking - law enforcing
conflict perspective
theories that assume that most people disagree with what the law should be power relations: why are some behaviors defined as a crime and others are not
consensus perspective
theories that virtually everyone is in agreement on the laws and therefore assume no conflict in attitudes regarding the laws and rules of society (5)
deterrence theory
theory of crime associated with Classical school proposes individuals will make rational decisions regarding their behavior
deterrence theory
theory of crime associated with the Classical School; proposes that individuals will make rational decisions regarding their behavior (62)
find crime in surplus population
theory of crime in conflict theory is that you find it here
Control Theory
theory that compliance with social norms requires strong bonds between individuals and society. Broken bond theory: children that do not obtain 'attachment' and 'commitment' to parents at a young age are more likely to deviate - Control theory enjoys a lot of empirical support - Participation in Head Start correlates with lower criminality
rational choice theory
theory that individuals choose to do crimes to obtain benefits
rational choice theory
theory that individuals choose to do crimes to obtain benefits cost benefit analysis when doing crimes is this theory
Differential Association Theory
theory that individuals learn deviance in proportion to number of deviant acts they are exposed to
self control theory
theory that says low self control leads to crime
Labeling Theory
theory that society creates deviance by identifying particular members as deviant Lemert proposed - 'primary' deviance (spontaneous minor rule violations) and - 'secondary' deviance (rule breaking that emerges from the person's identity)
Liberal/Socialist Feminists argue that
there is something about the socially constructed gender identity 'male' that leads to higher likelihood of crime -Women and men are inherently equal -'Male' values of aggression, competition, domination, individualism, etc.—which are also values of capitalism—tend to lead to crime
liberal feminist theory of crime
there is something about the socially constructed gender identity 'male' that leads to higher likelihood of crime Women and men are inherently equal
strain and conflict theory
these theories focus on the level of the soicety
productive labor
things that humans need to do so society makes mode of production
crime
this is inherently thrilling and exciting
restorative justice
this method is very efective w juveniles
control theorists
this person would ask "why do people conform"
ethnography
this study is like what happens in star trek
self control theory
this theory blames the parents a lot
social ecology thoery
this thoery came out of the 40s - 60s
institutionalizing
this very generally leads to labeling and stigma
italian phrenologists
thought they could identify criminals by physical features like large jaws or giant ears
psychological theories
try to bridge the gap between rational choice and biological determinism
psychological theories
try to bridge the gap between rational choice and biological determinism has raised serious questions with both the mechanical determinism of biological theories and the pure individual freedom claimed in classical models
inconclusive
twin and adoption studies on the criminal influence of genetics evidence is
concordance rates
twin pairs share a treat or lack of trait
dizygotic twins
twin pairs that come from two separate eggs (zygotes) and thus share only 50% of the genetic makeups that can vary (142)
endomorphic
type of body shape associated with an emphasis on the inner layer of tissue (endoderm) during development (130)
mesomorphic
type of body shape associated with an emphasis on the middle layer of tissue (mesoderm) during development (130)
ectomorphic
type of body shape associated with an emphasis on the outer layer of tissue (ectoderm) during development (130)
somatotonic
type of temperament or personality associated with a mesomorphic (muscular) body type; tends to be risk taking and aggressive (130)
self harming or shoplifting
types of crime women commit
factors which raise an 'assault' to an 'aggravated assault'
typically include the use of a deadly weapon, the status of the victim, the intent of the perpetrator, and the degree of injury involved.
'deadly weapons'
typically include things which could cause death or serious injury.
involuntary manslaughter
typically involves an unintentional killing that resulted from a person's criminal *reckless or negligent* disregard for human life.
1st Degree Murder
voluntary, purposefully ['wittingly' willingly(?)], intentionally, deliberately. Any intentional murder that is *WILLFUL AND PREMEDITATED* with malice aforethought ['and forethought(?)]: *felony murder*
1st degree murder
voluntary, purposely, intentionally, deliberately. any intentional murder that is willful and premeditated w malice aforethought; felony murder
Racialized difference in relations with kids
white homeless parents rejected by kids; white homeless parents avoided topic of children; black homeless parents were sought out by their children; black homeless parents discussed their children w/ some enthusiasm; Cater was excited to see his son and mistook his daughter for his cousin's cute girlfriend; Sonny was able to retreat from SF heroin scene with his daughter but came back; Sonny's son was killed
freud
who came up w psychodynamic theory
fbi
who collects data for UCR
the people
who gives the staff legitamacy to enforce crimes
males
who is more likely to commit highly disruptive crime (gender)
money drain and civil rights purposes
why are lawmakers interested in ending mass incarceration
interpersonal violence is historically a crime
why are some non index crimes not included on ucr
other forces determining behvaior or not thinking rationally
why classical rational choice theor is not the best thoery
rap
why did crack usage decline in america
easier to record through tech , but mostly crack cocaine usage and enforcement and punishment
why did crime rate increase so greatly in 80s
govt intervened in black groups
why did gang phenomenon happen
protection
why do most gangs form
insurance company
why is auto theft an index crime
hard to evaluate empirically
why is psychoanalytical theory problematic
confounding variables like adoption institutions and prenatal enviro
why may twin and adoption studies on crime influenced by genetics not be conclusive
structure of society have them beleive system is good
why no revolts from surplus population
What are some policy implications of biological theories? *Lecture 2*
why not just identify biological traits that cause crime, test newborns for those traits, and simply execute them - if not execution, how about lobotomies or other biological tinkering WE CANT DO THIS
Strain Theory (Durkheim) *Lecture 3*
with a rapidly changing political economy... - people feel confused/frustrated by disjunction between *goals* valued by society and the legitimate *means* available to that individual - they believe the should have a fulfilling career and family life but... *the person doesn't have the means to get this stuff* The point is: - everybody thinks they deserve stuff, but the process of capitalism dictate that not everyone can have it
less control over criminal label and little power to resist
what is true of labeling theory in powerless groups
hot spots of crime
what is unique about the crime rate figures in the united states compared to every other countries
postmodernism
what it contributes to criminology is that we should abandon constructions about crime,
crimes known to the police from individual police agencies
what makes up the Uniform crime reports
pure defense
what type of defense is insanity referred to as
racist
what was true about original anthrompology
dopamine
what way do meth and coke work to flood your brain w this for addiction
Male Love
when Scotty OD'd, all theories emerged; by assigning individual blame for Scotty's death, homeless were able to hide their anxiety over own everyday vulnerability to accidental overdose
Secondary deviance
when a person repeatedly violates a social norm, which leads others to make assumptions about that person and assign a label to him or her. Some examples of labels are 'criminal,' 'psycho,' 'addict,' and 'delinquent.' Secondary deviance gets such a strong reaction from others that the individual is typically shunned and excluded from certain social groups
conformity
when adopt goals and means
innovation
when adopt goals but not means
ritualism
when adopt means but not goals
victim precipitation
when an individual increases the likelihood they will be victimized, by something the do or don't do (21)
passive victim precipitation
when an individual increases the likelihood they will be victimized, particularly by not doing something, such as not locking their home or car (21)
active victim precipitation
when an individual increases the likelihood they will be victimized, particularly by proactively doing something, such as yelling a racial slur or "throwing the first punch" (21)
racist determinism
when attributes of a person are cause to a correlation
racist determinism
when attributes of a person cause to a correlation because you are Latino you are five times as likely to be in a street crime arrest because of your race is an ex of this
young white people die
when do people start caring about drug addiction
strain theory
when don't have the means to achieve financial success so you develop illegitamite means to achieve the goal
hegemony
when everyone believes the systemis a way
spuriousness
when other factors (often referred to as 'Z factors') are actually causing two variables (X and Y) to occur at the same time; it may appear as if X causes Y, when in fact they are both being caused by other Z factor(s) (19)
spuriousness
when other factors cause X and Y ( z)
incapacitation
when the state pevents the bad guy from doing crime while locked up
ethnography
writing about ppl from the field w thick descripiton and observation , gives deep knowledge
92
year of beginning of great american crime decline
80-92
years the us was a high crime rate country
Heroin Demographics
younger people; white runaways; switched from pills to heroin; stayed away from older, hardcore, homeless dopefiends
Carceral Studies
• Addresses forms of punishment and/or confinement that are not prisons or jails - Migrant detention centers - Refugee camps - Worker camps - Non-custodial state control such as ankle monitors and surveillance •Connecting all forms of confinement and/or control to global capitalism and neoliberalism •Neoliberalism and crime and punishment: -Privatization -Withdrawal of the welfare state -Governing through crime
canada and some parts of europe
where are they piloting heroin perscription
corporate crime
where does rational choice thoery apply well
assault with a deadly weapon
whether or not objects constitute deadly weapons depends on the manner in which they are used in the assault (i.e. a pocket knife is generally not considered a lethal weapon, but if held to a victim's neck, it could be deadly).
Property crime
which are not directed specifically at individual people but aimed at property - Burglary - Larceny-theft - Motor vehicle theft - Arson
larceny less serious
which is taken more serious larceny or robbery
Anti-prison activists against criminology
• Anti-prison activists tend not to be criminologists • They are different from reformist criminologists, who tend to advocate for more humane, incremental adjustments to the criminal justice system • Instead, they view prisons and jails as a form of racialized state violence that must be dismantled as part of a wider social justice agenda
How to be Tough
• Appearance/affect -Shades -Silence • Maintain moral imalleability during communicative processes - Remaining silent and unavailable when buying an ice cream cone?
Antagonistic Relational Aesthetics
• Contemporary art theory: - Gallery as laboratory - Work that is open-ended, interactive, and resistant to closure, often appearing to be 'work-in-progress' • Relational Aesthetics: - Collectively shared intersubjective encounters - Micro-topias -Depends on an upbeat, positive attitude about social relations and democracy
More on Freud id, ego, and superego
• Ego can cope with anxiety through rational measures. Irrational measures (rationalization) if ladder doesn't work (ego-defense mechanisms). • Large portions of the ego and superego can remain unconscious.
Visual Criminology
• Mass incarceration = global neoliberal carceral formations - Prisons - Migrant detention centers - Refugee camps - Worker camps - War prisons • Using the visual to do carceral studies • Visualizing is a way to politicize those who have been marginalized to the point of depoliticization
Ethics of Visual Criminology
• The advent of photography immediately created a set of problems: -Private v. public -Looking v. being looked at -Gendered gaze -Exploitation -Spectacle -Recording atrocity
over incarceration
3 strikes law problem for prisons
Operation Sudden Fall at SDSU
33 SDSU students arrested; many were business majors
attachment committment involvement belief
4 tenants of social bonds fr social control theory
Adaptations to Strain
5 adaptations according to Merton
attachment theory
7 essential features of this theoretical prospective specificity, duration, engagement of emotion, course of development, learning organization, and biological function
Approximate number of people under correctional supervision
7 million - 2% of the population is under the control of the state
Crime rates exploded in ____ and continued to rise through the ____
70s; 80s
According to Merton's theory, which type of individual deals with strain by emphasizing the conventional goals of success as well as strongly considering the conventional means for gaining such success?
A a. Ritualists b. Conformists c. Retreatists d. Rebels e. Innovators
Destructive (instinctual drive)
Aggression, destruction, and death.
Neutralization Theory
Matza and Sykes: People 'drift' in and out of criminality and delinquent groups based on their internal 'techniques of neutralization'
Neutralization Theory
Matza and Sykes: The concept that most people commit some type of criminal act in their lives and that many people are prevented from doing so again because of a sense of guilt, but criminals neutralize feelings of guilt through rationalization, denial, or an appeal to higher loyalties.
Alibi
a claim or shred of evidence that one was elsewhere during the time of the crime
Social control theory
looks for social factors that help people obey the law
state level law enforcement
state police + specialized units, highway patrol
always has been always will be
what is true about the concept of class conflict
Taxonomy of Rx Drug Dealers
*"A friend indeed":* bartering and sharing, hooking up friends, mostly *adderall*; *"Mexican backdoor":* buying small amounts in TJ pharmacies; buying larger amounts from pharma dealers in TJ; mostly *opioids and CNS depressors*; *Pharma Fraudster*: trick doctors and doctor shopping; *Hypocritical Oath*: doctors who freely prescribe abused drugs
Theoretical Approaches to Social Suffering *Lecture 4*
*"structure": strain, conflict theories *"agency": classical psychological theories
What is Becker's Theory of deviance? *Lecture 3*
*1.* powerful social groups make rules *2.* apply the rules to particular people *3.* label the rule breakers as "outsiders"
Multi Level Approach to Charlie Hebdo
*Macro* marginalization and exclusion; blowback against neoliberalism; French secularism; *Meso* radical religious cultural scenes; *Micro* The Jihadi Badass
Strain Theory (Cohen) *Lecture 3*
*Reaction Formation:* the idea that young boys yearn for social status, but that achieving this through conventional means is not available to marginalized persons - they will collectively rebel and redefine values that invert the conventional social status values and inventing their own, achievable goals
Levels of Violence
*Structural*: political economic organization of society wreaks havoc on vulnerable ppl; *everyday*: social production of indifference in face of institutionalized brutalities; *symbolic*: subordinated ppl misrecognize inequality as natural order of things and blame themselves for their location in society's hierarchies (habitus)
feticide
*The killing of a viable fetus*. Most states recognize it is not a homicide, however some states it is classified as a homicide.
Obsolete manual workers
*globalization* shipyards, steel mills are gone; the homeless' parents had blue collar jobs but lost them; most homeless had blue collar jobs but lost them as well; *shifting subjectivities* from: rebellious young members of the disappearing industrial working class and low wage service sector; to: middle-aged outlaw or outcast dopefiends
Policy + public criminology
*heroin Rx:* allows user to experience drug's pleasurable effects; leads to abstinence; makes ppl docile but benefits larger society by reducing crime, violence, family disruption; less expensive than incarceration
Labeling Theory (What Lemert proposed) *Lecture 3*
- *"primary" deviance:* spotanoue minor rule violations - *"secondary" deviance: rule breaking that emerges from the person's identity
What are the analysis to explain crime? *Lecture 1*
- *the individual* ex: - gang member - *the organization* ex: - the gang - *the institution* ex: - a school - *the society* ex: - neoliberal capitalism
Feminist Criminology
- A developing intellectual approach that emphasizes gender issues in criminology. - the study of women and crime
3 Components of crime
- Actus reus - mens rea - concurrence (both the act and mental state to occur at the same time)
Marx: The Base
- All humans need to engage in 'productive labor' - All societies will develop a 'mode of production' - this is called 'the base' and means the political-economic system: -Slavery -Feudalism -Capitalism -Socialism -Communism
Control Theory
- All people are naturally inclined toward misbehavior but that social control contains them, to varying degrees - This is the inverse of social learning theory - Broken bond theory: children that do not obtain 'attachment' and 'commitment' to parents at a young age are more likely to deviate - Hirschi, proposed that every individual is tempted to engage in at least some deviant behavior, but the thought of likely social consequences is enough to stop them from committing deviant acts
Contemporary Rational Choice Theory
- More nuanced than classical theory and argues that a variety of factors play into criminals' decisions to offend -Risk factors -Coping mechanisms
Strain Theory: Durkheim
- Anomie - In a rapidly changing political economy, individual persons feel confused and frustrated by a disjunction between the goals valued in the society and the legitimate means available to that individual person - Individuals want and believe they should be able to have a fulfilling career, a happy family life, and material things - Some individuals do not have legitimate means to get it - Everybody thinks they deserve stuff, but the processes of capitalism dictate that not everyone can have it
What did it mean to be punk?
- Anti-thatcher - Masochistic
Problems with Three-strike laws
- Assumes criminals are rational - Over incarceration - Extreme disproportionality - Encourages worse behavior to avoid capture - Dubious effectiveness
Problems with Three-strikes Law
- Assumes criminals are rational - Over incarceration - Extreme disproportionality - Encourages worse behavior to avoid capture - Inconclusive evidence of effectiveness in reducing violent crime.
4 Social Bonds
- Attachment: "Caring about others, including respecting their opinions and expectations, and is based on a mutual respect that develops from ongoing interactions and relations with conventional adults." - Commitment: "The individual's investment in conventional behavior, including a willingness to do what is promised and respecting the expectations others have that it will be done; in other words commitment involves a cost benefit analysis of what degree of investment in conformity would be lost if one were to participate in the act." - Involvement: "is the time and energy of participation in conventional activities." - Belief: "in the moral validity of conventional norms and on the child's respect for the authority of those limiting their behavior."
Why don't those in the surplus population revolt?
