Lymphatic System

Vaccine

A preparation that includes an antigen that can stimulate a primary immune response against a particular pathogen but does NOT produce symptoms of the associated infectious disease.

antibody

A protein that acts against a specific antigen

hilum of lymph node

A shallow indentation where blood vessels and nerves reach the lymph node

Xenograft

A transplant where tissue is received another species. ( pig heart valve for instance.)

Isograft

A transplant where tissue is received by an identical twin.

Allograft

A transplant where tissue is received from an unrelated person.

Autograft

A transplant where tissue is received from another part of the recipients body.

Allergy

A type 1 hypersensitivity response to an otherwise harmless antigen is commonly called an _______.

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 T cells)

A type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer cells

neutrophils

A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.

phagocytes

A type of white blood cell that ingests invading microbes

reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Act against an enzyme HIV uses in its replication cycle Do not harm people because humans lack reverse transcriptase

Hodgkin's disease (HD)

Also called Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cancer of the lymphatic cells found in concentration in the lymph nodes.

reverse transcriptase

An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.

opsonization

An immune response in which the binding of antibodies to the surface of a microbe facilitates phagocytosis of the the microbe by a macrophage

Blood Flow

An increase in _____is what accounts for the redness and heat in an inflamed area.

spleen

An organ that is part of the lymphatic system; it produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells.

Innate

Another term for the bodies Non specific Body Defenses.

histamine

Chemical stored in mast cells that triggers dilation and increased permeability of capillaries.

leukotrienes

Chemical substances that contribute to anaphylaxis; released by the immune system in allergic reactions.

lymph

Clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease

chemotaxis

Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus

T cells

Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.

B cells

Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses.

plasma cells

Cells that develop from B cells and produce antibodies.

Chemotaxis

Cellular migration that is directed by a chemical gradient.

granzymes

Enzymes that attach proteins of target cells and induce apoptosis

memory cells

General term for lymphocytes that are responsible for immunological memory and protective immunity.

immunoglobulin

Globular plasma proteins that function as an antibody.

B Cells

Humoral immunity is mediated by the _____.

innate immunity

Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens. External physical barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes. Also includes antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, imflammation, and fever.

antibody-mediated immunity

Immunity that results from the presence of antibodies in blood and lymph.

phagosome

Intracellular vesicle containing material taken up by phagocytosis.

phagolysosome

Intracellular vesicle formed by fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome, in which the phagocytosed material is broken down by degradative lysosomal enzymes.

Leukocytes and Macrophages

Lymph nodes contain a large number of white blood cells called ______ and _______ that fight invading microorganisms.

secondary lymphatic organs

Lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen Immunocompetent cells populate these tissues

Nodules

Lymphatic ______ that contain germinal centers are the structural units of a lymph node.

Lymphatic Capillaries

Lymphatic pathways begin as ________ that merge to form lymphatic vessels.

Valves

Lymphatic vessels contain_______ that help prevent the backflow of lymph.

Veins

Lymphatic vessels have walls similar to those of _____ but thinner.

Nodes

Lymphatic vessels usually lead to lymph _____ that filter pathogens that are likely to use blood and lymph as a means of transport.

Antimicrobial

Lysozyme and Sebum both have _______ activity.

Tuberculosis

Purified protein derivative is used to screen for _____.

Autoimmune disease

SLE or Systemic lupus erythematosis is a disease that produce abnormal antibodies from B-Cells that attack normal tissues.

Sebaceous

Sebum is a product of the _____ glands and acts at the surface of the skin as an innate body defense

Opsonization

Some of the chemicals released during complement fixation enhance phagocytosis. This is called ______. Other chemicals released act to amplify the inflammatory response.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1)

Stimulates TH cells in presence of antigens; attracts phagocytes

Innate

Surface membrane barriers consisting of the skin and mucosa, natural Killer Cells and phagocytes, as well as a whole deluge of chemicals that promote inflammatory and antimicrobial reactions are all part of the bodies ____ defenses.

Perforin

T cells may produce _____, which is lethal to the target cells invaded by a pathogen.

Neutrophils

The first phagocytes to migrate into an injured area.

Proteins

There are many molecules that act as complete antigens, however ___ are the most potent.

Antibodies

There are proteins released by plasma cells that mark antigens for destruction by phagocytes or complement.

Haptens

These small molecules are not usually antigentic, but when they combine with a larger protein creates a powerful antigen.

Bone Marrow

They lymphocytes of the thymus develop from precursor cells that originated in the _______.

IgG

This Immunoglobulin defends against bacteria, viruses, and toxins and activates compliment. It also crosses the placenta.

