LP 3 AP 23 Questions

secondary bronchi

Branches off of the primary bronchi that each serve one lobe of the lung

T/F: The trachea is lined with O shaped rings of hyaline cartilage.

FALSE: C-shaped

T/F The longest segment of the small intestine is the duodenum

False - ileum

T/F: the mesentery is a double fold of parietal peritoneum

False - visceral

what are the functions of intercalated discs?

H2O + CO2 <--> H2CO3 <--> HCO3- + H+

Lungs and lobes

Lungs are organs composed of elastic connective tissue and tiny air sacs called alveoli. Each lung is divided into sections (three in the right lung and two in the left lung) called lobes.

alveolar ducts

Portion of the respiratory bronchiole made up exclusively of alveoli

pulmonary gas exchange

The diffusion of gases across the respiratory membrane

T/F Bile is produced by the gallbladder

False - stored

terminal bronchioles

Passageways smaller than 0.5 mm in diameter that control airflow to the structures for gas exchange

respiratory bronchioles

Small branches off the terminal bronchioles that have alveoli in their walls

tidal volume

amount of air exchanged with normal, quiet ventilation

carbonic acid - bicarbonate buffer system

System by which carbonic acid and bicarbonate buffer the blood and resist changes in pH

T/F: The paranasal sinuses filter, warm and humidify inhaled air.

True

T/F: circumvallate papillae are located at the posterior tongue and house taste buds

True

hypoventilation

a decrease in the rate and depth of ventilation.

expiration

expelling of air from the lungs

the condition Crohn's disease is a disease of the immune system that results in inflammation of different parts of the digestive tract. One of the most commonly affected sites is the small intestine? predict the symptoms of this form of crohn;s disease.

intestinal villi increase the surface area available for absorption. When the villi are destroyed in Crohn's disease, fewer nutrients and less water are absorbed, resulting in diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, and nutrient deficiencies.

which of the following is not one of the components of the respiratory membrane?

smooth muscle fibers

alveoli

terminal structures of the respiratory tract; consist primarily of thin simple squamous epithelium through which gases are exchanged with the blood.

pharynx

the area located posterior to the nasal cavity, the oral cavity, and the larynx

intrapulmonary pressure

The force exerted by the weight of the air within the lungs

primary bronchi

The initial branches off of the trachea that each serve one lung

trachea

The portion of the respiratory tract in the inferior neck and mediastinum that connects the larynx with the bronchial tree

T/F the three smooth muscle layers of the stomach allow it to perform churning motion

True

The final passages of the respiratory zone, which have walls made of alveoli, are called?

alveolar ducts

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

amount of air forcibly expired after a tidal inspiration

inspiratory reserve volume

amount of air forcibly inspired after a tidal inspiration

residual volume

amount of air remaining in the lungs are expiration of the expiratory reserve volume

larynx

cartilage-framed region of the respiratory tract within the neck that houses the vocal cords

The muscles of inspiration

increase lung volume and decrease intrapulmonary pressure

calculate inspiratory capacity, vital capacity, and total lung capacity for a patient with the following pulmonary volumes TV: 600ml ERV: 1,450ml IRV= 2,650ml RV= 1,300ml

inspiratory capacity = 3,250ml Vital capacity= 4,700ml total lung capacity= 6,000ml

inspiratory capacity nerve

maximum amount of air inspired after a tidal expiration

clusters of bile salts, digested lipids, and other nonpolar susbastances that escort lipids to enterocytes are called

micelles

Henry accidentally inhales a fragment of a carrot, and it lodges deep in his respiratory tract, in the respiratory bronchioles of his right lower lobe. Trace the pathway the piece of carrot had to take from his mouth to his respiratory bronchiole

mouth -> oropharynx -> laryngopharynx -> larynx -> trachea -> right primary bronchus -> right inferior secondary bronchus -> tertiary bronchus -> bronchial tree -> bronchiole -> terminal bronchiole -> respiratory bronchiole

inspiration

movement of air into the lungs

the lungs elastic recoil is responsible for

passive expiration

which of the following correctly describes the relationship of pressure and volume according to boyle's law

pressure and volume are inversably proportional-as volume increases, pressure decreases

boyle's law

principle stating that the pressure and volume of a container are inversely proportional-as pressure increases, volume decreases, and vice versa

the folds of the stomach are known as

rugae

Respiratory Tract

series of highly branching passages that conduct air to the structures for gas exchange

the pleural cavity contains a think layer of ______, which functions to ________

serous fluid; reduce friction as the lungs change shape and size

what are the functional differences between the conducting zone and the respiratory zone?