- Because the structures of society influence them to believe that the system is actually good -Religion and school advocate conformist, 'hard work' ideologies -This is hegemony
Cold Blooded Murder
- Being a pariah - They are deeply disgraced ex-cons - Getting lost in the dizziness of deviance - Their killings emerge from a dizziness in which conformity is the greatest spiritual challenge and deviance promises the peace of transcendent significance - Living as a pariah makes you think about being a pariah - Reversing the equation with a final act of transcendent violence that resolves the narrative - After years of playing with the symbolism of evil, they specifically imposed suffering, writing in their victims' blood the history of disrespect and lack of faith by which others had defiled them.
Felonies
- Most serious crimes - punishable by one year or more imprisonment or even death Felony crime includes personal crimes, such as murder, robbery, rape, arson, kidnapping, drug possession, burglary, and aggravated assault.
Treason and Espionage
- Both of these crimes constitute felony crimes. - Treason occurs when a US citizen assists a foreign government to overthrow, institute a war, or cause injury to the US - espionage consists of collecting, transmitting, and providing information pertaining to the national defense to enemies of the US - Espionage can be committed by either U.S. or non-U.S. citizens.
Moderately Dangerous Large and Diverse States
- Brazil - Mexico - Russia
Becoming Determined
- By experiencing himself as an object controlled by transcendental forces, a person can genuinely experience a new or different world - By pacifying his subjectivity, a person can conjure up a magic so powerful, it can change his ontology
Marx: Surplus Population
- Capitalism needs a perpetual supply of unemployed people to be drawn on whenever the competition between employers increases the cost they have to pay for workers - Consists of those who do not contribute to society except to serve as a labor reserve - This population is poor and suffers deprivations, which leads to crime in various ways -Strain theory style adaptation -Biological and psychological problems from deprivation
Strain Theory: Merton
- Capitalist society can create profound disjunctions between goals and means - Individual persons sometimes 'adapt' to this 'strain' (or stress)
What are the five components of Merton's Strain Theory? *Lecture 3*
- Conformity - Innovation - Ritualism - Retreatism - Rebellion
Subtypes of strain theory - Merton
- Conformity: Adopt goals and means - Innovation: Adopt goals but not means Eg: Theft, Drug dealing, white collar crime, Organized crime - Ritualism: Adopt means but not goals Eg, Obsessive bureaucrats - Retreatism: Abandon goals and means Eg, Homelessness, Peace through addiction - Rebellion: Abandon goals and means and replace them with new ones Eg, Revolutionaries, Religious sects
Problems with the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
- Contains only crimes reported to police - Different law enforcement agencies have different definitions of crimes - Data collection issues (computers making it easier) - Police departments might be tempted to under-report to bolster clearance rates. - UCR only counts the index crimes (No white collar)
Pros of control theory
- Control theory enjoys a lot of empirical support - Participation in Head Start correlates with lower criminality - 'Midnight basketball'
Psychoanalytical Theories
- Crime is an expression of buried internal conflicts that result from traumas and deprivations during childhood - Traumatic events that occur during childhood affect the unconscious component of the human mind
Psychoanalytical Theories
- Crime is an expression of buried internal conflicts that result from traumas and deprivations during childhood - Traumatic events that occur during childhood affect the unconscious component of the human mind - Hard to evaluate empirically
Sutherland's Differential Association Theory
- Criminal behavior is learned - A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law
What is Humiliation?
- Different than shame - One is humiliated (not self-humiliated), but one can self-shame - Humiliation objectifies you - Righteousness is the necessary stepping stone from humiliation to rage
Social Process Theories
- Moves from the level of the individual to the level of the group - Criminals are not fundamentally different from anyone else - They learn crime through associations with others who have deviant norms
Problems with Control Theory
- Does bad parenting > delinquency or delinquency > bad parenting? - Plenty of people with these characteristics don't do crime, and vice versa - Circular logic: "Propensity toward crime and low self-control appear to be one and the same thing" identifying 'bad parenting' as the cause of crime is not very helpful - The only real policy implication for control theory is to intervene very early in 'at risk' children's lives - Moral problems around the state's role in child rearing
Capital punishment
- Empirical research suggests that the DP does not deter - Murderers are rarely rational
Note on profiling
- FBI profiling has a very mixed record - They were wrong about Kaczynski and wrong about the Maryland shooters (John Muhammad and Lee Malvo)
Note on profiling:
- FBI profiling has a very mixed record - They were wrong about Kaczynski and wrong about the Maryland shooters (John Muhammad and Lee Malvo)
Dangerous States:
- Honduras - El Salvador - Venezuela
The Badass - What does it mean to be tough?
- I am not morally malleable - I have an impenetrable self - I am not here for others (although others might be here for you)
Trait Based Theories
- Impulsiveness
Characteristics of low self-control are
- Impulsivity - Instant gratification - Low persistence - Seeks sensation - Prefer simple tasks - Self-centered - Insensitive - Low tolerance for frustration - Addresses conflict through confrontation
What are the characteristics of low self-control? *Lecture 3*
- Impulsivity - Instant gratification - Low persistence - Seeks sensation - Prefer simple tasks - Self-centered - Insensitive - Low tolerance for frustration - Addresses conflict through confrontation
Social Conflict Theory
- Sociological theory that analyzes crime and society's structures and conflicts - there is a big gap in wealth and class warfare is causing the problem - Durkheim, Weber, and Marx
Contemporary Policies and Rational Choice
- Incapacitation - Three-strikes laws - Capital punishment
Classical/Rational Choice Theory
- Individuals choose to do crime to obtain benefits - Cost/benefit analysis - Proportionate punishment - Rooted in Enlightenment ideals - Beccaria
Strain Theory: Durkheim
- Individuals want and believe they should be able to have a fulfilling career, a happy family life, and material things - Some individuals do not have legitimate means to get it - Everybody thinks they deserve stuff, but the processes of capitalism dictate that not everyone can have it
Critiques of Marxian/Radical Theory
- Instrumental Marxism is deterministic and simplistic - Romanticizes a utopian fantasy of 'pure communism' and simultaneously ignores how some capitalist countries have very low crime rates
Durkheim: Crime is Functional
- It reminds the community of its values and standards - It creates a sense of solidarity among law-abiding citizens - It allows society to make moral messages about which rules are most important by adjusting severity of punishment (e.g., changing drug laws)
Complex metaphysics of sneaky thrills:
- Known to be illegal - But shocked when caught - Real risk, but playful - Developing the competence to conceal morally unacceptable aspects of the self from those who are motivated to detect exactly those aspects - Shoplifting career usually ends with arrest
Self-Control Theory
- Low self-control leads to crime - People have low self-control because they have been poorly trained as children, as a result of low parental investment in child rearing, poor monitoring, and disciplining practices - Socialization is not defective because of biological or psychological deficits, but because the parents have failed to use adequate child rearing practices
Feminist Theories of Crime
- Men commit 90% of crime •Radical Feminists (McKinnon) argue that men are inherently more criminal -Women are inherently superior to men
The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) Index
- Murder - Rape - Robbery (taking property through violence) - Assault - Burglary (breaking and entering) - Larceny (taking someone's property) - Auto theft - Arson
Walter Benjamin's dire warning on photography's ability to beautify suffering
- Nazi concentration camp phots (group discussion) - Crime scene photos - Addiction - Abuse - Atrocity - Destruction - Etc.
Data Problems with the UCR
- Only crimes reported to police (maybe 1/3) - Different definitions of crimes - Changing reported crimes to bolster clearance rates - UCR only counts the index crimes, not white collar, environmental, vice, etc.
Data Problems with the UCR
- Only crimes reported to police (maybe 1/3) - Different definitions of crimes (e.g., 'attempted rape' v. 'rape') - Data collection—did crimes happen to increase when police departments got computers? - Changing reported crimes to bolster clearance rates - UCR only counts the index crimes, not white collar, environmental, vice, etc.
Jared Loughner
- Personality change in high school - Consistent with schizophrenic psychotic break - Fired from Quiznos and as a dog walker because he had a personality transformation and couldn't comprehend directions - Rejected from the military - Disruptive in Jr. college - He believed in conspiracy theories - He believed he could control lucid dreams -Arizona has no NGI (it has 'guilty but insane') -The Federal judge found him incompetent to stand trial - Doesn't understand the charges and can't assist in defense -The government forced anti-psychotic meds - But the 9th Circuit ruled against that but said that prison administrators could force him to take tranquilizers for safety - Prison officials resumed forcing him to take anti-psychotic drugs, saying this was for safety not for competency - The case eventually settled with LWOP
Postmodern Theories of Crime
- Postmodernism criticizes this basic conceptualization of reality - Modernity is science and the ability to discover essential truths through logic and testing - Truth' is always relative and 'discursive' - Critiques the accepted 'truths' as being in support of dominating power structures - Postmodernist approaches to CJS emphasize the idea of deconstructing taken-for-granted assumptions - Such as 'individuals are responsible for crimes'
A fundamental problem for the anti-prison movement:
- Prisoners are 'disappeared' in the USA - Anti-prison wants to make them visible • Or to 'make their disappearance visible' - But do not want to perpetuate the racialized body displayed in confinement
Routine Activities Theory
- Ready offender - Suitable target - Absence of guardian
2 main reasons why the government administers criminal punishment
- Retribution - Prevention
Antagonistic Relational Aesthetics examples
- Santiago sierra tattooing people (poor people) - paying people to sit under boxes for a whole day - dying african american men's hair blonde
Features of the Typical Homicide
- Self-righteous act defending communal values - Quickly developing rage - The goal of the killer is not necessarily the death of the victim -Killing is not enough in some cases
Historical Contingencies on Crime
- Slavery being legal until 1863 - Rape-of-wife not being a crime until the 20th century. - Coca-cola actually containing cocaine until 1904 - Sodomy laws invalidation in 2003
Social Ecology: Landscapes
- Space-based crime caused by crowding and mixed-use development - 'Broken Windows' -This theory is NOT empirically supported - But recent urban renewal projects in Baltimore, Pittsburg and NYC suggest this whole approach is problematic
Social Ecology: Neighborhoods
- The Lower East Side in New York City - The South Side of Chicago - The Mission in San Francisco - East Village in San Diego
social ecology: neighborhoods
- The Lower East Side in New York City - The South Side of Chicago - The Mission in San Francisco - East Village in San Diego
Social Ecology/Social Disorganization
- The basic idea is that the physical location itself is criminogenic—regardless of the persons inhabiting the space
Problems with Social Ecology Theory
- The ecological fallacy: attributing characteristics to individuals based on aggregate statistics - Doesn't account for white collar crimes - Developing a policy based on ecological theory would entail massive wholesale social changes
Problems with Social Ecology Theory
- The ecological fallacy: attributing characteristics to individuals based on aggregate statistics - Doesn't account for white collar crimes, begging the question of what counts as crime? - Developing a policy based on ecological theory would entail massive wholesale social changes—structural and political-economic changes (e.g., reforming capitalism)
Explaining Righteous Slaughter
- The killer believes the victim is attacking an eternal human value and that this is the last stand - The killer transforms himself from humiliation to rage - Rage obliterates the future - When this causes death, it becomes a sacrificial slaughter - Despite the likely materials consequences (prison or worse), the killer will have eternal moral peace
Marx: The Superstructure
- The meta-narrative that organizes a particular society -Beliefs (people are individuals) -Norms (people are responsible for themselves) -Views of life (irresponsible people should be punished) -The institutions that manifest these: law -The concept of 'the criminal justice system' is an aspect of the superstructure - Everything in the superstructure serves the base
The tradition of 'the fantastic'
-Theatre -Illusion -Fantasy
Positivist Criminology
- The study of criminal behavior based upon external factors - Criminals are born
UCR reporting:
- Total numbers of crimes - Rate of crimes per 100,000 - Percentage change from previous year - Arrests for particular crimes - Characteristics of arrestees
Peer States
- UK - Germany - Japan
Marx: Class Conflict
- Various modes of production (feudalism, slavery, capitalism) create classes of people who are in conflict over power - In capitalism, these classes are the capitalists themselves and the workers - In previous systems, the conflict would be between the King and his serfs, or slave-owner and slaves, etc.
Why do we need capital punishment?
- Victims deserve retribution -Society needs symbolic cleansing -Some people are so dangerous, the only form of incapacitation is death
Some approaches to anti-prison
- Visualizing anti-prison shifts our focus from the commonsense assumption that policing and prisons create security, to the possibility of creating safety by redirecting resources to provide for the basic human rights of all community members - "Jails are toxic" • Protest of a new jail proposed to be built in a location designated as too polluted for residential use -"Bring our loved ones home" emphasizes family connections to prison
Photography as phrenology
- Visually identifying status distinction and 'criminal characteristics' - Perfectly recording the criminal's image
What are some problems with Differential Association Theory? *Lecture 2*
- where does criminal behavior *start*? - from whom did the first criminal learn? - could it be that deviant behavior *causes* groups (maybe groups form the purpose of deviant behavior)
Gendered Murder
- women very rarely kill women - The vast majority of homicides by women are in the family
What is ethnography? *Lecture 4*
- writing about humans - going into the field - thick description - participant observations - triangulation - deep knowledge rather than broad
Criminal law requires that a criminal act have two aspects
-Actus reus (a 'bad act') -Mens rea (a 'guilty mind' or intent)
Problems with Three-strike laws
-Assumes criminals are rational -Over incarceration -Encourages worse behavior to avoid capture -Dubious effectiveness
Harsh punishment is a burden on the state because of
-Collateral effects: •Kids •Disenfranchisement •Work -The 'migratory pattern' between prison and the hood
Three-strikes laws
-Deterrence -Incapacitation
Capitalist modernity's preference for conformity:
-Dorm programs to get you 'integrated' -The dominance of fraternities
The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) Index includes:
-Murder -Rape -Robbery (taking property through violence) -Assault -Burglary (breaking and entering) -Larceny (taking someone's property) -Auto theft -Arson
Crimesploitation- ideologies
-Neoliberalism: •Privatization •Responsibilization •Individualism •Entrepreneurialism -Law and Order Punitivism: •Valorization of law enforcement officers •Spectacles of humiliation of offenders •Instant justice
Anti-prison critiques:
-Patriarchy -Capitalism -Racism -Heteronormativity •Because these ideologies cause: -Poverty -Intimate violence -Police brutality -Immigrant detention -War
The tradition of documentary
-Serious -Recording 'the ways things are'
Psychodynamic theory (Freud)
-Something traumatic took place developmentally that caused psychological disturbances leading to criminal behavior -Somewhat deterministic (although not so much as biological theories)
How does one be alien?
-Street styles -Tattoos? - What is a cholo? • Paradoxically working class and aristocratic
Incapacitation
-The state prevents an individual from doing crime while he is locked up or dead
Jared Loughner
-killed 6 people and shot Gabrielle Giffords (a democrat for gun control) -forcibly medicated to make him fit to stand trial -ultimately pleaded guilty - Personality change in high school - Consistent with schizophrenic psychotic break - Fired from Quiznos and as a dog walker because he had a personality transformation and couldn't comprehend directions - Rejected from the military - Disruptive in Jr. college - He believed in conspiracy theories - He believed he could control lucid dreams - Arizona has no NGI (it has 'guilty but insane') - The Federal judge found him incompetent to stand trial: Doesn't understand the charges and can't assist in defense - Case settled with LWOP
A homicide may be justified or excusable by the surrounding circumstances...
... In such cases, the homicide will not be considered a criminal act.
Generally, the law requires that the death of a person occur...
...*within a year and a day of the fatal injury*. This requirement initially reflected the difficulty in determining whether an initial injury led to a person's death, or whether other events or circumstances intervened to cause the person's death. However, because of the latest developments in the Forensic Sciences, the difficulty in determining the cause of death has diminished
A homicide requires...
...only a volitional act by another person that results in death, and thus a homicide may result from *accidental, reckless, or negligent* acts even if there is no intent to cause harm.
justifiable homicide (3)
1) *Justifiable* homicide is a homicide that is *commanded or authorized* by law. Typically, the circumstances surrounding a killing determine whether it is criminal. 2) For example, individuals may, in a necessary act of self-defense, kill a person who threatens them with death or serious injury. 3) In addition, a public official is justified in carrying out a death sentence because the execution is commanded by state or federal law.
Some of defenses may provide an absolute defense to a charge of criminal homicide; some will not.
1) *Voluntary intoxication* typically *will not allow* an individual to escape liability for any lesser charges, such as second-degree murder or manslaughter. 2) As with any defense to a criminal charge, the offender's *mental state* will be a critical determinant.
General Strain Theory: Agnew
1) Failure to achieve positively valued goals. 2) Dis-junction between expectations and achievements. 3) Removal of positive stimuli. 4) Introduction of negative stimuli.