Complement

This antibody enhances phagocytosis and can be initiated by any type of antibody fixation.

Mucus

This entraps microrganisms that enter the respiratory passages.

Naturally acquired active immunity

This form of immunity develops after a primary immune response and is a response to exposure to a live pathogen.

Artificially acquired active immunity

This form of immunity that is a result of receiving a vaccine for a particular infectious disease.

IgM

This immunoglobulin is a 5 monomer unit polymer, is the first antibody released during the primary response and also reacts with a mismatched blood transfusion. It also activates complement.

IgD

This immunoglobulin is on the surface of most B cells.

IgA

This immunoglobulin is produced in an exocrine gland and it's secretions Defend against bacteria and viruses. It's predominantly found in mucus, saliva, and tears.

IgE

This immunoglobulin occurs as an exocrine gland secretion and promotes inflammation and allergic responses.

Interleukin-2

This is a chemical produced by T-Cells which then stimulate other T-Cells to produce toxins which attack the antigen.

Lysozyme

This is found in the body secretions of tears and saliva and is part of the bodies nonspecific defense.

Diapedesis

This is how leukocytes pass through the wall of a capillary.

Interferon

This is synthesized in response to a viral infection on a cell. The infected cell produces this and releases ___ protein which diffuse to nearby cells. This process prevents viruses from multiplying on those neighboring cells.

Immunodeficiency

This is the cause of individuals who have abnormal immune cells or complement and are unable to combat infections that would present no problem for normally healthy people. AIDS and SCID are examples.

Jugular Lymphatic veins

This is the lymphatic vessel that drains the head.

Fetal Life

This is the period of life where immunocompetence develops and the ability to tolerate "self" occurs.

Macrophages

This is the phagocytic offspring of monocytes.

Thymus

This is the site of the maturation of T lymphocytes and the production of thymosine.

Naturally acquired passive immunity

This is the type of immunity that a fetus acquires from the mother during gestation and from the mothers milk after birth.

Subclavian Trunk

This is trunk vessels drains the arm areas

Thymus

This lymphatic organ is located in the mediastinum, anterior to the aortic arch.

Lymph Nodes

This organ monitors the composition of the lymph

Helper T Cell

This population of T cells bind with and release chemicals that activate B cells, T cells and macrophages. Also is activated by recognizing both it's antigen and a self-protein presented on the surface of a macrophage.

Hilum

This region is where blood vessels enter the spleen.

Edema

This results from accumulation of fluid that is leaked from the bloodstream.

Cytotoxic T Cell

This type of T - cell directly attacks and lyses cellular pathogens.

Memory Cell

This type of T cell initiates secondary responses to an antigen it recognizes as foreign.

Regulatory Cell

This type of T cell turns off the immune response when the "enemy" is no longer a threat.

Artificially acquired passive immunity

This type of immunity occurs when a person receives an intiserum with ready made antibodies because they have already been exposed to a particular infection. Hepatitis A is an example of this.

75%

Thymus derived lymphocytes comprise ____% of the circulating lymphocytes.

False ( A B-cell can recognize an antigen but a T cell usually requires an antigen-presenting cell to recognize antigens.)

True or False: B cells usually require the presence of some activating factor before they can recognize an antigen.

True

True or False: During old age, the effectiveness of the immune system declinesand elders are more at risk for immunodeficiencies, autoimmune disease, and cancer.

False

True or False: T cells and macrophages are responsible for producing tissue thromboplastin.

False (Phagocytic cells may play roles in either a non-specific or specific immune mechanism.)

True or false: All phagocytes belong to the nonspecific mechanisms of defense.

Cytotoxic T

Tumors are most likely inactivated by _____ cells.

Cytokins

Type of polypeptide secreted by a T lymphocyte that enhances cellular responses to antigens. .

efferent lymphatic vessels

Vessel in which lymph and lymphocytes leave a lymph node en route to the blood.

afferent lymphatic vessels

Vessels that bring lymph draining from connective tissue into a lymph node en route to the blood.

HIV/AIDS

Virus that destroys the immune system that should protect the body from diseases. The disease is passed from person to person through sexual acts, blood transfusions, used hypodermic needles, or from mother to child during birth.

Genes

What determins which antigen a particular T or B cell will be able to recognize, It's genes or it's antigens?

Medulla of Lobule

What is A indicating on this Thymus Lobule?

Cortex of Lobule

What is B indicating on this thymus Lobule

Thoracic Duct

What is B?

Axillary Lymph Nodes

What is D?

Antigen

What triggers the process of clonal selection in a T or B cell, it's genes or it's antigen?