the conducting zone transports air, during which time it is warmed, humidified, and filtered. The respiratory zone contains alveoli, through which gas exchange occurs.

tissue gas exchange

the diffusion of gas between the blood and the tissue

Which of the following is not a trend we find in the respiratory tract?

the epithelium gradually increases in height as we move deeper into the respiratory tract

atmospheric pressure

the force exerted by the weight of air in the atmosphere

lourdes has been diagnosed with gallstones that are blocking the cystic duct will a blockage of the cystic duct interfere with the production of bile? why or why not?

the gallbladder only stores bile produced by the liver -- it does not make bile. For this reason, a cystic duct blockage will not hamper bile production

Henry accidentally inhales a fragment of a carrot, and it lodges deep in his respiratory tract, in the respiratory bronchioles of his right lower lobe. The carrot caused inflammation around the alveoli in the affected area, which has collapsed the alveoli, how would this affect his ability to exchange gases?

the grapelike structure of the alveoli provides a huge surface area for gas exchange. When the alveoli collapse, surface area decreases drastically, giving far less surface area for gas exchange.

pulmonary gas exchange is best defined as

the movement of gases across the respiratory membrane

gas transport

the movement of gases through the blood

pulmonary ventilation

the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs

Pleural Cavity

very thin potential space between the parietal and visceral pleurae, filled with serous fluid

funcitonal residual capacity (FRC)

volume of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration

carbonic anhydrase

Enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of water and carbon dioxide into carbonic acid; it also catalyzes the reverse reaction

T/F: The pyloric sphincter regulates flow from the esophagus to the stomach

False- stomach -> duodenum

T/F the Left primary bronchus is shorter, straighter, and wider than the right primary bronchus

False: Right -> left

T/F: The superior vocal folds are the true vocal cords

False: inferior

T/F: bronchioles are passages of the respiratory tract that are less than 1mm in diameter.

True

what are the key differences between a restrictive and an obstructive disease?

a restrictive disease reduces lung distensibility, making inspiration difficult. An obstructive disease increases airway resistance, making expiration difficult

the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that breaks down carbohydrates is

amylase

hyperventilation

an increase in the rate and depth of ventilation

nasal cavity

area within the skull framed by cartilage and bone that extends from the anterior nares to the posterior nares; filters, warms, and moistens inhaled air.

carbon dioxide is transported through the blood primarily as ______ ions due to a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme _______

bicarbonate -> carbonic anhydrase

lourdes has been diagnosed with gallstones that are blocking her cystic duct What functional impairment will lourdes face with a blockage of a cystic duct?

bile leaves the gallbladder through the cystic duct. the gallbaldder stores bile, so less bile will be released than normal. This will interfere with the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids.

bile drains from the gallbladder via the ____ duct and drains from the liver via the ___________ duct. These two ducts unite to form the __________ duct.

cystic -> common hepatic ---> common bile

which of the following statements about the alveoli is true?

the grape-like structure of the alveolar sacs creates a huge surface are for pulmonary gas exchange.

what happens to the pH of the blood during hyperventilation, and why?

the pH of blood increases during hyperventilation because carbon dioxide is "blown off". This decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood, which in turn decreases the number of hydrogen ions released from carbonic anhydrase. This increase the pH of the blood.

respiration

the physiological process that consists of four separate processes: pulmonary ventilation, pulmonary gas exchange, gas transport, and tissue gas exchange.

total lung capacity

total amount of air exchangeable with pulmonary ventilation and the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration

vital capacity

total amount of exchangeable air with pulmonary ventilation