2 categories of 'criminal homicide'
1) Murder 2) Manslaughter
PC for robbery
211 & 212 -211. Robbery is the felonious taking of personal property in the possession of another, from his person or immediate presence, and against his will, accomplished by means of force or fear. -212. The fear mentioned in Section 211 may be either: 1. The fear of an unlawful injury to the person or property of the person robbed, or of any relative of his or member of his family; or, 2. The fear of an immediate and unlawful injury to the person or property of anyone in the company of the person robbed at the time of the robbery.
excusable homicide (3)
1) a person is authorized to kill another person in self-defense or defense of others, but only if the person reasonably believes that the killing is necessary in order to prevent serious harm or death to him/herself or others. Some states require the person to *retreat before using deadly force*. 2) Police officers*may use deadly force* to stop or apprehend a fleeing felon, but only if the suspect us armed pr has committed a crime that involved the infliction or threatened infliction of serious injury or death. 3) Only certain felonies are considered in determining whether deadly force may be used to apprehend or stop a suspect. For instance, a police officer *may not use deadly force* to prevent the commission of larceny unless other circumstances threaten him or other persons with imminent serious injury or death.
Labeling theory: Becker's theory of deviance
1) powerful social groups make rules 2) apply the rules to particular people 3) label the rule breakers outsiders Powerless groups have less control over what is labeled criminal and have little power to resist the labels Chambliss' famous study where he followed similar groups of teenage boys and found that urban, lower-class, offenders were labeled differently than middle class boys - The lower class kids were 'criminals' and the middle class boys were 'typical boys being boys'
three elements of manslaughter
1) someone was killed as a result of the defendant's actions. 2) the act either was inherently dangerous to others or done with *reckless or negligent* disregard for human life (i.e.drunk driving). 3) the defendant knew or should have known his or her conduct was a threat to the lives of others (i.e. malpractice).
crime data from self-report surveys
1) the prevalence of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors 2) changes in these attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors over time 3) differences between groups of people in their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors 4) causal propositions about these attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors
Rape-of-wife was not a crime in the
19th century
Sodomy laws valid until
2003
3 conditions under which differential reinforcement is most likely to occur:
1. Behavior is frequently rewarded and rarely punished 2. Behavior results in lots of rewards and few punishments. More rewards than punishment 3. behavior is more likely to be reinforced than other behaviors. For example, if kenneth gets pats on the back from his friends for stealing but not after buying candy, he is more likely to steal in the future since he gets the reward of respect from peers and candy.
Sutherland's Differential Association Theory
1. Criminal behavior is learned 2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication 3. The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups 4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes simple and the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes 5. The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable 6. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law 7. Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity 8. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning 9. While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those needs and values, since non-criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values
Techniques of Neutralization
1. Denial of responsibility: "I was drunk" (Date rape) 2. Denial of injury: "No one got hurt" (Drug dealing) 3. Denial of the victim: "They had it coming" (Gang retaliation) 4. Condemnation of the condemners: "The cops are crooked" 5. Appeal to higher loyalties: "I did it to feed my kids" 6. Metaphor of the ledger: "I've done more good than bad in my life" (Ghetto heroes giving away Christmas gifts) 7. Claim of normality: "Everyone is doing it" (Tax evasion) 8. Denial of negative intent: "It was a joke" (hate crime) 9. Claim of relative responsibility: "There are worse then me"
Techniques of Neutralization
1. Denial of responsibility: "I was drunk" (Date rape) 2. Denial of injury: "No one got hurt" (Drug dealing) 3. Denial of the victim: "They had it coming" (Gang retaliation) 4. Condemnation of the condemners: "The cops are crooked" 5. Appeal to higher loyalties: "I did it to feed my kids" 6. Metaphor of the ledger: "I've done more good than bad in my life" (Ghetto heroes giving away Christmas gifts) 7. Claim of normality: "Everyone is doing it" (Tax evasion) 8. Denial of negative intent: "It was a joke" (hate crime) 9. Claim of relative responsibility: "There are worse then me" But this neglects structural factors: why did they develop these rationales
Zygmunt Bauman's Two Forms of Culture
1. Freedom: the activity of the free roaming spirit, the site of creativity, invention, self-critique and self-transcendence' 2. Control: the handmaiden of social order, regularity and pattern (Durkheim)
Becker's Theory of Deviance
1. Powerful Social Groups make rules. 2. Apply rules to particular people. 3. Label the rule breakers outsiders.
5 principles of the classical school of criminology
1. Rationality 2. Hedonism 3. Punishment 4. Human rights 5. Due process
routine activities theory
3 factors come together to make likelihood of crime likely! 1. motivated offenders 2. suitable targets 3. absence of guardian
over incaraeratio
3 strikes law problem for prisons
Involuntary Manslaughter (probation to 5 years)
1. The unlawful killing, 2. Of another human being, 3. Without justification or excuse, and 4. The actions were reckless or criminally negligent.
First Degree Murder (25 to life, death penalty)
1. The unlawful killing, 2. Of another human being, 3. Without justification or excuse, and 4. With premeditation.
Second Degree Murder (15 to 40 years in prison)
1. The unlawful killing, 2. Of another human being, 3. Without justification or excuse, and 4. With the intent to do great bodily harm.
Voluntary Manslaughter (5 to 15 years)
1. The unlawful killing, 2. Of another human being, 3. Without justification or excuse, and 4. Without premeditation, and Under provocation, Or in the heat of passion.
manslaughter statute
1. The unlawful killing, 2. Of another human, and 3. Committed upon provocation from the victim.
A typical murder statute is:
1. The unlawful killing, 2. Of another human, and 3. With premeditation.
3 major types of Positivism
1. biological: people commit crimes because of a biological abnormality. 2. psychological positivism: believes that psychological issues cause people to commit crimes. 3. Sociological positivism: believes that society is the cause of criminal behavior
Beccaria's 3 reasons for ineffective death penalty
1. capital punishment inherently violates social contract 2. brutalization effect; negative example to the rest of society 3. not effective for deterrence when compared to long term imprisonment
Beccaria's 3 elements of punishment
1. celerity (Swiftness) 2. certainty (most important element) 3. severity
3 types of self-report surveys
1. monitoring the future 2. the national survey on drug use and health 3. national youth survey-family study
reforms of Beccaria in the criminal justice system
1. secret accusations should not be allowed 2. witnesses should be publicly confronted and cross-examined 3. torture should not be used against defendants 4. responsibility for determining facts of the case must be placed in the hands of more than 1 person (judge vs. jury)
possible reasons for dark figures in crime
1. the victim may believe nothing could be done about the incident 2. the victim may feel that the crime incident was not important enough to report to the police 3. the victim may perceive the incident was too private or personal 4. the victim may think that the police would not want to be dealing with the crime incident
crime statistics for the US obtained from
1. uniform crime reports 2. supplementary homicide reports 3. the national incident-based reporting system 4. hate crime statistics 5. law enforcement officers killed and assaulted statistics
12 step model
12 step model relies on individual willpower and spiritual solidarity; does not account for structural forces; still has best success against relapse
The arrest rate for this age range is much higher than other ages
16-25 years
Slavery was legal until
1863
Coca-cola was made with cocaine until
1904
rights of juveniles in the criminal justice system
1966- first US Supreme Court case to address juvenile court procedures: -proof beyond a reasonable doubt -notice of charges -right to counsel -right to confront and cross examination of the witness -right against self incrimination -34 states: once and adult always an adult
Risks
1980 to 2006, US incarceration increased by 450%; no increase in offending; offending decreased in 1990s perhaps due to mass incarceration; mass incarceration against POC; war on drugs largely responsible; Judge Gray argues that no formal laws will defeat laws of supply and demand; drugs are plentiful, cheap, and powerful
Medicalization of ADHD
1990s, ADHD extended to adults; $$$ for pharma making Adderall and Ritalin; 75% adults diagnosed with ADHD are white; boutique diagnosis for white ppl
Crime decline since
1992
Institutionalization
A form of labeling that leads to negative stigmas on individual's.
Rebellion
A method of adaption through Merton's Strain theory where the individual abandons both goals and means but replaces them with new ones. This leads to people like revolutionaries and religious sects.
Retreatism
A method of adaption through Merton's Strain theory where the individual abandons both goals and means through things like homelessness and addiction to drugs and other forms of escapism.
Innovation
A method of adaption through Merton's Strain theory where the individual adopts the goals in a society but not the means. This leads to crime like theft, drug dealing, white collar crime, and organized crime.
Ritualism
A method of adaption through Merton's Strain theory where the individual adopts the means in a society but not the goals. E.g. Obsessive bureaucrats.
B. 'Male' values of aggression, competition, domination, individualism, etc. tend to lead to crime
According lecture, which of the following is the basic position of Liberal Feminist Criminology? A. Men are inherently inferior to women B. 'Male' values of aggression, competition, domination, individualism, etc. tend to lead to crime C. Women are inherently meeker and thus less likely to undertake criminal behaviors D. A and B
B. No, because they always eventually run into somebody more badass, or eventually run into the ultimate badass, the state
According to lecture, can people maintain the badass identity? A. Yes, because they become addicted to power. B. No, because they always eventually run into somebody more badass, or eventually run into the ultimate badass, the state C. No because badasses always 'age out' and give up the identity. D. Yes, because once they have internalized the badass identity by marking themselves with icons such as facial tattoos, they become permanent badasses.
D. Because capitalism needs a perpetual supply of unemployed people to be drawn on whenever the competition between employers increases the cost of labor, a surplus population emerges and consists of those who do not contribute to society except to serve as a labor reserve. Because this population is poor and marginalized, its members suffer various deprivations, which can lead to crime.
According to lecture, how does the Marxian notion of surplus population relate to crime? A. The surplus population of any society consists primarily of those persons who are experiencing anomie because they do not have the means to meet societally-approved goals. This situation often leads to adaptation among those in the surplus population from legitimate labor to illegal labor. B. Marx's notion of alienation explains that laborers often resort to crime because of their anger at the capitalists who exploit them. C. Human beings can be understood as analogous to commodities and their use value because persons have different inherent aptitudes, potential, interests, wants and needs. People, like commodities, have inherent differences (and inequalities). But human beings in rational-formal legal systems are turned into abstract juridical subjects with abstract rights. This process is similar to the idea of exchange value. In this analogy, persons are like products—they have inherent (use) value but in rational-formal legal systems obtain abstract rights (exchange value) that do not necessarily correspond to their inherent character. This is alienating because it renders human relations into rather abstract, quantitative terms. D. Because capitalism needs a perpetual supply of unemployed people to be drawn on whenever the competition between employers increases the cost of labor, a surplus population emerges and consists of those who do not contribute to society except to serve as a labor reserve. Because this population is poor and marginalized, its members suffer various deprivations, which can lead to crime.
D. A and B
According to lecture, which of the following are objectives of restorative justice? A. To reinstate the victim to his or her state before the crime occurred B. The hold the offender accountable for his or her crime in a supportive manner C. To incapacitate the offender D. A and B
D. A and B
According to lecture, which of the following scenarios reflect the concept of anomie? A. Same sex marriage causes older, white religious people to think that 'society has gone down the drain. B. The lack of decent-paying jobs in a marginalized community causes the inhabitants of that community to feel frustrated. C. Free higher education in Germany causes most persons in that country to feel satisfied with their access to means to achieve goals. D. A and B
What is a Crime?
Acts that are prohibited, prosecuted, and punished by criminal law. Also enforced by a staff with the legitimate power to enforce.
What is a crime? *Lecture 1*
Acts that are: - prohibited, persecuted, and punished by criminal law - enforced by a staff with the legitimate power to enforce
What is Crime?
Acts that are: prohibited, prosecuted, and punished by criminal law enforced by a staff with the legitimate power to enforce Legal definitions of crime are historically contingent
Criminal law requires that a criminal act have two aspects:
Actus reus (a 'bad act') Mens rea (a 'guilty mind' or intent)
Tina
African American female, early 40's, in relationship with Carter, drank and smoked crack, used heroin by the end of the study, worked at KFC, used to be a hooker, makes money by performing "licks" on wood, identifies publicly as an alcoholic, gets mad when disrespected, survives on the street by shoplifting, aggressive panhandling, and many male friends
Carter
African American male, in relationship with Tina, makes money by performing "licks" on wood, attracted 3 more black guys to join the core group, worked selling Christmas trees and parking attendant for jaguar dealership (got money from stealing too), contributed generously in economy of sharing after he got fired he begged everyone, passed through sobriety treatment, slipped up and died from overdose
Sonny
African American male, mid 40's, joined the core group after Carter, running partner with Al, judges Tina when she starts using heroin
Gray Zone
An ethical wasteland imposed by the state in which you struggle to stay alive. Survival imperatives overcome human decency.
According to psychologist August Aichorn, in psychodynamic theory, delinquency could be caused by a lack of parental love, creating
An undeveloped superego
Exploitation
Andy the mover would pay $40-60 a day; Macon the construction supply depot owner would pay them to fill sandbags, brought breakfast once a week, cashed welfare checks; Christmas tree man paid minimum in cash plus tips; Bruce the abusive furniture store owner let Al sleep in truck but only paid $20/day to haul furniture
National Crime Victims Awareness Month
April
Contemporary Rational Choice Theory *Lecture 2*
Argued that a variety of factors play into criminals' decision to offend - risk factors - coping mechanisms Applies well to corporate crimes... *ex:* - Ford Motor company deciding that it would be cheaper to pay for class action suits to Pinto drivers rather than recalling the car
French Assertive Secularism
Article 2 of constitution: secularism as official ideology and identity of state, rather than functional legal principle delineating relationship of state to religion; 2004 and 2010 laws banned signs or dress in public schools; Frances says Islamic culture hegemonically oppressive
Low emotional arousal
Biological theorists argue that people with this condition take up risky behavior to increase emotional stimulation.
Albert Fish
Boogeyman. • Serial killer. • Lured children to isolated house and strangled her, mutilated her body, and engaged in cannibalism.
Psychoanalytic Perspective
Both complex and extremely systematized. • Anxiety, defense mechanisms, and the unconscious.
Homicide rates in other countries, Moderately Dangerous Large and Diverse States:
Brazil: 24 Mexico: 15 Russia: 10
Surplus Population
Capitalism needs a perpetual supply of unemployed people to be drawn on whenever the competition between employers increases the cost they have to pay for workers.
Dialectics of Capitalism and Deviance- thesis
Capitalist consumer culture creates waste
strain theory by merton
Capitalist society can create profound disjunctions between goals and means Individual persons sometimes 'adapt' to this 'strain' (or stress)
visual criminology
Carceral conditions define the daily life of many of the world's inhabitants at the global intersections of political and economic instability and increasing levels of detention, incarceration, forced migration, and population displacement = prisons, detention centers, refugee camps urban outcasts connect visual criminology with movements using visual to convey the scale, scope, and irrational logic of mass incarceration using visual to do carceral studies Visual criminology is a space from which to cultivate the kind of moral judgement and ways of seeing that are most often institutionally erased in neoliberal discourses that drive law, politics, media, and prisons The advent of photography immediately created a set of problems: Private v. public, Looking v. being looked at, Gendered gaze, Exploitation, Spectacle, Recording atrocity, Etc. ethics: beautify suffering
attachment
Caring about others, including respecting their opinions and expectations, and is based on a mutual respect that develops from ongoing interactions and relations with conventional adults."
Domestic tranquility and crime
Carter would "go to work" stealing and Tina would support the "home life"
Socialization of Drugs
Carter's older brother AJ shot heroin; AJ and his buddy stole a side of beef; lived in house w/ 8 ppl
Art =
Celebrating deviance or antagonism •In criminal justice, 'bad behavior' is punished •In art, 'bad behavior' is celebrated
Preconventional level of morality
Characteristic of designating what is considered "right" and "wrong".
Commercial Art
Charlie Hebdo publicly criticizes everything but their own complicity in the most totalizing worldview of global capital and culture industries
Harsh punishment is a burden on the state:
Collateral effects: Kids Disenfranchisement Work The 'migratory pattern' between prison and the hood All adds up to cost beyond the literal dollar amount for prisons/probation/parole
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
Collected every six months by the US census bureau
*Carceral Studies* •_______ all forms of confinement and/or control to global capitalism and neoliberalism
Connecting
carceral studies
Connecting all forms of confinement and/or control to global capitalism and neoliberalism challenging the hegemony of neoliberalist individualism ideologies structure how we talk about punishment
What is the inverse of social learning theory? why? *Lecture 3*
Control Theory control theory--> people are naturally criminal and social processes control criminality social learning theory--> people aren't naturally criminal, they learn from social associations
What are some ideas that control theory offers to stop criminal behavior? Does it work? *Lecture 3*
Control Theory has a lot of empirical support - Head Start - "midnight basketball"
Stage 3 and 4
Conventional level of morality • Normal adult approaches used to maintain the family and social order.
USA has moderate crime rates like
Crime rates exploded in 70s and continued to rise through the 80s Crime decline since 1992 High violent crime rates in hot spots
David Abrahamsen
Criminal behavior is a symptom of more complex personality distortion; there is a conflict between the ego and superego as well as the inability to control impulsive and pleasure-seeking drives, because these influences are rooted in early childhood and later reinforced through reactions to familial and social stresses.
Differential Association Theory *Lecture 2*
Criminals are essentially *NO* different from others - Criminal behavior is learned - A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law
Who is considered the Father of Victimology by most scholars?
D A. Lombroso B. Beccaria C. Sutherland D. Mendelsohn
The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that victim impact statements can be given during only what stage of a criminal trial?
D A. before the verdict but not after B. after the verdict and before the sentencing C. both before the verdict and before sentencing D. neither during the actual trial nor before sentencing; only after the sentence
DEA + SDSU
DEA got involved bc pretty white girl OD'd and died lmao sucks
No guns no risk
DRD never suffered violence; one instance when police were called due to robbery; DRD would ostracize problematic buyers/dealers
A. They are adapting to strain by rebelling
David is a charismatic 35 year old leader of a small Christian religious sect based in Texas called the 'Branch Davidians.' According to David's teachings, this sect believes God has provided a prophet whose pronouncements are to be regarded on a par with the Bible, and that Christ's death on the cross provided salvation only for those who died before Christ's death. People who have died since then will only be saved through the activities of the current prophet, David himself. The Branch Davidians believe that the 'lamb' mentioned in Revelation 5:2 is not Jesus Christ (as essentially all Christians believe) but is David himself. According to David, his personal actions will bring about Christ's return to earth. Upon Christ's return to earth, a battle will occur in which the Branch Davidians would play a major role and the members alone would ascend to heaven to be with God. David preaches to his followers that they must abandon all attempts to achieve success in mainstream American society and instead take up arms to initiate a conflict which will result in Christ's return to earth. What would a strain theorist say about the Branch Davidians? A. They are adapting to strain by rebelling B. They are adapting to strain by retreating C. They are adapting to strain by innovating D. They are adapting to strain by conforming
Deterrence
Deterrence assumes that the threat of punishment outweighs the urge to commit a crime
Laws of Detournement
Detournement by simple reversal is always the most direct and the least effective.
Conflict gangs
Develop in neighborhoods that have weak stability and little or no organization. • State of flux because people constantly moving in and out. • Youth form together as relatively disorganized gang. • Lack skill or knowledge to make profit.
Twelve-year-old Molly is allowed to drink alcohol at home with her parents. Learning from these experiences, Molly then drinks when at her friends' houses. Which theory best explains her drinking behaviors?
Differential Association Theory.
Ritualism
Do not seek to achieve the goals of material success. • They buy into the conventional means in the sense that they like to do their jobs or are happy just making ends meet.
no one's getting hurt
Drift; metaphor of the ledger - they do more good than bad; ^ used to drift back and forth between sneaky thrills and identifying as drug dealers while reaping benefits of such a title denial of injury; denial of victim;
The M'Naghten Rule *Lecture 2*
Due to mental impairment (called 'insanity'), the person either: - did not understand the "nature and quality" of what he was doing (thought the gun was a banana) - did not know that his actions were wrong (delusional thinking that shooting someone would save their soul)
A. Denial of responsibility
During Kawhi's sentencing phase, he decided to testify on his own behalf. In trying to explain why he shot Steph's daughter, Kawhi testified to the following: "Look, I was completely out of it when I did that. I was celebrating with my friends and we got wasted on alcohol and cocaine. I didn't even know what I was doing when I went into that store." According to lecture, which technique of neutralization is Kawhi employing? A. Denial of responsibility B. Appeal to higher loyalties C. Denial of negative intent D. Metaphor of hegemony
Who are some major figures in Conflict Theory? *Lecture 4*
Durkeim, Weber, Marx
D. Because religious and other social institutions promote hegemonic ideologies of individualism and hard work that ultimately protect power relations.
Enrique is an undocumented immigrant from El Salvador living in San Diego. Enrique is trained and has experience as a plumber in San Salvador but is not able to obtain work in his profession in San Diego. Enrique is an ardent Catholic with a strong work ethic, and came to San Diego to pursue better pay for plumbing work than is possible at home in El Salvador. After one year of unemployment, Enrique starts looking for day labor among other day laborers at the Home Depot in Lemon Grove. While standing under the shade of a tree in the parking lot, Enrique is approached by an organizer from the American Communist Party named Karl. Karl argues to Enrique that the power dynamics in the USA inherently prevent Enrique from ever achieving even minimal success. Karl goes on to try to recruit Enrique to join the cause of American Communists to form a revolution and overthrow the dominant capitalist system and replace it with a more equitable communist workers' utopia. After listening politely, Enrique chuckles and tells Karl to move along—he isn't interested. According to lecture, why does Enrique reject Karl? A. Because Salvadorians are suspicious of strangers. B. Because Home Depot is not a good location for talking politics. C. Because Enrique is afraid that Karl might be an undercover US government agent. D. Because religious and other social institutions promote hegemonic ideologies of individualism and hard work that ultimately protect power relations.
Stage 4
Establishing good citizenship instilling a strong work ethic, and following the laws of society.
The Base
Every society has a "mode of production" or their form of work that drives people to be produced. Understood to mean the political-economic system.
Superego
Evolves during the course of an individual's development, during which he or she learns the restrictions, mores, and values of society.
Erik Erikson
Examined adolescents struggling to discover their own ego identity while negotiating, learning, and understanding social interactions as well as developing a sense of morality and right and wrong.
federal law enforcement agencies
FBI DEA US Secret Service ATF Postal Service and Forest Service - have police powers
What is kinda sketchy about profiling? *Lecture 2*
FBI profiling has a mixed record - they can be WRONG
Simultaneous Exclusion and Inclusion
Fake LV car detailing vs Gucci in the hood?
Chambliss' study
Followed similar groups of teenage boys and found that lower-class offenders (criminals) were labeled differently than middle class (boys being boys)
conformity
Fordism standards actuarial society rationalization alienation
Transgressive sexuality
Foucault says that heterosexual and homosexual were not solidified until late 19th century; Lumpen subjectivity emerges form negative relationship to hardcore capitalism and biopower
Community of Addicted Bodies
Foucault's defn of "docility" is that conformists (us reg. folk) are docile through self-imposed hegemonic docility, not coercion; dopefiends aren't docile, but they feel terrible about their non-docility
Responses to Charlie Hebdo
France's PATRIOT Act; intensification of PEDIGA; nationalist power (Brexit, Le Pen, Trump)
estranged families
Frank visits his father, who stood tall and confident while frowning at his son; Frank squatted and looked down, squinting and flinching at his father's criticisms
Serious Crime
Frank was big time heroin dealer; Carter robbed a House of Pancakes; Sonny and a partner conducted an invasion robbery
The classical school of criminology is based on the concept of?
Free will
Macro + marginalization and exclusion
French Muslims excluded for decades; Muslim = race; Balieue life; general hostility toward The West felt by dispossessed young men living in the shadows of western capitalisms shiny temples
religion as culture
Geertz: "believing that man is animal suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun, I take culture to be those webs"; social construction of world-closedness; ordering institution; total worldview is impervious to scientific or logical interrogation; *autopoietic*: absorbs all ideas into its own systems of meaning
Restitution
Given by the offender. • If an offender is required to pay restitution as part of his/her sentence, the victim will likely not fare well in actually receiving it.
Compensation
Given by the state or government. • Victims' services units are usually housed in the county district attorney's office. • Typically do a great job of helping victims.
Innovation
Greatly desire the conventional goals of material success but are not willing to engage in conventional means of obtaining those goals. •
Harm Reduction and Treatment
HIV infection in west US was lower than east US bc west US used black tar heroin that clogged which would require rinsing while east US had china white
Levels of childhood and families
Hank and sister Barbara's addiction to heroin can be analyzed on psychodynamic terms as sociopathological aberration of 2 victimized individuals (individual level); their refernces to skin color, immigration, cultural dislocation, masculinity, poverty, and religion show that even extreme interpersonal abuse is shaped by ideology and culture (individual, group, society)
C. Retributive
Imagine that San Diego has experienced a dramatic increase in the trafficking of juvenile girls into prostitution. UCSD researchers studying this phenomenon conclude that the increase is largely due to local gangs transitioning out of drug sales into prostitution. The researchers discover this through confidential interviews with local gang members who inform them that they decided to decrease selling illegal drugs because the penal sanctions were too risky, and that trafficking girls and young woman was much less risky for them. With this knowledge, the San Diego Police Department institutes a new policy of targeting gang members involved in sex trafficking through the use of undercover operations aimed not at the girls and women, but the gang member pimps. After a two year implementation of this policy, the researchers study the results and find that it had zero impact on sex trafficking in San Diego—in other words, the policy did not decrease the numbers of girls and women being trafficked. After the results of the UCSD analysis of the study were reported in the local media, the Chief of Police said: "It doesn't make any difference that our policy of targeting gang members did not decrease trafficking—we will still implement it because these criminals deserve to be punished." According to lecture, which of the following describes the Chief's belief about punishment's purpose? A. Utilitarian B. Deterrence C. Retributive D. Incapacitation
B. The ecological fallacy
Imagine that you are a patrol officer for the San Diego Police Department. Your 'beat' is the Mid City Division, which includes City Heights. Being a good officer, you pay attention to crime trends reported each week in departmental meetings. You recently learned that the rate of methamphetamine use among Asian female teens living is City Heights is approximately 40%. One day while on a late night shift, you notice two young Asian females sitting in a parked car on a side street off of El Cajon Blvd. You decide that this is suspicious so you park behind the car and carefully approach the young women. Both girls appear nervous. When you ask them what they are doing, the one in the driver's seat stares straight ahead and mumbles, "nothing." You respond: "OK, both of you out of the car. Where's the stuff? I know you two are smoking meth." Both girls shake their heads and deny any wrongdoing. You say again: "Listen, I know what's going on in this neighborhood and I know you guys are getting high. Hand over the dope." After a thorough search of the individuals and vehicle, you find nothing illegal. It turns out the girls were just talking. According to lecture, what logical error did you make? A. Tautological thinking B. The ecological fallacy C. The straw man argument D. The red herring
C. Control Theory
Imagine that you are watching the television program Nancy Grace. On this episode, Nancy is discussing the case of Jared Loughner, the shooter of several persons in Tucson Arizona, including U.S. Representative Gabrielle Giffords. One of Nancy's panelists is a the famous criminologist Travis Hirschii. When Nancy asks Dr. Hirschii to explain why Loughner did it, he replies: "Well, from what I can tell, Mr. Loughner must not have formed close bonds with his parents at a young age. When this happens, some people are more likely to engage in criminal behavior." According to lecture, which theory of crime is this criminologist using to explain Loughner's shootings? A. Psychological Theory B. Classical/Rational Choice Theory C. Control Theory D. Techniques of Neutralization
Trait Based Theories
Impulsiveness : - Stealing may be taken as an indicator of impulsiveness and impulsiveness given as the reason for stealing - 'He committed the robbery because he is impulsive and we know he is impulsive because he committed the robbery' = circular logic (tautology)
low self control characteristics
Impulsivity Instant gratification Low persistence Seeks sensation Prefer simple tasks Self-centered Insensitive Low tolerance for frustration Addresses conflict through confrontation
Oregon
In 2003, was the only state to permit physician-assisted suicide. However, at that time similar laws had been introduced in Arizona, Hawaii, and Vermont.
Functionality of Crime
In Strain theory, this is the idea that crime reminds the community of its values and allows society to make moral messages about which rules are must important.
strain theory durkheim
In a rapidly changing political economy, individual persons feel confused and frustrated by a disjunction between the goals valued in the society and the legitimate means available to that individual personThe person truly wants and believes that he or she should be able to have a fulfilling career and also a happy family life and also some of the material things we all want—TV's, cars, a house, vacations, a fancy electric guitar, etc. The person does not have legitimate means to get this stuff The point is, everybody thinks they deserve stuff, but the processes of capitalism dictate that not everyone can have it
Durkheim's Strain Theory
In a rapidly changing political landscape, individual persons feel confused and frustrated by a disjunction between the goals valued and the legitimate means to achieve them.
Stage 3
Individuals begin to understand and live by the principle of the golden rule. • They appreciate such acts as generosity for those in need and forgiving those who do wrong
Classical/Rational Choice Theory *Lecture 2*
Individuals choose to do crime to obtain *benefits* - cost/benefit analysis
Retreatism
Individuals do not seek to achieve the goals of society or buy into the idea of conventional hard work. • Ex. People who isolate themselves in desolate places without human contact
Retreatist gangs
Individuals who have failed to succeed in the conventional world and also could not achieve status in the criminal or conflict gangs. • Primary form of offending is usually drug usage. • Simply want to escape from reality.
Labeling Theory (Institutionalization) *Lecture 3*
Institutionalization in prison is a form of labeling - leads to labeling stigma, also identification with antisocial groups and activities, such as gangs and drug dealing cultures
Most accurate measures of crime
Interviews with victims. • National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) 1973.
What is the problem with Classical or Rational Choice Theory? *Lecture 2*
It assumes that all people are rational individuals all the time, however... many people doing crimes are: - intoxicated - psychologically troubled
Problems with the NCVS:
It relies on subjective respondents, who might exaggerate or mis-remember events or not report because of their own implication in the crime
Problems with the National Crime Victimization Survey
It relies on subjective respondents, who might exaggerate or mis-remember events or not report because of their own implication in the crime
D. B and C
Katz likes sexual metaphors when talking about crime. Which of the following are ways in which Katz thinks that shoplifting can be understood through a sexual metaphor? A. Shoplifters test out different sexual identities while doing their crimes B. Shoplifters experience a compulsion to obtain and possess the object that has 'seduced' them C. The act of shoplifting always ends either with euphoric success or shameful failure D. B and C
Gangs and Ethnic Socialization into crime
Labeling Theory!; juvenile detention; many life rituals were mediated by incarceration systems; poor AA boys formed into outlaws before drug use; poor whites embarked on criminal careers later in life, after drug use went out of control; ethnic pattern of 1970s was crucial in shaping the *outlaw vs outcast* dopefiend habitus
Santiago Sierra
Line Tattooed on 4 and 6 People
Self-Control Theory
Low self-control leads to crime. They have this low self-control because they were poorly trained as children and had a lack of parental investment.
Criminal gangs
Lower-class neighborhoods that have an organized structure of adult criminal behavior. • Adult gangsters mentor the youth
due to a mental impairment (called 'insanity'), the person either: a) did not understand the 'nature and quality' of what he was doing (thought the gun was a banana) b) did not know that his actions were wrong (delusional thinking that shooting someone would save their soul)
M'naughten rule explained
Differential Association Theory
Main ideas are that criminal behavior is learned and a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of laws over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law.
Background of chaos:
Malcolm X (and others) report relief upon being caught
liberal feminist theory of crime
Male' values of aggression, competition, domination, individualism, etc.—which are also values of capitalism—tend to lead to crime
D. Righteous slaughter
One day Donald comes home to his high-rise penthouse apartment to find his wife Ivanka in bed with another man, Bernie. After being discovered, Ivanka yells at Donald, "Hah! I'm glad you found out! You're an old loser who can't perform in bed anyway! Bernie is more man than you'll ever be!" Donald is overcome with humiliation, which quickly turns into intense rage. Without thinking about it, Donald grabs an empty bottle of champagne sitting on the dresser near the bed and bashes Bernie with it, knocking him out. The bottle breaks and Donald immediately attacks Ivanka with the broken glass, slashing her jugular vein and killing her. According to Katz, which type of murder is this? A. Sneaky thrills B. Badass revenge C. Cold-blooded murder D. Righteous slaughter
Lumpen Abuse and Globalized Neoliberalism
One historical epoch's sinners are another's virtuous needy; US neoliberal model since 1980 has been accompanied by massive state expenditures; based on individualism; "Widespread misrecognition of class power by most ppl in US and their celebration of individual agency stems from historically engrained cultural valorization of rugged individualism, which subjects poor and powerless to dismissive moralizing judgments"; Edgewater homeless represent human cost of American neoliberal model; "made in America"
Actus Reus
One of the required aspects of a criminal act -- latin for "a bad act".
Mens Rea
One of the required aspects of a criminal act -- latin for "a guilty mind" or intent.
Sigmund Freud
Originated psychoanalysis. Founded on the perception of resistance used by individuals when therapists attempt to make them conscious of their unconscious.
Neutralization Theory
People "drift" in and out of criminality and delinquent groups based on their internal "techniques of neutralization". Based on denial of criminal activities.
neutralization theory
People 'drift' in and out of criminality and delinquent groups based on their internal 'techniques of neutralization'
neutralization theory
People 'drift' in and out of criminality and delinquent groups based on their internal 'techniques of neutralization' The idea that delinquents 'drift' between criminality and conventionality is well illustrated by Cle Sloan (in Bastards of the Party)
Merton's Strain Theory
People can adapt to the disjunction between goals and means. They achieve this adaptation through conformity, innovation, ritualistic, retreatism, or rebellion.
Conformity
Person buys into the conventional goals of society but also buy into the conventional means of working hard in school or labor.
Jared Loughner
Personality change consistent with schizophrenic psychotic break. Rejected from military and believed in conspiracy theories. Federal judge found him incompetent to stand trial so they forced anti-psychotic meds and ended with LWOP.
Commodity Fetishism
Persons have "use value" -- They exist with different aptitudes, potential, interests, wants and needs. But in the (rational-formal) law the person is turned into an abstract "juridical subject".
restorative justice
Restore the victim, offender, and community
Political, economic, cultural ideological, and institutional forces (neo-liberalism)
Restructuring of labor market War on Drugs Gentrification of SF's housing market Gutting of social services Administration of bureaucracies Racism Sexuality Gender power relations Stigma
B. No, because even though Pete may have been very confused and disoriented, this situation was not due to a 'defect of reason' or 'disease of the mind.'
Pete is a frustrated college professor who always wanted to make it as a rock star, but got stuck in an academic job where he is forced to teach and read and write all the time. One night, Pete decides to blow off some steam and 'relive his youth' by going down to the local punk rock bar, the Casbah, to watch a band and drink a few beers. At the show, Pete runs into an old friend from Oakland whose band happens to be playing that night. Against his better judgment, Pete drinks several beers too many, and ends up quite drunk. After the show, Pete's so-called friend brings him in the band van and they all proceed to drink even more alcohol—by now getting deep into a bottle of Maker's Mark whiskey (Pete's old favorite, before he went to grad school). Eventually, Pete and his buddy are completely drunk, passing out in the van in the parking lot. One of the other band members eventually opens the back door of the van and surprises Pete, who is half asleep. Pete jumps up, and in his drunken, half-dreaming state, mistakes the other band member for a dangerous intruder and grabs a guitar and clubs him fatally in the head. Immediately after, Pete realizes what has happened and breaks down into horrified tears while his just-waking buddy calls the ambulance (and police). In light of the M'Naughten doctrine on insanity, should a jury find Pete insane? A. Yes, because Pete thought that the guitar was a banana. B. No, because even though Pete may have been very confused and disoriented, this situation was not due to a 'defect of reason' or 'disease of the mind.' C. Yes, because he did not understand that clubbing the intruder in the head was wrong. D. Yes, because he did not understand the nature and quality of the act that caused the victim's death.
Photographic archiving:
Photography as both honorific (portrait) and repressive (mug shots)
Labeling Theory (powerless groups) *Lecture 3*
Powerless groups have - less control over what is labeled criminal - little power to resist labels
Stage 1
Punishment and obedience orientation
Different paradigms within criminology
Rational choice theory Biological theories Psychological theories Social learning theories Control theory Structural theories Conflict or critical theories
Strain
Rebellion. Most complex of five adaptations. • Buy into the idea of societal goals and means, but they do not buy into the conventional goals and means currently in place.
Social contract
Refers to the belief that the government exists solely to serve the people, and the people are the source of the government's political power. This means the people can choose to give or restrict governmental power.
Punishment in terms of classical school
Remember how we said that a key idea was the idea of hedonism, where people seek pleasure and try to avoid pain? Well, that informs punishment, according to the classical school. For example, if Jordan thinks about stealing the candy and then realizes that he could go to jail for it, he might not steal it because he'll be trying to avoid the pain of jail. In this way, the classical school of criminology believes that punishment works as a deterrent to crime.
Victim Impact Statements
Reports of a victim (often a family member) to the court about how an offender affected their life. • Can only be given during sentencing phase of trial. • Not when the jury is determining the verdict.
Restorative Justice *Lecture 4*
Require the offender to take responsibility for his or her actions - send them to jail and have them participate in a conversation with the victim where the victim can tell them about how it felt --> basically closure for the victim
Boston has recently had a high turnover of residents who lack bonds to the community. Which theory assumes this will lead to crime in the area?
Social disorganization theory
Capital Mitigation
Social history: temporally long; complex; overdetermined causation; childhood trauma; mental illness; brain abnormalities; intellectual disability
external containment
Society, the state, family, and other groups keep individuals within bounds of accepted norms and expectations; provide meaningful roles and activities.
Strain and conflict theory focus on the level of society:
Society. The structures of capitalism cause strain in individual persons and conflict between groups
Biological Theories
Some human beings have inherent, biological characteristics that lead to criminal acts under certain conditions - This is a form of determinism - Which is exactly the opposite of rational choice theory - Populist nationalism borders on eugenics (the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics) Racist determinism - Attributes cause to correlation - Latinos are biologically identical to whites, but are over-represented (by five times) in street crime arrests - Race is reified: socially constructed and not biological (but is experienced as real)
Passive victim precipitation
Someone does not lock their car and it gets stolen. • Something they did not or forget to do.
psychodynamic theory
Something traumatic took place developmentally that caused psychological disturbances leading to criminal behavior
Psychodynamic theory (Freud):
Something traumatic took place developmentally that caused psychological disturbances leading to criminal behavior - But if a mental problem was a major contributor to the crime, can the defendant possess mens rea (intent of crime)? - Somewhat deterministic (although not so much as biological theories)
Id
Source of instinctual drives. • Contains everything that is present at birth. • Passions. • No conflicts.
Social Ecology: Landscapes
Space-based crime caused by crowding and mixed-use development 'Broken Windows' This theory is NOT empirically supported - But recent urban renewal projects in Baltimore, Pittsburg and NYC suggest this whole approach is problematic
Impulsiveness
Stealing may be taken as an indicator of impulsiveness and impulsiveness given as the reason for stealing
circular logic
Stealing may be taken as an indicator of impulsiveness and impulsiveness given as the reason for stealing
circular logic
Stealing may be taken as an indicator of impulsiveness and impulsiveness given as the reason for stealing Similarly, committing offenses against others is seen as evidence of a lack of empathy, yet lack of empathy is seen as a trait to explain offending
C. Incapacitation
Steph's daughter is murdered by a vicious member of the Raptors (a Toronto gang) named Kawhi. Kawhi brutally shot Steph's daughter during a robbery of a liquor store. Fortunately, Kawhi is caught by the police and brought to trial and charged with capital murder. During the sentencing phase of the trial, Steph testifies to the following about why he wants Kawhi executed: "This person is too dangerous to keep alive. If he is allowed to live, he might attack another inmate or even a guard. In the name of safety, I demand that the state execute him." According to lecture, which theory of punishment is Steph invoking? A. Deterrence B. Retribution C. Incapacitation D. Rehabilitation
Theoretical Approaches to Social Suffering
Structure; Agency; Lumpen Abuse; Levels of violence; Bourdieu; Foucault; Gray Zone; Intimate Apartheid
Marvin Wolfgang
Study showed that many of the victims of homicide were actually active precipitation of the crime. • Substantial percentage of homicides in Philadelphia involved situations in which the victim was the first to use force against the person(s) who killed them.
Broken Bond theory
Subset of control theory, idea that children that do not obtain attachment to parents are more likely to deviate.
What are some techniques of neutralization? What are they? *Lecture 2*
Techniques used to make deviant behavior seem OK - Denial of injury: "No one got hurt" (Drug dealing) - Claim of normality: "Everyone is doing it" (Tax evasion)
Highest rates of violent victimization
Teens and young adults. • Victimization is interracial. Offender is same race/ethnicity as victim.
Is Mean Gendered?
The badass can be seen as eroticized masculinity -Hardness -F*ck you
psychoanalytical theory
The basic argument is that crime is an expression of buried internal conflicts that result from traumas and deprivations during childhood
psychoanalytical theory
The basic argument is that crime is an expression of buried internal conflicts that result from traumas and deprivations during childhood Traumatic events that occur during childhood affect the unconscious component of the human mind
Social Ecology/Social Disorganization
The basic idea is that the physical location itself is criminogenic—regardless of the persons inhabiting the space
Biological Theories
The biological approach to explaining crime argues that some human beings have inherent, biological characteristics that lead to criminal acts under certain conditions. A form of determinism.
Hedonism
The classical school also assumes that people seek pleasure and try to avoid pain. For example, when Jordan looks at the candy in the store, he thinks about how it will bring him pleasure, so he steals it.
Capital punishment:
The death penalty for a crime or offence/ - Deterrence can only influence rational actors - Empirical research suggests that the DP does not deter - Murderers are rarely rational If it doesn't deter, why do we need it? - Victims deserve retribution - Society needs symbolic cleansing - Some people are so dangerous, the only form of incapacitation is death
laws of Detournement
The distortions introduced in the detourned elements must be as simplified as possible, since the main impact of a detournement is directly related to the conscious or semiconscious recollection of the original contexts of the elements. detournement by simple reversal is always the most direct and least effective
Social Ecology
The idea is that the physical location itself is criminogenic--regardless of the inhabitance. Space-based crime caused by crowding and mixed-use development.
Capital Punishment
The idea of enforcing the death penalty on capital crimes. Relies on the idea of deterring criminals from doing heinous crimes.
Postmodernism
The idea that "crime", "law", and "justice" need to be deconstructed to see what assumptions are perpetuated. The postmodern approach to CJS emphasize the idea of deconstructing taken-for-granted assumptions.
neutralization theory
The idea that delinquents 'drift' between criminality and conventionality is well illustrated by Cle Sloan (in Bastards of the Party)
Three-strikes Law
The idea that repeat offenders get increasingly harsher punishments.
Cohen's Reaction Formation
The idea that young boys yearn for social status but realize that achieving it is not available so they collectively rebel and redefine the values to make them achievable. E.g. "school is lame!"
Levels of Analysis to explain Crime
The individual (a gang member) The organization (a gang) The institution (a school) The society (neoliberal capitalism)
committment
The individual's investment in conventional behavior, including a willingness to do what is promised and respecting the expectations others have that it will be done; in other words commitment involves a cost benefit analysis of what degree of investment in conformity would be lost if one were to participate in the act."
C. Eyehategod is responding to the strain of their inability to achieve conventional goals with conventional means by retreating.
The infamous sludge-metal band eyehategod is known for its members' serious drug addictions and arrests for possession of heroin, as well as a song entitled 'Peace Through Addiction.' In that song, eyehategod advocates using drugs extensively to 'drop out of life' to avoid all of the stresses of work, responsibility, competition, consumerism, pop culture, and essentially everything about mainstream American life—the idea is to abandon the conventional goals of normal Americans and substitute them with the simple, hedonistic and pleasurable necessity of taking heroin every day. If Robert Merton (the originator of strain theory) were to analyze eyehategod, what would he say? A. Eyehategod is responding to the strain of their inability to achieve conventional goals with conventional means by innovating. B. Eyehategod is comprised of evil, selfish, losers who should all be locked up for 20 years. C. Eyehategod is responding to the strain of their inability to achieve conventional goals with conventional means by retreating. D. Eyehategod's music is very noisy and unpleasant—Merton prefers George Gershwin.
Intimate Apartheid
The involuntary and predictable manner in which sharply delineated segregation and conflict impose themselves at the level of everyday practices.
Punishment
The law must specify the punishment for the crime. Therefore, if the law fails to specify the punishment, there can be no crime.
the superstructure
The meta-narrative that organizes a particular society Beliefs (people are individuals) Norms (people are responsible for themselves) Views of life (irresponsible people should be punished) The institutions that manifest these: law The concept of 'the criminal justice system' is an aspect of the superstructure
Incapacitation
The state prevents the particular offender from doing crime while he is locked up. Mass over incarceration in the name of incapacitation has lots of unintended consequences.
Criminalistics
The study of crime detection
According to Freud, which unconscious mental process is the moral compass?
The superego
Criminology
The systematic study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of law-breaking behavior
What is Criminology?
The systematic study of the nature, extent, cause, and control of law-breaking behavior law making law breaking law enforcing
Problem with classical or rational choice theory
The theory assumes that all people are rational individuals all of the time. Ignores when people are intoxicated or psychologically troubled.
Routine Activities Theory
The theory stipulates three necessary conditions for most crime; a likely offender, a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian, coming together in time and space. The lack of any of the three elements is sufficient to prevent a crime which requires offender-victim contact.. - Ready offender - Suitable target - Absence of guardian
Psychodynamic Theory
The theory that a traumatic incident occurred developmentally that caused psychological disturbances to induce criminal behavior.
Hans Eysenck
Theory of Crime and Personality. • Developed a theory that linked personality to criminality. • PEN model (personality can be viewed in 3 dimensions). • More difficult to condition extroverts than introverts.
Psychoanalytical Theory
Theory that crime is an expression of buried internal conflicts that result from traumas and deprivations during childhood. Traumatic events that occurred during childhood affect the unconscious component of the human mind. Hard to test empirically.
zone 2
These neighborhoods would always have higher rates of crime, drug use, alcoholism, illness, suicide, etc. according to social ecology thoery
Italian Phrenologists
These were the early advocates of the biological theory; they though they could identify criminals by physical features like large jaws or giant ears.
Neuroticism
Third dimension • Traits as anxiety, depression, guilt, low self-esteem, tension, irrationality, shyness, moodiness, and emotionality.
surplus population
This population is poor and suffers all kinds of deprivations, which leads to crime in various ways Strain theory style adaptation Biological and psychological problems from deprivation
absence of post-detox services
Tina detoxed, but when she got out there was no where for her to go; she relapsed and deepened her commitment to heroin and crack
Inclusive but Abusive Families
Tina's family welcomed her visit, but her step father expected her to bring crack; Sonny was able to accept his mother's nurture bc he is first born son, while Tina was supposed to bring crack bc she's female
"You filthy c*cksucker!"
Transforming the victim to a lower ontological status
Dialectics of Capitalism and Deviance- antithesis
Trash scroungers transform waste into food, clothing, and shelter
psychoanalytical theory
Traumatic events that occur during childhood affect the unconscious component of the human mind
photography as phrenology
Visually identifying status distinction and 'criminal characteristics' Perfectly recording the criminal's image
A. When teenagers engage in sneaky thrills such as shoplifting, they invent rules of engagement, boundaries, time constraints, and a sense of winning or losing.
What does Katz mean by the ludic metaphor in the phenomenology of crime? A. When teenagers engage in sneaky thrills such as shoplifting, they invent rules of engagement, boundaries, time constraints, and a sense of winning or losing. B. When badasses rob victims, they engage in a process of interaction and communication. C. When cold-blooded killers murder victims, they construct monstrous identities for themselves and the persons they kill. D. B and C.
Victim precipitation
When an individual does or doesn't do something that increases the risk that he or she will be victimized.
Manifest delinquency
When it results in antisocial behavior.
Stage 2
When one develops moral relativity • "You scratch my back, I'll scratch yours"
Routine Activities Theory *Lecture 2*
When you have to convergence of these three variables... - ready offender - suitable target - absence of guardian crime is LIKELY to happen
Culture
collective meaning norms customs art
D. B and C
Which of the following are examples of robbery? A. Vladimir tells Donald are having dinner in a fine restaurant. Vladimir tells Donald to give him $5, and Donald hands over the cash. B. Vladimir tells Donald are having dinner in a fine restaurant. Vladimir places a small handgun on the table and asks Donald if he happens to have $5 he could borrow, and Donald hands over the cash. C. Vladimir tells Donald are having dinner in a fine restaurant. Vladimir mentions that his friend Ivan happens to be in Donald's apartment having a conversation with Donald's wife, Ivanka. Vlad then wonders if Donald might have $5 he could borrow, and Donald hands over the cash. D. B and C E. None of the above
A. A computer engineer at Intel learns of a secret new technology that will dramatically improve microchip performance that Intel plans to unveil in six months. This engineer tells a stockbroker friend about this situation, who in turn advises his customers to buy Intel stock immediately, which they do.
Which of the following crimes would not be included in the Uniform Crime Reports? A. A computer engineer at Intel learns of a secret new technology that will dramatically improve microchip performance that Intel plans to unveil in six months. This engineer tells a stockbroker friend about this situation, who in turn advises his customers to buy Intel stock immediately, which they do. B. An aging and disgraced football star, along with three large, armed friends, forcibly takes sports memorabilia—at gunpoint—from a man in Las Vegas who legally owns the memorabilia C. A famous record producer fatally shoots a starlet at his mansion in Los Angeles. D. An Olympic ice skater is attacked and beaten on the leg with a metal baton while practicing for a major championship event.
Hogan
White male, chastised for his filthiness, overweight, has a cotton habit, has HIV, known for being lazy and broke, Vietnam vet, goes through a methadone treatment program however becomes depressed and dies from an overdose on opiates and meth
Hank
White male, old-timey, mid 50's, arrived with stab wound on first night even though Felix says it was an abscess removed at the hospital and that Hank is a liar, generous with wine and heroin, first one they saw transition to homeless; refused to go to shelters because they aren't safe, longest legal employment, exited from Edgewater by finally receiving successful treatment and living in Paul's garage with Hogan, Vietnam vet who receives SSI disability payments
Vernon
White, married to a nurse, receives most of his money from disability checks/wife, his father worked as a longshoreman
Frank
White, mid 40s-50s, paints signs for a local business, worked at a construction supply company with Max, running partners with Felix, Received methadone treatments because of the cancer in his larynx. Still smokes crack out of the hole in his throat
Petey
White, running partners with Scotty, one of "The Island Boys", When this person was caught they were required by court to enter a treatment program, Stayed away from Edgewater Boulevard after VA services helped him
B. Because crime creates a sense of solidarity among conformist members of society.
Why did Durkheim believe that crime is functional in societies? A. Because crime operates as a check on monopolies of power at the top of society B. Because crime creates a sense of solidarity among conformist members of society. C. Because a steady crime rate is essential to support the institutions that service crime, maintaining employment in institutions such as courts and prisons. D. All of the above.
The broken windows theory
Wilson and Kelling's theory that a neighborhood in disrepair signals that criminal activity is tolerated in the area. By cracking down on quality-of-life crimes, police can reclaim the neighborhood and encourage law-abiding citizens to live and work there.
thomas Hobbes and rational theory
Wrote Leviathan "Humans are rational beings who choose their destiny by creating a society" social contract between government and its citizens
A. Wynona learned stealing in interaction with her peers and role models, who collectively shared the view that it is morally acceptable to steal from high end designer companies because those companies are exploitive and have the money to cover the costs anyway.
Wynona is a 44 year old actress living in West Hollywood. Wynona grew up in a hippie commune in Northern California before moving to the Los Angeles area to take up acting. During her youth, Wynona learned that very expensive goods like Hermes scarves and Gucci purses were really just artificially priced products that actually had limited value—they were expensive because people were willing to pay the money for the label. Nevertheless, Wynona developed a powerful desire to possess such items. Wynona's peers and role models all believed that it would be theoretically okay to steal such products as a way of 'getting back at the man' for over-charging so much—especially because companies like Hermes and Gucci had plenty of money to cover some minor losses. Over time, Wynona developed a habit of shoplifting expensive items from designer boutiques because she didn't believe in paying the high prices that she knew were just artificially marked up. Eventually, Wynona got caught attempting to shoplift $5,500 worth of designer clothes and accessories at Saks Fifth Avenue in Beverly Hills and was eventually convicted and sentenced to probation for Grand Theft. If you were to explain this crime using differential association theory which of the following would best express your explanation? A. Wynona learned stealing in interaction with her peers and role models, who collectively shared the view that it is morally acceptable to steal from high end designer companies because those companies are exploitive and have the money to cover the costs anyway. B. Wynona suffered from an 'Oedipus Complex,' meaning a deep psychological conflict about her parents that caused her to 'act out' by seeking attention in criminal activity. C. Wynona's background in a marginalized 'hippie' community means that she is part of a sub-group that giant corporations like Gucci wish to exploit and dominate through the selling of over priced goods. D. A and C.
B. Decide not to charge Vicky with any crime because there is no mens rea in this case.
You are a prosecutor in San Diego County Superior Court handling major felony trials. You are presented with the following information about a homicide: The deceased, named Julie, was a three-year girl who died of complications due to burns caused by hot water in a bathtub. The deceased's legal guardian is her aunt Vicky, who had taken over care of Julie because her sister Veronica (Julie's mother) was addicted to methamphetamine. Julie lived with Vicky in Vicky's cramped two-bedroom apartment with four other children. Vicky was at home at the time of Julie's death, and told the police that she turned on the bathtub water and left the room, after which Julie fell into the tub on her own. Vicky further reported that when she retrieved Julie from the tub, she did not notice that the child had been burned, and put her in her crib. Vicky reported that Julie did cry in her crib but that Julie cried all the time, so she ignore the baby and went about preparing dinner for the rest of the family. When she found Julie's dead body later, she waited two hours to call the authorities because she had ingested three beers earlier in the evening and was afraid that she would get in trouble. In light of the law, how do you proceed? A. Charge Vicky with first-degree capital murder with the special circumstance of 'child murder.' B. Decide not to charge Vicky with any crime because there is no mens rea in this case. C. Charge Vicky with public drunkenness because you have to charge her with something considering the tragedy of Julie's death. D. Charge Veronica with first-degree capital murder with the special circumstance of 'child murder' for abandoning her daughter to an unsafe home.
C. Involvement—because playing basketball is time and energy engaged in conventional activities rather than criminal activities.
You are the new Police Chief of the City of San Diego, and you are confronted with very high crime rates that take place between 10:00pm and 3:00am in Southeast San Diego. Being an enlightened Chief, you have read a lot of criminological theory, including 'Social Control' theory—but you also have a lot of 'street experience.' In order to deal with the late-night crime problem in Southeast, you decide to implement a 'midnight basketball' program, which opens up several gyms in Southeast and creates a league with games taking place from 10:00pm until 3:00am. The idea is to get male teens and young men participating in 'conventional' activities to keep them busy doing positive things rather than hanging out in the street and engaging in crimes such as drug use and sales and gang activities. Which aspect of 'social bond' does your midnight basketball program emphasize? A. Belief—because playing midnight basketball demonstrates young persons' belief in moral rules. B. Attachment—because playing midnight basketball is evidence that young people care about others. C. Involvement—because playing basketball is time and energy engaged in conventional activities rather than criminal activities. D. Impulsivity—because basketball is a very fast-paced, vigorous sport, it allows impulsive youths to 'blow off steam' in a positive way rather than getting in fights.
Katz' explanation for the overrepresentation of Black men in robbery
Young black men far more involved in action, putting them closer to the seductions of the stickup - Structural forces create this situation
Causation
a certain result must occur as a result of the crime and not other causes
alibi
a claim or shred of evidence that one was elsewhere at the time the alleged offence was committed.
contemporary rational choice thoery
a variety of factors play into a criminals decision to offend theory
*Ethics of Visual Criminology* -Serious -Recording 'the ways things are' a) The tradition of documentary b) The tradition of 'the fantastic'
a) The tradition of documentary
*•Photographic archiving* -Photography is *honorific* a) portrait b) mug shots
a) portrait
Anti-prison activists: a) they view prisons and jails as a form of racialized state violence that must be dismantled as part of a wider social justice agenda b) tend to advocate for more humane, incremental adjustments to the criminal justice system
a) they view prisons and jails as a form of racialized state violence that must be dismantled as part of a wider social justice agenda
retreatism
abandon goals and means
Retreatism (strain Theory: Merton) *Lecture 3*
abandon goals and means - homelessness - peace through addiction
Rebellion (Strain Theory: Merton) *Lecture 3*
abandon goals and means and replace them with new ones - revolutionaries - religious sects
rebellion
abandon goals and means and replace w new ones
criminal homicide
act of one human killing another; requires only a volitional act by another person that results in death, and thus a homicide may result from accidental, reckless, or negligent acts even if there is no intent to cause harm Law requires that the death of the person occur within a year and a day of the fatal injury. Requirement initially reflected the difficulty in determining whether an initial injury led to a person's death, or if other events/circumstances intervened,
strict libaility
actions that are considered to be criminal regardless of the person's intentions. Examples - statutory rape - selling alcohol to minors - traffic offenses
Anti-prison =
active work against state control of citizens
mala prohibita
acts that are considered crimes primarily because they have been declared bad by the legal codes in that jurisdiction (3-5)
Mala in se
acts that are considered inherently evil
mala in se
acts that are considered inherently evil (3-5)
typical Rx drug abuser
adderall for studying/party energy; valium to sleep; 1st most common: stimulants (adderall); 2nd: opioids (valium); 3rd: tranquilizers (xanax)
Heroin Treatment
addiction to heroin is biological and social; a cure for heroin addiction doesn't work unless it accounts for complex social factors; most homeless who found treatment were motivation by sudden life crises
terms of juvenile justice system
adjudicated delinquent adjudication hearing aftercare commitment prison delinquent act delinquent detention disposition disposition hearing institution taken into curstody
Conformity (Strain Theory: Merton) *Lecture 3*
adopt goals and means
Innovation (Strain Theory: Merton) *Lecture 3*
adopt goals but not means - theft, drug dealing - white collar crime, organize crime
Ritualism (Strain Theory: Merton) *Lecture 3*
adopt means but not goals - obsessive bureaucrats
•Anti-prison active work (with/against) state control of citizens
against
state police
agencies with general police powers to enforce state laws as well as to investigate major crimes, they may have intelligence units, drug trafficking units, juvenile units, and crime laboratories (7)
neoclassical school
aggravating and mitigating taken in account for purposes of sentencing and punishing an offender
modernity
all about science and the ability to discover essential and universal truths through logic and testing
Parenting
all homeless had kids except Hank; none maintained regular contact with their kids; deadbeat dads and crackhead moms
Respect in Edgewater
all homeless wanted to be part of the photoethnography; "if you can't see the face, you can't see the misery"; often launched into self reflection
Culture
collective means; norms; customs
'homicide' as a broader term
although the term 'homicide' is sometimes used synonymously with murder, homicide had a broader scope than murder. Murder is a form of criminal homicide; other forms of homicide might not constitute criminal acts. These homicides are regarded as *justified or excusable*.
95%
amount of executions in china for the world?
social contract
an Enlightenment ideal or assumption that stipulates an unspecified arrangement among citizens in which they promise the state or government not to commit offenses against other citizens, and in turn, they gain protection from being violated by other citizens (66)
legislative definition of a crime
an act that is prosecutable by the state and punishable by the law
Incapacitation:
an approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them - The state prevents an individual from doing crime while he is locked up or dead - Mass over incarceration in the name of incapacitation has lots of unintended consequences
selective placement
an argument that adoptees tend to be placed in households that resemble that of their biological parents; thus, adoptees from rich biological parents are placed in rich adoptive households (144)
Cultural criminology is the criminological version of
an artist theorist's analysis of fashion culture
aggravated assault
an assault which criminal laws punish more severely due to its seriousness. Assaults that happen in the victim's home also qualify.
aggravated assault
an assault which criminal laws punish more severely due to its seriousness; typically include the use of a deadly weapon, the status of the victim, the intent of the perpetrator, and the degree of injury cause
Benjamin Mendelsohn
an attorney who is generally considered the "Father of Victimology" and proposed the first typology or theory of victimization that categorized victims by the degree to which the victims contributed to the criminal act in which they were victimized (20)
probation
arrangements between sentencing authority and offender 1. general conditions: regularly reporting to the supervisor officer. obeying the laws, submitting the searches, not benign possession of firearms and drugs 2.specific conditions: such as methadone maintenance under testing, urine testing, house arrest, vocational training, psychological or psychiatric treatment 3. shock incarceration: probation + incarceration
Disruptive Art as heroic
art is efficient at expressing an idea or emotion in a highly parsimonious and incisive way; Charlie Hebdo's cartoons are tradition of important French aesthetic movements
hate crime
assaults based on race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, sexual orientation, or disability of the victim
classical school
assumes crime occurs after a rational individual mentally weighs the potential good and bad consequences of crime and then make a decision about whether to engage in a given behavior
Neoclassical School
assumes that aggravating and mitigating circumstances should be taken into account for purposes of sentencing and punishing and offender (77-81)
swiftness of punishment
assumption is that the faster punishment occurs after a crime is committed, the more an individual will be deterred in the future (70)
determinism
assumption that human behavior caused outside of free will and rational decision making
Social Bonds:
attachment, commitment, involvement, belief
The National Crime Victimization Survey
augments the UCR by providing some data on characteristics of crime victims and offenders
Epilogue of DRD
authors hope that DRD debunks myth of drug crimes
*Ethics of Visual Criminology* -Theatre -Illusion -Fantasy a) The tradition of documentary b) The tradition of 'the fantastic'
b) The tradition of 'the fantastic'
*•Photographic archiving* -Photography is *repressive* a) portrait b) mug shots
b) mug shots
reformist criminologists a) they view prisons and jails as a form of racialized state violence that must be dismantled as part of a wider social justice agenda b) tend to advocate for more humane, incremental adjustments to the criminal justice system
b) tend to advocate for more humane, incremental adjustments to the criminal justice system
trait based theory
bad personality trait = crime is an ex of this theory
why does crime exist
basic question of criminology
•Walter Benjamin's dire warning on photography's ability to ______ suffering
beautify
Why don't those in the surplus population revolt? *Lecture 4*
because the structures of society influence them to believe that the system is actually good - religion and school advocate conformist, 'hard work' ideologies - this is hegemony
racist determinism
because you are latino you are five times as likely to be in a street crime arrect because of your race is an ex of this
certainty of punishment
beccaria considered most important quality of punishment/ deterrence when people commit a crime they will perceive a high likelihood of being caught and punished
Social Process Theories *Lecture 3*
begin the theoretical move away from the level of the individual to the level of the group
social process theory
begin the theoretical move away from the level of the individual to the level of the group
psychoanalytic perspective
behaviors based on the id, ego, and superego anxiety defense mechanism and unconscious are key principles
deviance
behaviors that are not normal; includes many illegal acts, as well as activities, that are not necessarily criminal but are unusual and often violate social norms (3-5)
atavism
belief that certain characteristics or behaviors of a person are throwbacks to and earlier stage of evolutionary development (116)
Positivists
believed that the punishment should fit the criminal not the crime
assumes rational individuals
bigest problem w rational choice theories
craniometry
bigger brain or skull = superiority
requires prosecutorsto turn over evidence
brady v maryland
burglary
breaking and entering w the intent to steal
Psychological and psychiatric theories try to
bridge the gap between rational choice and biological determinism
•Protest of a new jail proposed to be ______ in a location designated as too polluted for residential use
built
yes
can cops lie to you
no
can you use polygraph as evidence
crime shows something may be wrong w social structure
canary in coalmine for strain theory
What does Marx say about *surplus population*? *Lecture 4*
capitalism needs a perpetual supply of unemployed people to be drawn on whenever the competition between employers increases the cost they have to pay for workers - consists of those who do not contribute to society except to serve as a labor reserve - this population is poor and suffers deprivations, *which can lead to crime in various ways* --> strain theory style adaptation --> biological and psychological problems from deprivation
crime and boredom
capitalist modernity's preference of conformity (frats, jock culture) boring conformity: standards, rationalization, alienation, fordism anti-boredom: punk, critical mass, flash mobs, hacktivism, crime crime is done to dodge redundancy of time
Strain Theory (Merton) *Lecture 3*
capitalist society can create profound disjunction between goals and means - individual people sometimes "adapt" to this "strain"(or stress)
*Visual Criminology* •Using the visual to do _______ studies
carceral
Love on the Street
carving out a woman's space on the street (Tina finding her place amongst the world); Tina and Carter stole and scavenged
brutalization effect
cause-and-effect relationship between death penalty and homicide rates executions diminish public's respect for life opposite of a deterrent effect
Art Theory
celebrates deviance or antagonism/ bad behavior
atavism
certain characteristics or behaviors of a person and throwbacks to an earlier stage of evolutionary development
correlation-covariation
change in the predictor (X) is associated with a change in the explanatory variable (Y)
parsimony
characteristic of a good theory, meaning that it explains a certain phenomenon, such as criminal behavior, with the fewest possible propositions or concepts (16)
•Photography as phrenology: -Visually identifying status distinction and 'criminal _________
characteristics'
Broken Bond Theory (Control Theory) *Lecture 3*
children that do not obtain 'attachment' and 'commitment' to parents at a young age are more likely to deviate
broken bond thoery
children that do not obtain 'attachment' and 'commitment' to parents at a young age are more likely to deviate
social contract
citizens give up certain rights in exchange for protection from the state or the government
Agency
classical + psychological theories
rational choice theory
classical school based framework for explaining crime that includes the traditional formal deterrence aspects and other informal factors that studies show consistently and strongly influence behavior
pure defense but not for murder
coercion is this type of defense except
kids , disenfranchisement, work
collateral effects of harsh punishment in us beyond the dollar figures
aggregate studies
collection of studies, generally on a particular topic (92)
antagonistic relational aesthetics
contemporary art theory: gallery as a lab with open ended, interactive work connected to experience economy relational aesthetics: collectively shared intersubjective encounters fully functioning democratic society is one where political frontiers are constantly being drawn and brought into debate = where relations of conflict are sustained ex.) Santiago Sierra makes audience uncomfortable
incapacitation and 3 strikes law and capital punishment
contemporary polices that com from rational choice teory
criminal justice terms
conviction trial parole sentence to crime criminal confinement in jail sentence/sentence hearing prison arrest
Differential Visibility
corner drug dealers visible to law enforcement; white surfer dudes are not; previous research on drug dealers shows dealers engage in complex and sophisticated risk minimization; college umbrella protects DRD
Rational choice theory applies well to
corporate crime - E.g., the Ford Motor Company deciding that it would be cheaper to pay for class action suits to Pinto drivers who burned to death than the costs of recalling the Pinto
rational choice theory
cost benefit analysis when doing crimes is this theory
local level law enforcement
county sheriff, and officers in municipalities
conflict
criems determined by groups in power and are used ot futrther their needs and consolidate power
What does Durkeim say about crime? (Strain Theory) *Lecture 3*
crime is *functional* - reminds community of values/standards - creates solidarity among law-abiding citizens - allows society to make moral messages about which rule are important by adjusting punishment - crime functions to warn society that something may be wrong with the overall way it operates (it's an indicator that something is amiss)
The Chicago School's Social Disorganization Theory
crime is largely the result of unfavorable conditions within a community
the center elusive on the borders
crime is not controversial in _____ but is _____
definition of hate crimes
crime must be motivated by bias; hate itself is not a crime occurs when a perpetrator targets a victim because his or her membership in a certain social group or race
4.5
crime rate in us in 2014
10
crime rate in us in 80s
medium
crime rate in us on a global scale
limitations of UCR