Cellular immunity

When living cells provide the protection, the immunity is referred to as ______.

Humoral immunity

When the immune resistance is provided by antibodies that are released to body fluids, the immunity is called ____.

B Lymphocytes

Which cell type is found in greatest abundance in the germinal centers?

Gamma-Interferon

Which factor activates phagocytosis by monocytes?

CSF

Which factor stimulates B cell proliferation?

Fibroblast activity

Which inflammatory response provides the greatest protection form the spread of pathogens.

Spleen

Which lymphatic organ removes aged and defective red blood cells?

infectious mononucleosis

an infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that is characterized by fever, a sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes

residual bodies

an organelle containing the undigested remains from phagocytosis

adherence

attachment of a phagocyte to the surface of the microorganism

active cytotoxic T cells

attack other body cells that have been infected with the antigen

Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

cancer of the lymphatic tissues other than Hodgkin's lymphoma

lyphatic capillaries

capillaries which are located in the spaces between cells and are closed at one end

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

cells that process protein antigens and present them on their surface in a form that can be recognized by lymphocytes (white blood cells)

epitopes

certain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulate immune responses

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of collagen in skin, joints, and internal organs

white pulp of spleen

contains lymphocytes that can stimulate an immune response.

lymphatic nodules (follicles)

egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule

lymph trunks

formed by convergence of largest lymphatic collecting vessels; drain large areas of the body

adaptive immunity

immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen; slower to respond, has memory component

Leukocytosis

increase in the number of white blood cells

tonsilitis

inflammation of the tonsils

iron-binding proteins

inhibit growth of certain bacteria by reducing amount of available iron

secondary response

later interactions with the same foreign substance; faster and more effective due to "memory"

abcess

localized collection of pus

self-tolerance

lymphocytes unresponsive to own antigens

thymus gland

lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response

MHC-I

molecules found on every body cell that presents antigen; signals cytotoxic T to destroy

MHC-II

molecules found on macrophages, B cells, and activated T cells; signal helper T cells

alternative pathway of complement activation

one of three pathways of complement activation. It is triggered by the presence of infection but does not involve antibody. The early stages leading to cleavage of C3 involve iC3b, factor B, and factor D.

ulcer

open sore

macrophages

phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells

Interferons

proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response

complement proteins

proteins in blood that help destroy pathogens by coating or puncturing them

natural killer cells (NK cells)

pursue diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer)

Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)

rare genetic disorder characterized by the disturbed development of functional T cells and B cells caused by numerous genetic mutations.Patients are usually affected by severe bacterial, viral, or fungal infections early in life and often present with interstitial lung disease, chronic diarrhea, and failure to thrive

thoracic duct

receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities

self-recognition

recognizing your own MHC proteins

primary lymphatic organs

red bone marrow and thymus gland

prostoglandins

released by damaged cells and intensify the effects of histamine and kinins

active helper T cells

secrete cytokines as costimulators; display CD4 proteins

hapten

small molecule that has to bind to a larger molecule to form an antigen

lymphatic tissue

specialized form of reticular connective tissue that contains large numbers of lymphocytes

lacteals

specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream

complete antigens

substances with both immunogenicity and reactivity

spleenectomy

surgical removal of the spleen

Immunocompetence

the ability of the body to react with countless foreign substances

emigration

when neutrophils squeeze through the wall of a blood vessel to reach a damaged area

chyle

white or pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals

inflammation

A consequence of the release of histamine and of complement activation.

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

A family of genes that encode a large set of cell surface proteins called MHC molecules. Class I and class II MHC molecules function in antigen presentation to T cells. Foreign MHC molecules on transplanted tissue can trigger T cell responses that may lead to rejection of the transplant

complement system

A group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse extracellular pathogens.

Chemical

Acids, lysozyme, protein-digestive enzymes, sebum provide ___ barriers.

T cells

Accounts for most of the Lymphocytes in circulation.

3 Liters

Approximately this much fluid per day is returned to the bloodstream by the lymphatic system.

Secondary Immune Response

Are the following characteristics of a primary immune response or a secondary immune response: * Antibody levels increase rapidly and remain high for an extended period. * The Second, third, and subsequent responses to the same antigen.

lymph nodes

Bean-shaped filters that cluster along the lymphatic vessels of the body. They function as a cleanser of lymph as wells as a site of T and B cell activation

Primary Immune Response

Are the following characteristics of a primary immune response or a secondary immune response: *The initial response to an antigen: the gearing - up stage *A lag period of several days occurs before antibodies specific to the antigen appear in the bloodstream. *Immunological memory is established.

Lymph Node

Area where Antigen challenge and clonal selection are likely to occur.

Bone marrow

Area where B cells become immunocompetent.

Thymus

Area where T cells become immunocompetent.

Bone marrow

Area where immature lymphocytes arise.

lyzozyme

Antimicrobial enzyme

True

Antibodies are specifically produced only in response to definite antigens or foreign substances and are therefore specific immune defenses.

Activated

B cell is ______ when it encounters an antigen that matches it's B cell receptors and receives cytokines from helper T cells.

kinins

Blood proteins that help inflammation, blood pressure control, coagulation, and pain

Peyer's Patch

Collectively called MALT

Plasma Proteins

Complement is a system of ________ _________ that circulate in the blood in an inactive form.

Activated

Complement needs to be _____, and when it is, it becomes attached to the surface of a foreign cell. (bacteria, fungi, red non self red blood cells)

lymphatic system

Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection.

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

Concentrations of lymphatic tissue without a connective tissue capsule

Autoimmune Disease

Conditions such as Multiple sclerosis and rheumatic fever occurs when the body's own immune system starts to attach "self".

IgA antibodies

Dimer 10-15% of serum antibodies In secretions Mucosal protection Half-life = 6 days

Acidic

Fluids found in the stomach and female reproductive tract have an ___ pH as part of the body's innate defense.

costimulation

For T cell to be activated, it must be costimulated By binding to stimulating cell at second site Which confirms the first signal

Antigens

Foreign Substances that can trigger an immune response.

red pulp of spleen

Function of is the destruction of old worn out RBCs

B cell receptor (BCR)

Molecule on the surface of a B cell that binds to a specific antigen.

IgE antibodies

Monomer 0.002% of serum antibodies On mast cells, on basophils, and in blood Allergic reactions; lysis of parasitic worms Half-life = 2 days

IgD antibodies

Monomer 0.2% of serum antibodies In blood, in lymph, and on B cells On B cells, initiate immune response Half-life = 3 days

IgG antibodies

Monomer 80% of serum antibodies Fix complement In blood, lymph, and intestine Cross placenta Enhance phagocytosis; neutralize toxins and viruses; protects fetus and newborn Half-life = 23 days

IgG

Most of the circulating antibodies are derived from imunoglobulin ______.

Mechanical

Mucosae and skin provide (mechanical or chemical) barriers.

Lymphatic Vessels

Number 6?

Negative selection of T cells

Occurs in medulla of thymus. T cells expressing TCRs with high affinity for self antigens undergo apoptosis.

Lymph

Once tissue ( interstitial fluid) is inside a lymphatic capillary, the fluid is called ______.

perforin

One of the proteins released by cytotoxic T cells on contact with their target cells. It forms pores in the target cell membrane that contribute to cell killing.

classical pathway of complement activation

One of three pathways of complement activation. It is activated by antibody bound to antigen, and involves complement components C1, C4, and C2 in the generation of the C3 and C5 convertases. See also alternative pathway of complement activation; lectin pathway of complement activation.

Holes

One result of the complement fixation to the foreign cell is that ______ or lesions appear in the membrane of the foreign cell.

Lymph Node

Only 20-30% of the circulating lymphocytes are B-Cells, the majority of the B Cells reside in the _______.

IgA

Part of the reason for the decline of immunity in the elderly is due to the fact that the the ____ antibody is unable to get to the mucosal surfaces where they carry out their normal protective role.

IgM antibodies

Pentamer 5-10% of serum Abs Fix complement In blood, in lymph, and on B cells Agglutinates microbes; first Ab produced in response to infection Half-life = 5 days

Macrophages

Phagocytic cells that act as accessory cells in the immune response are the _______.

Tonsils

Prevents bacteria from breaching the intestinal wall.

memory B cells

Produced during a B cell response, but are not involved in antibody producing during the initial infection; are held in reserve for the rest of your life in case you encounter that pathogen again.

antimicrobial proteins

Proteins that inhibit microbial reproduction and provide short-term, nonspecific resistance to pathogenic bacteria and viruses

Helper T cells (CD4 T cells)

T cells that help the immune system by increasing the activity of killer cells and stimulating the suppressor T cells

Positive selection of T cells

T cells that recognize MHC peptides are retained

True

T-cell lymphocytes die if they are NOT capable of recognizing foreign particles. (True or False?)

Hilum

The Indented region where blood vessels and nerves join a lymph node is called the ___

Infection

The Invasion, growth and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria that cause damage to a tissue.

Intestinal

The Lymphatic trunk that drains the abdominal viscera is called the ______ trunk.