crime statistics can be used for political purposes changes in legal code can influence subsequent crime reports and make later comparisons difficult
consensus
crimes are acts which shock the common conscinece and collective morality
index crimes
crimes used to calculate he crime rate
conflict perspective or conflict theory
criminal behavior theories that assume most people disagree on what the law should be and that law is used as a tool by those in power to keep down other groups (6)
part 1 offenses
criminal homicide rape robbery aggravated assault burglary larceny-theft (except motor vehicle theft) motor vehicle theft arson human trafficking
What is the basic premise of social learning theories? *Lecture 3*
criminals are not fundamentally different from anyone else -- they just *LEARN* different things through associations with others who have deviant norms
Lumpen abuse *Lecture 4*
distress of the socially vulnerable - being abused by the cops, doctors, cal trans, etc basically all the violence these people see - structural changes
risk reduction + public criminology
diverse tx options; abstinence, harm reduction, methadone maintenance, buprenorphine detox, herion Rx, subsidized employment initiatives; coordinate btwn detox and post-detox; coordinate btwn medical and social needs; "harm reduction" only works for middle class addicts
no but can get ngri
does criminal theory and law care if you were deliusional
national crime victimization survey
doj adminsters sample surveys of households about crime victimization
M'naughten rule
due to a mental impairment (called 'insanity'), the person either: a) did not understand the 'nature and quality' of what he was doing (thought the gun was a banana) b) did not know that his actions were wrong (delusional thinking that shooting someone would save their soul)
The M'Naughten Rule
due to a mental impairment (called 'insanity'), the person either: a) did not understand the 'nature and quality' of what he was doing (thought the gun was a banana) b) did not know that his actions were wrong (delusional thinking that shooting someone would save their soul) - Basic premise underlies most insanity doctrines
italian phrenoogists
early advocates of bio thoery
inconclusive
effectiveness in reducing violent crime of 3 strikes law
Prevention
looks forward and punishes the criminal in an attempt to prevent future crimes
restitution
funds provided to victims of crime that are provided by the offender as a condition of his/her sentence (23)
compensation
funds provided to victims of violent crime that are provided by local, state, or federal government funds (23)
Rx drug dealers legitimizing their activity
fusion of "denial of responsibility" and "denial of injury"
prison
generally for those convicted of more serious crimes with longer sentences, who may be housed in a supermax, maximum, medium, or minimum security ______ (9)
uniform crime reports
generate consistent crime stats used in law enforcement administration
biological theory
genetic makeup for aggression and brain chem and hormones that lead to crime, it is an actuaral approach to crim, checklist of risk factors that someone has for a crime,
risk factors for crime
genetics, brain chemistry and hormones really only serve this purpose for criminology
Why college students use Rx drugs
get high (alters mood and consciousness); Harrison Act (1914) was deeply racist and created in response to fear of opium addicted Chinese immigrants and cocaine Negroes; keep up with pressures of college
simultaneous exclusion and inclusion
ghetto fabulous; knock off
requires th govt to provide counsel to the indigent
gideon v wainwright
judicial waiver
go from juvenile court to criminal court
clarify relationships between large scale power forces and intimate ways of being in order to explain why the us has produced addicts doing violence , essentially describe juxtaposition
goal of street enthnography in book
drug policy
government policies against illicit drugs created US Drug War; government policies created space for pharma companies to create huge market for easily abused drugs
Cellular level Addiction *Lecture 4*
heroin addict's body needs the drug in order to function - it's only when they don't have a steady supply of heroin do people flip out
cellular level
heroin is this type of addiction
usa
highest incarceration rates
usa
highest incarceration toatl
logical consistency
hoe consistent a theoretical model is with what is known about crime rates and tendencies
Hustling in a moral Economy *Lecture 4*
homeless form a community held together by *economy of sharing* - shared money, food, other resources
Ethnic Hierarchies
homeless white heroin injectors were at bottom; African American crack dealers disgusted w/ these white folk; White characterized AAs with stereotypical racist remarks; ironic bc most generous benefactor was AA man; camp was exclusively white until Carter
cease fire in war on drugs + public criminology
homeless will no vanish unless die/incarcerated/housed; 1% adults in US in prison; 2-3% under control of justice system; WAY HIGHER than any other country in the world
criminal homicide
homicide is the act of one human killing another.
4.5
homicide rate in usa last year
justifiable homicide
homicide that is commanded or authorized by law. example: soldiers in war, self defense, public official is justified in carrying out death sentence because execution is commanded by law
brutalization effect
homicides increase after high profile executions
nonresidential sanctions
house arrest, electronic monitoring, day reporting centers
structrually protected
how are victimless crimes protected
people thought criminals were evil/possessed
how did beccaria change the game w classical rational choice thoery
oxycotin and vicodin are expensive heroin is cheap
how has heroin become more prevalent
20 years
how long do people sit on death row up to
scope
how much the given phenomenon the theory attempts to explain. the larger the scope the better
Structural violence (Theoretical Approaches to Social Suffering) *Lecture 4*
how the political-economic organizations of society wreaks havoc on vulnerable categories of people
PEN model
human personality can be viewed in 3 dimensions psychoticism (aggressive, cold), extroversion(lively, active), and neuroticism (depressed, shy)
belief
in the moral validity of conventional norms and on the child's respect for the authority of those limiting their behavior."
restore victim
in the theory of justice the first priority is to do this
bad act and intent
in the usa criminal law requires that a criminal act have two aspects
ignorantia juris non excusat
ignorance of the law is no excuse decision-making processes should be public knowledge
strict liability behaviors
ignorance of the law or driving drunk are still crimes if didn't have intent because of this
Coercive Treatment
in 2001, CA voted to mandate tx over incarceration for non-violent drug offenders; Carter got released and attended tx center for 10 months; got job, but when the job ended, he was back on the street; 2 weeks later he died
Rx Drug Market
in DRD, informal network of opportunistic dealers getting Rx drugs from legitimate sources; 20 million Americans use drugs; 1/3 use Rx drugs illegally (2nd to marijuana); 2.1 million cocaine users; 1 million hallucinogen users
burglary
in contrast to both theft and robbery, is the entering of a building or residence with the intention to commit a theft or *any felonious crime*.
robbery
in contrast to theft, is a taking of property that *DOES* involve person-to-person interaction with force, intimidation, and coercion.
actus reus
in legal terms, whether the offender engaged in a given criminal act (67)
degree of injury to the victim
in most states, assault causing serious bodily injury is classified as aggravated assault.
surplus population
in order for capitalism to fx there has to be this
interventionalists
in terms of criminology cops function as this
the study of the nature and extent of crime and criminal justice systems across societies
international nature of markets of drugs sexual services human trafficking illicit firearms stolen care
control theory bc people are naurally criminal
inverse of social learning theory and why
•Phenomenology of photographs -The viewer is _________ in to the photographic narrative
invited
Intimate Apartheid
involuntary and predictable manner in which sharply delineated segregation and conflict impose themselves at the level of everyday practices driven by habitus; ethnic components the Edgewater homeless racist habitus emerged from US history of slavery, racism, socioeconomic inequality
Visual Criminology •Using the visual to convey the scale, scope, and _______ logic of mass incarceration
irrational
Primary deviance
is an initial violation of a social norm - about which no inference is made regarding a person's character. Primary deviance includes minor deviant acts that just about everyone does once or twice, like playing hooky from school or work.
no
is broken windows theory empirically supported
Criticisms of DRD
is pot dealing actually drug dealing though; not enough analysis of *why* ppl do crime; not enough triangulation (just believe the authors lol)
somewhat deterministic
is psychodynamic thoery deterministic or choice
no but experience is real
is race real
Hegemony
is the idea that the ruling class can manipulate the value system and mores of a society, so that their view becomes the world view
PC 187
is the statute outlawing murder
Criminology
is the study of crime from four different perspectives. These include legal, political, sociological, and psychological.
Social-process criminology
is the theory that explores how certain individuals become criminals. This theory also takes a look at criminal behavior as a learned behavior; for example, a younger brother learning how to shoplift from an older sibling, or younger gang members learning criminal behavior from seasoned gang members.
involvement
is the time and energy of participation in conventional activities."
What is wrong with trait based theories that try to explain criminal behavior? *Lecture 2*
it can resemble circular reasoning: - stealing may be taken as an indicator of impulsiveness and impulsiveness given as the reason for stealing *ex:* he committed the robbery because ehe is impulsive and we known he is impulsive because he committees the robbery = circular logic (tautology)
organization
level of analysis - a gang
society
level of analysis - capitalism
individual
level of analysis - gang member
institution
level of analysis - school
What level of analysis do strain and conflict theory focus on? *Lecture 3*
level of society
enthnography
live in a subculture and try not to effect the subculture
To complete the project of being a badass
it is necessary to impress on others the apprehensions that, however carefully they may maintain a respectful comportment, you might suddenly thrust the forces of chaos into their world
superego
its not part of our nature but must be developed through early social attachments
murder sex crimes
japan lacks these crime but a lot of these go unreported
•Visual criminology is a space from which to cultivate the kind of moral ______ and ways of seeing that are most often institutionally erased in neoliberal discourses that drive law, politics, media, and prisons
judgement
Containments
keep people within the bounds of the laws while pressures pushes them toward crime
social control theory
key to self control is developing an investment in convention (a stake in conformity) in the for of social bonds by means of attachment committment involvement or belief
Righteous Slaughter
killer believes victim is attacking an eternal human value and that this is the last stand; killer must transform himself from humiliation to rage; rage obliterates future; when this causes death, it becomes a sacrificial slaughter; killer will have eternal moral peace
shock incarceration
kind of probation make you spend time certain place
Pathogenic Law Enforcement
law enforcement is dominant institutional regular of poverty and drug use in the US; hardcore status encourages street addicts to pursue drugs with self-destructive intensity as if they have nothing left to lose (Labeling Theory)
3 components of the criminal justice system
law enforcements courts corrections
legislation and case law
laws/crimes are defined by
2nd gen young Muslim men
learn Islam in Europe; global neoliberal capitalism; secularization; European multiculturalism
Violations/ offenses/ infractions
less serious than misdemeanors and include traffic violations or violations of town or city ordinances Examples: public intoxication, disorderly conduct, traffic violations, littering, jaywalking
Self-control Theory *Lecture 3*
low self-control leads to crime - people with low self-control were poorly trained as children (because of low parental investment) - the parents failed to use adequate child rearing practices If someone were to be uneducated and poor, self control theory would say its because they were lazy - the crime would've come from the fact that they have no self-control and not from their low SES and education
Feminists have critiqued cultural criminology as being
macho and sexist
criminal behavior is learned
main aspect of differential asociation theory
superstructure
maintains and legitamizes the base
White Christmas
majority of whites had no contact with natural families
Incapacitation *Lecture 2*
make legally unable to commit a crime because they are locked up
Patriarchal Abuse
male homeless parents talked about having beat their children, girlfriends, wives; many were also beaten themselves; *Oedipal Complex*: unconscious desire to possess your opposite sex parent and kill your same sex parent; many of abusive en discussed wanting to kill their fathers; homeless miserable lives attributed to form of self punishment from childhood trauma
exchange value
market value of a product
power is motivating collectivism
marxism take on consensus
starting to turn ship on policy
mass incarceration thoughts currently
Charlie Hebdo
mass murder of cartoonists and other magazine employees; home grown jihadi terrorism; killing soaked in Islamic symbolism; French born young men born of Islamic immigrants
mala prohibita
meaning that the act is "not inherently immoral, but wrong and prohibited"
mala in se
meaning the act is "inherently and essentially wrong or evil, that is immoral in its nature" -independent of regulations governing the conduct
post conventional level of morality
person attempts to balance between individual rights and societal rules
methadone
medical establishment tout it as cure for heroin addiction; many others think it's a dangerous and immoral drug; designed to block euphoria produced by heroin, but it often ends up being more addictive and has worse withdrawal symptoms
endoderm
medical term for the inner layer of tissue in our bodies (129)
mesoderm
medical term for the middle layer of tissue in our bodies (129)
ectoderm
medical term for the outer layer of tissue in our bodies (129)
feminist radical thoery of crime
men are inherently more criminal Women are inherently superior to men (radical)
control theory involvement
midnight basketball is an ex of this
the hood
migratory pattern between prison and here bc of mass incarceration
jail
minor crimes + a place for individuals awaiting trial before conviction
Classical School
model of crime that assumes the crime occurs after a rational individual mentally weighs the potential good and bad consequences of a crime and then makes a decision about whether to engage in a given behavior (58-84)
According to Katz, Crime is the result of
moral emotion rather than material lack
Reciprocal Labeling
most dealers believed that their success was deserved and ignored their transgressions; they were labeled as conventional, not deviant
dealers aging out
most dealers scaled back or quit dealing entirely
highway patrol
one type of model characterizing statewide police departments. The primary focus is to enforce the laws that govern the operation of motor vehicles on public roads and highways (7)
the badass
only a transitional state; only way to stay bad is to be dead; state is ultimate badass
concurrent jurisdiction
original jurisdiction for certain cases is shared by both criminal and juvenile courts; the prosecutor has discretion to file such cases in either court (11)
Kouachis
orphaned; mother committed suicide; grew up in institutions; marginalized; not banality of evil
spuriousness
other factors (Z) may account for observation between X and Y
Lumpen Subjectivity
outcast identity shared by all Edgewater homeless embodies abusive dynamics of their relationships (individual, family, institution, economic, labor market, cultural-ideological values, themselves)
consensus vs conflict
overarching theme on society creation of crimes
rational choice theory, biological theories, psychological
paradigms of criminology that have individual frame analysis
objective of the juvenile justice system
parents patriae: "parent of the country" primary objective is the best interest of the child
3 strikes law
passed in 90s after little girl killed by former criminal
broken windows thoery
pretty much social disorganization breeds social disorganization
Individual Trait Theory
people commit crimes because of certain personality traits
2.1 million
people in jail in usa
social learning theory
people learn from the people around them
5+ million
people on probation in us
Strain Theory *Lecture 3*
people turn to crime because they cannot realize the American Dream through conventional means Major causes of crime: - poverty - discrimination - lack of opportunity
7 million
people under correctional supervision in usa
Biological theorists have argued that
people with low emotional arousal take up risky behavior, including crime, to stimulate their emotional life
Biological theorists argue that
people with low emotional arousal take up risky behavior, including crime, to stimulate their emotional life.... however no crime gene has been found yet
90%
percent of crime committed by ben
70%
percent of experiments that are not reproduced
2%
percent of us population under the control of the state
restorative justice
perform reparations for victim w/o stigmatizing the person and reintegrating them into society
•A fundamental problem for the anti-prison movement: -Prisoners are 'disappeared' in the USA -Anti-prison wants to make them visible -But do not want to _______ the racialized body displayed in confinement
perpetuate
utilitarianism
philosophical concept - greatest good for the greatest number
minor physical anomalies
physical features such as asymmetrical or low- seated ears which are believed to indicate developmental problems
minor physical anomalies
physical features, such as asymmetrical or low-seated ears, which are believed to indicate developmental problems (122)
Social Ecology/Social Disorganization *Lecture 3*
physical location itself is criminogenic--regardless of the persons inhabiting the space - location not the person
spin crimes
police departments may do this to make an aea look better
Racial threat hypothesis
police patrols are more likely to be sent to minority neighborhoods and make more arrests there, which increases the crime statistics
surplus population
population waiting to fill the gap
Late Modernity
postmodernism = no real truths doublespeak: peacekeeping missions, war is peace, protective custody, fake news
allow us to deconstruct accepted truths Language can redefine crime
postmodernism influence on criminology overall
theory of deviance
power perserves power that allows it to determine who the rule breakers are going to be, everybody is rule breaker but only those in power say who is breaking rules,
theory of deviance
powerful social groups make rules 2) apply the rules to particular people 3) label the rule breakers outsiders
techniques of neutralization
ppl drift between a criminal nad not being a criminal on a continuum though
Primordial
pre-historical, in the sense that history is socially constructed -'Primordeal good' means a value that precedes anything else -Something perceived to be universal and beyond critique
temporal ordering
predictor or independent variable (X) precedes the explanatory or dependent variable (Y)
diminishing returns o after small fish
problem w mass incarceration when caught all the really bad guys
chicken and egg problem and does deviant behavior cause groups
problem w social learning thoeries
utopian
problem w strain theory policy implications
circular logic and correlation vs causation
problem w trait based theory
deterministic and symplystic, ignores low criem rate capitalism
problems w marxism thoery
different definitions of crimes
problems w reporting crimes from different agencies
can be bias or not report when implicated in crime
problems w the ncvs
SF Treatment Scene
programs used audits to determine eligibility + to screen out risky patients; homeless blamed rehab workers for the injustice when it was actually the lack of funding
Dialectics of Capitalism and Deviance-synthesis
property owners advocate policing of their trash while 'freegans' sneak in at night
state police
prosecute state policies. drug unit, juvenile unit, crime labs
US Dept. of Justice Supplementary Homicide Reports
provide details of the murder victim and offender their relationship to one another weapon used circumstances in each criminal homicide
ncvs
provides more data about crime outside the ucr
National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) *Lecture 2*
provides some data on characteristics of crime victims and offenders
social ecology thoery
psychial location is criminogenic thoery regardless of people
Restorative Justice
punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender's criminal act - Restore the victim, offender, and community - Require the offender to take responsibility for his or her actions - Accountability with support
general deterrence
punishment given meant to prevent or deter potential offenders from engaging in such criminal activity in the future
specific deterrence
punishment given to prevent or deter the individual from committing crime in future
deviance amplification
punishment leads to more deviance than the original crime
severity of punishment
punishment must outweigh any potential benefits gained from crime
general deterrence
punishment of criminals that is intended to be an example to the general public and to discourage the commission of offenses
general deterrence
punishments given to an individual meant to prevent or deter other potential offenders from engaging in such criminal activity in the future (73)
specific deterrence
punishments given to an individual meant to prevent or deter that particular individual from committing crime in the future (73)
Anti-boredom technologies
punk critical mass flash mobs hactivism crime
Classical theory =
pure individual freedom
a democratic society is one in which
relations of conflict are sustained, not erased. • Fully functioning democratic society is not one in which all antagonisms have disappeared, but one in which new political frontiers are constantly being drawn and brought in to debate • Without antagonism there is only the imposed consensus of authoritarian order—a total suppression of debate and discussion, which is inimical to democracy.
What are some problems with the National Crime Victimization Survey? *Lecture 2*
relies on subjective respondents - might exaggerate the crime - might misremember events - might not report because of own implication in the crime
Brady v. Maryland (1963)
requires prosecutors to turn over evidence
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)
requires the government to provide counsel to the indigent
Visual Criminology •Nevertheless, the urban outcasts of the world are capable of agency and ______
resistence
ID
responsible for our innate desires and drives and it battles the moral conscience of the superego
thich description
rich and vividly describing somthing
pragmatic tolerance and strategic support + public criminology
right to housing; community based infrastructure; might attract larger proportions of homeless into legal economy, enabling them to reduce their reliance on crime and stand up to predatory employers
Law enforcement risks
risk of detainment and necessary bribery in Mexico; no risk in US
doing stickup
robbing at gunpoint
forbids outlawing abortion
roe v wade
ready offender suitable target and absence of guardian
routine activities thoery requires these
spatial theory of crime
routineactivities theory overall is this type of theory
secondary deviance
rule breaking that emerges from the person's identity
*Counter Images and Anti-Prison* -Visualizing anti-prison shifts our focus from the commonsense assumption that policing and prisons create security, to the possibility of creating ______ by redirecting resources to provide for the basic human rights of all community members
safety
effects not causes
self control theory problems
guilty plea
the defendant admits to all charges in a criminal case "knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently"
group learning
social process theories say you learn to do crime through this type of learning
mode of production
societies particular form of work
Strain and conflict theory focus on the level of
society (from individual, group, institution, society lvls of analysis)
Mother Love
society condemns mothers more than fathers for using drugs and abandoning children; all homeless women had internalized this notion and had more contact with their children; Tina's domestic stability stemmed from living with her sister and working at a nursing home; this all came crashing down when Sylvia was stabbed to death
High tech vs. no social services
society value high tech med tx but not low tech policies for hopelessly marginalized; Hank and Petey in and out of SF General, getting expensive tx to keep them alive; but they're left on the street where they can't get any help; Bourgeois became Chair of dept in med school at UCSF (offered 900k to move into new home in SF, juxtaposed with SF General falling apart); No systematic coordination between high tech and social services
the identity of the victim
some assaults become aggravated assaults depending on the status of the victim. (i.e. many states punish assault on *police officers, firefighters and even teachers* as aggravated assault). Typically, for it to constitute 'aggravated assault,' *the victim must have been performing his or her duty when assaulted, and the perpetrator must have known of the victim's status*.
identity of the victim
some assaults become aggravated depending on the status of the victim; police officers, firefighters, teachers, etc. as aggravated
biological theory
some human beings have inherent, biological characteristics or traits that lead to criminal acts under certain conditions
Labeling Theory and the mainstream *Lecture 3*
some of the terms have moved into the realm of acceptable mainstream culture - bank robbers/drug dealers = glamorized - snitches/ child molesters = hated
Harm
someone must have suffered as a result of the crime
excusable homicide
sometimes distinguished because it involves some fault on the person who ultimately uses deadly force; some states require the person to retreat before using deadly force self defense: most states do not require retreat if the individual is attacked or threatened in his or her home at this point justifiable homicide is most widely used
excusable homicide vs. justifiable homicide
sometimes distinguished on the basis that it involves some fault on the part of the person who ultimately uses *deadly force*. Generally, the distinction between the two has mostly disappeared, and only the term justifiable homicide is widely used.
Social Ecology: landscapes *Lecture 3*
space-based crime by crowding and mixed-use development
primary deviance
spontaneous minor rule violations)
prosecutors
staff w the legitiamite power to enforce
somatotyping
the area of study, primarily linked to William Sheldon, that links body type to risk for delinquent and criminal behavior. Also, as a methodology, it is a way of ranking body types based on three categories: 1) endomorphy 2) mesomorphy, and 3) ectomorphy (129)
severity of punishment
the assumption is that a given punishment must be serious enough to outweigh any potential benefits gained from a crime (72)
determinism
the assumption that human behavior is caused by factors outside of free will and rational decision making (119)
limited jurisdiction
the authority of the court to hear and decide cases whithin an area of the law or a geographic territory (8)
judicial waiver
the authority to waive juvenile court jurisdiction and transfer the case to criminal court (11)
Micro
the badass; working class male street braggadocio and violent rejection of mainstream or middle class values; offers magical symbolic solutions to actual class realities
relations of production and means of production
the base is made up of this
Phernology
the belief that the bumps on the skull represent more or less of a certain characteristic about a person
temporal ordering
the criterion for determining causality;requires that the predictor variable (X) precedes the explanatory variable (Y) in time (17)
In inductive research
the data drives the theory
What does Marx say "the superstructure" of Conflict Theory is? *Lecture 4*
the meta-narrative that organizes a particular society - beliefs (people are individuals) - norms (people are responsible for themselves) - the institutions (irresponsible people should be punished) - the concept of 'the criminal justice system' is an aspect of the superstructure *everything in the superstructure serves the base*
Ontology
the nature of reality
criteria for scoring hate crimes
the offender and the victim should belong to different races, religions, disabilities, sexual orientations, ethnicities, genders/gender identities certain objects, items, or things which indicate bias should be used bias-related drawings, markings, symbols, or graffiti left at the crime scene
ego
the only conscious domain of the psyche according to freud
determinism
the opposite of rational choice thoery
stigmata
the physical manifestations of atavism (biological inferiority), according to Lombroso (117)
the base
the political economic system
What does Marx say "the base" of Conflict Theory is? *Lecture 4*
the political economic system - all humans need to engage in 'productive behavior' - all societies will develop a 'mode of production'
autonomic nervous system
the portion of the nervous system that consists of our anxiety levels, such as fight or flight response, as well as our involuntary motor activities (e.g., heart rate) (157)
central nervous system
the portion of the nervous system that largely consists of the brain and spinal column and is responsible for our voluntary motor activities (154)
brutalization effect
the predicted tendency of homicides to increase after an execution, particularly after high-profile executions (70)
National Crime Victimization Survey
the primary purpose of NCVS is to collect information that was previously unavailable on crime, victims, and offenders
Deviance amplification (Labeling Theory) *Lecture 3*
the punishment leads to more deviance than the original crime
swiftness of punishment
the quicker punishment made, more likely will be deterred in the future
temporal lobe
the region of the brain responsible for a variety of functions and that is located right above many primary limbic structures that govern our emotional and memory functions (153)
criminology
the scientific study of crime and the reasons why people engage (or don't engage) in criminal behavior (5)
victimology
the scientific study of victims of crime (20)
Everyday violence (Theoretical Approaches to Social Suffering) *Lecture 4*
the social production of indifference in the face of institutionalized brutalities
In deductive research
the theory drives the data
viscerotonic
the type of temperament or personality associated wit an endomorphic (obese) body type; these people tend to be jolly, lazy, and happy-go-lucky (130)
cerebrotonic
the type of temperament or personality associated with and ectomorph (thin) body type; these people tend to be introverted and shy (130)
personal value
the value of a thing to you
crimesploitation
to catch a predator, making a murderer crime focused reality tv, pseudo-documentary makes a spectacle of and thrives off criminology exploitation films = focus on forbidden topic and promise of shocking truths) promises of unfiltered knowledge about normally hidden or off limits experiences (auto theft, crack smoking, prison violence) narrative simplicity and repetition= minimal original content, recycled images cheap to produce and highly profitable pedagogical veneer: educate middle class consumers about the dangers of sex, drugs, and violence; shows what is forbidden to those who seek a life of middle class comfort porn & real killing are not crimspolitation because they show the signified of their signifier reassuring punishment: mass incarceration = sterile warehousing; crimesploitation = vivid punishment
What is the goal of the street photo-ethnography in Rightous Dopefiend? *Lecture 4*
to clarify the relationships between large-scale power forces and intimate ways of being in order to explain why the US, the wealthiest nation, has emerged as a pressure cooker for producing destitute addicts embroiled in everyday violence portray the full details of the agony and the ecstasy of surviving on the street as a heroin injector without beatifying or making a spectacle of the individuals involved, and without reifying the larger forces enveloping them
3 goals of the criminal justice system
to control crime to prevent crime to provide and maintain justice
policy implications
to what extent a theoretical model can be applied to a policy
empirical validity
to what extent a theoretical model is supported by scientific research
testability
to what extent a theory can be empirically and scientifically tested
Chicago School of Criminology
tried to identify aspects of crime that come from outside of a person
involuntary manslaughter
typically involves an unintentional killing that resulted from a person's criminal reckless or negligence disregard for human life 3 elements that must be satisfied: 1. someone who was killed as a result of the defendant's actions 2. the act either was inherently dangerous to others or done with reckless or negligent disregard for human life (drunk driving). 3. the defendant knew or should have known that his or her conduct was a threat to lives of others
Motivations for Drug Dealing
underwrite costs of personal drug use; underwrite incidental and entertainment expenses; spirit of capitalism; ego gratification and pursuit of status as drug dealers; sneaky thrills and being gangsta; warding off emasculating force of privilege
Globalization + work
undocumented immigrants were most visible, face-to-face competitors for day labor work; homeless were hostile and afraid of immigrants
routine activities thoery
unlit park thoery of crime example
DRD General Info
upper middle class white men; marijuana is biggest cash crop than any other agricultural commodity; authors had access bc they were peripheral members; closed market (dealers only sold to ppl they knew); dealers were heavy pot smokers; business majors; cocaine is the money maker, but is very expensive
crime
various definitions but from a legalistic approach, _____ is that which violates the law (3)
vice
victimless crimes aka
photoethnography
vivid photographs that do more than words can do, very dirty work and labor intensive and lots of time
crime free except isolated segreated areas
what is true about americ and crime geographically overall
The essence of classical exploitation
was a promise to deliver a stimulating glimpse of an off-limits topic—the female body, historical atrocities, vice—under the pretense of fulfilling a pedagogical mission.
strain theory durkheim
we all have pretty good access to goal, some ppl don't have same access to goal as harvard kids, lotsof ppl that don't have means to achieve goals which causes crime, have to figure out illegitamate means to reach goals, if you don't have that access will dvelop own,
What is the postmodernist approach to the criminal justice system? *Lecture 4*
we need to reconstruct the assumptions such as " individuals are responsible for crimes" and make the world "less harmful" - advocate the idea that crimes are created by interactions between *individuals and social structures*
assault with a deadly weapon
weapons classified as deadly weapons typically include things which could cause death or serious injury; constitutes weapons' manner in which they are used in the assault
Early advocates of biological theories
were Italian phrenologists who thought they could identify criminals by physical features like large jaws or giant ears - Lombroso - This is a form of determinism - Which is exactly the opposite of rational choice theory
Early advocates of biological theories
were Italian phrenologists who thought they could identify criminals by physical features like large jaws or giant ears - Lombroso: believed that criminality was inherited and that criminals could be identified by physical attributes
criminal procedure
what cases do the supreme court look at mostly for crimes
riskier behvaior including crime for stimulation
what do bio theory ppl say about ppl w low emotional arousal
they are rational
what does 3 strikes law assume of criminals
worse behavior to avoid 3rd strike
what does 3 strikes law encourage for 2 strike criminals
says capitalism creates crime
what does conflict go farther than strain in terms of crime theory
offender take responibiliy
what does restorative justice require
crowding and mixed use development
what does social ecology say crime is caused by
crime for thrill
what does strain thoery fall apart on
individual frame analysis
what does the law care about in terms of the paradigms of criminology
norms of the group
what explains crime best in social process theories
appears like less but still the same
what hapens if you crack down on guys drinking beer in street and clean up all grafiti according to broken window thoery
go to mental hospital but not guiilty
what happens if get an ngri
25 to life
what happens on thirds strike
eugenics
what has bio theories led to in some instances
harder to win a case
what has happened to m'naughten rule over time
preconventional level of morality
what is considered right and wrong
manipulation by prosecutors on criminals w one srike
what is problem in courts w 3 strikes law
answering innocence question
what is problem w making appeals faster for death peanalty
number of crimes/ 100k peopl
what is the crime rate determined by
Crimesploitation tends to include:
•A journey into deviance: - Constructing Others - Promises of unfiltered knowledge about normally-hidden or off limits experiences •Narrative simplicity and repetition: - Minimal original content •Cheap to produce and highly profitable: - no actors - high ratings •Pedagogical veneer: -Classical exploitation created fake ethnography •Different from porn or real killing: -Neither porn nor real killing are crimesploitation because they show the signified (i.e., the act of decapitation) of their signifier (the horror of ritualistic slaughter) -They do not titillate—they end with the money shot of male orgasm or death -Crimesploitation displays partial nudity and dead bodies, but never sex or murder • Gangsploitation: - Spectacle reflects and reinforces middle-class fascination with and fears about young men of color • Anti-Boredom-Technology •Reassuring punishment
Crimesploitation
•Crime focused reality TV •Verisimilitude (the appearance of truth) •Pseudo-documentary •Produced for profit - The opposite of criminology • Criminology aims to explain criminal behavior and reduce crime and punishment • Crimesploitation makes a spectacle of and thrives off them
Labeling Theory
•Lemert proposed -'primary' deviance (spontaneous minor rule violations) and -'secondary' deviance (rule breaking that emerges from the person's identity) •Becker's theory of deviance: -1) powerful social groups make rules -2) apply the rules to particular people -3) label the rule breakers outsiders
problems with labelling theory
•Powerless groups have -less control over what is labeled criminal -and have little power to resist the labels •Chambliss' famous study where he followed similar groups of teenage boys and found that urban, lower-class, offenders were labeled differently than middle class boys •The lower class kids were 'criminals' and the middle class boys were 'typical boys being boys' •Deviance amplification: the punishment leads to more deviance than the original crime
Different paradigms of criminology
•Rational choice theory •Biological theories •Psychological theories •Social learning theories •Control theory •Structural theories •Conflict or critical theories
The Lethality of the Badass
•The badass can never remain the badass -Unless he is dead •The only real badass is the state
4 levels of analysis to explain crime
•The individual (a gang member) •The organization (a gang) •The institution (a school) •The society (neoliberal capitalism)