Adaptive

The fact that it is antigen-specific, systemic, and has memory are the three most important characteristics of the _____ immune response.

Fat

The Thymus tissue is replaced with ____ as a person ages.

Thoracic

The _____ duct is the larger and longer of the two lymphatic collecting ducts.

Red Pulp

The _____ pulp of the spleen function to phagocytize senescent cells.

Plasma Cell

The _______ cell is the specific cell derived from the B-cell population which can produce specific antibodies.

Peyers Patch

The aggregations of lymph nodes found within the mucosal lining of the small intestine.

Neutralization

The binding of antibodies to sites on bacteria and viruses that causes cell injury to those bacteria and viruses is called _______.

immunological memory

The capacity of the immune system to generate a secondary immune response against a specific antigen for a lifetime

Bone Marrow

The cells within the thymus gland probably originated from the _______.

Lymphatic Capsule

The connective tissue that encloses a lymph node.

T-Cells

The delayed reaction allergy to a chemical such as contact dermatitis is caused by the ____ cells.

Liver

The earliest lymphocyte stem cells that can be identified appear during the first month of development are in the fetal _____.

antigen receptor

The general term for a surface protein, located on B cells and T cells, that binds to antigens, initiating adaptive immune responses. The antigen receptors on B cells are called B cell receptors, and the antigen receptors on T cells are called T cell receptors.

Amino Acids

The heavy chains of an imunoglobulin differ from the light because they have more _______.

Lysis

The holes or lesions in the foreign cells membrane that caused by the complement, causes water to rush into the foreign cell. This causes ____ of the foreign cell.

Thymosins

The hormone secreted by the thymus.

Histamine

The inflammatory chemical that is released by injured cells.

antigen processing

The intracellular degradation of proteins into peptides that bind to MHC molecules for presentation to T cells.

Axillary, Inguinal, and abdominal

The largest collections of lymph nodes are found in what three body regions?

Spleen

The largest organ of the lymphatic system; also serves as a blood reservoir.

Inguinal region

The lymph nodes in this region are associated with the lymphatic vessels that drain the lower limbs.

Cervical region

The lymph nodes in this region are associated with the lymphatic vessels that drain the scalp, face, nasal cavity, and pharynx.

Jugular

The lymphatic trunk that drains the head and neck is called the _____trunk.

T cells, B Cells

The major actors in the immune response are two lymphocyte populations, the ______ cells and _____ cells.

Red Pulp

The part of the spleen containing the large number of red blood cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages is called _____.

White blood cells

The presence of inflammatory chemicals promote the release of ______ from the bone marrow.

Immunocompetent

The presents of antigen-specific receptors on the membrane of a lymphocyte signifies that the lymphocyte has become __________.

antigen presentation

The process by which an MHC molecule binds to a fragment of an intracellular protein antigen and carries it to the cell surface, where it is displayed and can be recognized by a T cell.

clonal selection

The process by which an antigen selectively binds to and activates only those lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen. The selected lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells and a clone of memory cells specific for the stimulating antigen.

Subclavian veins

The right and left lymphatic ducts empty their lymphatic fluid into the respective __________ where the lymph is mixed with venous blood returning to the heart.

cytolysis

The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure.

Blood

The sinuses within the spleen contain _____ and can act like a reserve in the event of a hemorrhage in a different location.

antigen binding site

The site on an immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor molecule that binds specific antigen.

Lymphatic Sinus

The spaces within a a lymph node through which lymph circulates.

Immunity

The third line of defense is called _______.

Puberty

The thymus is at it's greatest size during infancy and starts to decrease in size starting ____.

White Pulp

The tiny nodules of tissue within the spleen that contain many lymphocytes are called ______.

squamous epithelial

The wall of a lymphatic capillary consists of a single layer of _______cells.

Produces and Releases Antibodies

What is the function of the B lymphocytes daughter cells?

Thymus

What organ is particularly large and important during youth and helps to program T Cells of the immune system?

IgA

Which type of immunoglobulin molecule is passed on to nursing infants in breast milk?

Macrophages

______ within the spleen engulf and destroy foreign particles and cellular debris.

autoimmune disease

a disease in which the immune system attacks the organism's own cells

inflammation

a nonspecific response that is characterized by swelling, redness, pain, itching, and increased warmth at the affected site

splenomegaly

abnormal enlargement of the spleen

fever

elevated body temperature

primary response

first time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance

antigens

foreign substances that trigger the attack of antibodies in the immune response.

cytokine therapy

the use of cytokines to treat medical conditions

cell-mediated immunity

type of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells