Lymphatic System
Vaccine
A preparation that includes an antigen that can stimulate a primary immune response against a particular pathogen but does NOT produce symptoms of the associated infectious disease.
antibody
A protein that acts against a specific antigen
hilum of lymph node
A shallow indentation where blood vessels and nerves reach the lymph node
Xenograft
A transplant where tissue is received another species. ( pig heart valve for instance.)
Isograft
A transplant where tissue is received by an identical twin.
Allograft
A transplant where tissue is received from an unrelated person.
Autograft
A transplant where tissue is received from another part of the recipients body.
Allergy
A type 1 hypersensitivity response to an otherwise harmless antigen is commonly called an _______.
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8 T cells)
A type of lymphocyte that kills infected body cells and cancer cells
neutrophils
A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.
phagocytes
A type of white blood cell that ingests invading microbes
reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Act against an enzyme HIV uses in its replication cycle Do not harm people because humans lack reverse transcriptase
Hodgkin's disease (HD)
Also called Hodgkin's lymphoma. Cancer of the lymphatic cells found in concentration in the lymph nodes.
reverse transcriptase
An enzyme encoded by some certain viruses (retroviruses) that uses RNA as a template for DNA synthesis.
opsonization
An immune response in which the binding of antibodies to the surface of a microbe facilitates phagocytosis of the the microbe by a macrophage
Blood Flow
An increase in _____is what accounts for the redness and heat in an inflamed area.
spleen
An organ that is part of the lymphatic system; it produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells.
Innate
Another term for the bodies Non specific Body Defenses.
histamine
Chemical stored in mast cells that triggers dilation and increased permeability of capillaries.
leukotrienes
Chemical substances that contribute to anaphylaxis; released by the immune system in allergic reactions.
lymph
Clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease
chemotaxis
Cell movement that occurs in response to chemical stimulus
T cells
Cells created in the thymus that produce substances that attack infected cells in the body.
B cells
Cells manufactured in the bone marrow that create antibodies for isolating and destroying invading bacteria and viruses.
plasma cells
Cells that develop from B cells and produce antibodies.
Chemotaxis
Cellular migration that is directed by a chemical gradient.
granzymes
Enzymes that attach proteins of target cells and induce apoptosis
memory cells
General term for lymphocytes that are responsible for immunological memory and protective immunity.
immunoglobulin
Globular plasma proteins that function as an antibody.
B Cells
Humoral immunity is mediated by the _____.
innate immunity
Immunity that is present before exposure and effective from birth. Responds to a broad range of pathogens. External physical barriers such as the skin and mucous membranes. Also includes antimicrobial substances, natural killer cells, phagocytes, imflammation, and fever.
antibody-mediated immunity
Immunity that results from the presence of antibodies in blood and lymph.
phagosome
Intracellular vesicle containing material taken up by phagocytosis.
phagolysosome
Intracellular vesicle formed by fusion of a phagosome with a lysosome, in which the phagocytosed material is broken down by degradative lysosomal enzymes.
Leukocytes and Macrophages
Lymph nodes contain a large number of white blood cells called ______ and _______ that fight invading microorganisms.
secondary lymphatic organs
Lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen Immunocompetent cells populate these tissues
Nodules
Lymphatic ______ that contain germinal centers are the structural units of a lymph node.
Lymphatic Capillaries
Lymphatic pathways begin as ________ that merge to form lymphatic vessels.
Valves
Lymphatic vessels contain_______ that help prevent the backflow of lymph.
Veins
Lymphatic vessels have walls similar to those of _____ but thinner.
Nodes
Lymphatic vessels usually lead to lymph _____ that filter pathogens that are likely to use blood and lymph as a means of transport.
Antimicrobial
Lysozyme and Sebum both have _______ activity.
Tuberculosis
Purified protein derivative is used to screen for _____.
Autoimmune disease
SLE or Systemic lupus erythematosis is a disease that produce abnormal antibodies from B-Cells that attack normal tissues.
Sebaceous
Sebum is a product of the _____ glands and acts at the surface of the skin as an innate body defense
Opsonization
Some of the chemicals released during complement fixation enhance phagocytosis. This is called ______. Other chemicals released act to amplify the inflammatory response.
Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
Stimulates TH cells in presence of antigens; attracts phagocytes
Innate
Surface membrane barriers consisting of the skin and mucosa, natural Killer Cells and phagocytes, as well as a whole deluge of chemicals that promote inflammatory and antimicrobial reactions are all part of the bodies ____ defenses.
Perforin
T cells may produce _____, which is lethal to the target cells invaded by a pathogen.
Neutrophils
The first phagocytes to migrate into an injured area.
Proteins
There are many molecules that act as complete antigens, however ___ are the most potent.
Antibodies
There are proteins released by plasma cells that mark antigens for destruction by phagocytes or complement.
Haptens
These small molecules are not usually antigentic, but when they combine with a larger protein creates a powerful antigen.
Bone Marrow
They lymphocytes of the thymus develop from precursor cells that originated in the _______.
IgG
This Immunoglobulin defends against bacteria, viruses, and toxins and activates compliment. It also crosses the placenta.
Complement
This antibody enhances phagocytosis and can be initiated by any type of antibody fixation.
Mucus
This entraps microrganisms that enter the respiratory passages.
Naturally acquired active immunity
This form of immunity develops after a primary immune response and is a response to exposure to a live pathogen.
Artificially acquired active immunity
This form of immunity that is a result of receiving a vaccine for a particular infectious disease.
IgM
This immunoglobulin is a 5 monomer unit polymer, is the first antibody released during the primary response and also reacts with a mismatched blood transfusion. It also activates complement.
IgD
This immunoglobulin is on the surface of most B cells.
IgA
This immunoglobulin is produced in an exocrine gland and it's secretions Defend against bacteria and viruses. It's predominantly found in mucus, saliva, and tears.
IgE
This immunoglobulin occurs as an exocrine gland secretion and promotes inflammation and allergic responses.
Interleukin-2
This is a chemical produced by T-Cells which then stimulate other T-Cells to produce toxins which attack the antigen.
Lysozyme
This is found in the body secretions of tears and saliva and is part of the bodies nonspecific defense.
Diapedesis
This is how leukocytes pass through the wall of a capillary.
Interferon
This is synthesized in response to a viral infection on a cell. The infected cell produces this and releases ___ protein which diffuse to nearby cells. This process prevents viruses from multiplying on those neighboring cells.
Immunodeficiency
This is the cause of individuals who have abnormal immune cells or complement and are unable to combat infections that would present no problem for normally healthy people. AIDS and SCID are examples.
Jugular Lymphatic veins
This is the lymphatic vessel that drains the head.
Fetal Life
This is the period of life where immunocompetence develops and the ability to tolerate "self" occurs.
Macrophages
This is the phagocytic offspring of monocytes.
Thymus
This is the site of the maturation of T lymphocytes and the production of thymosine.
Naturally acquired passive immunity
This is the type of immunity that a fetus acquires from the mother during gestation and from the mothers milk after birth.
Subclavian Trunk
This is trunk vessels drains the arm areas
Thymus
This lymphatic organ is located in the mediastinum, anterior to the aortic arch.
Lymph Nodes
This organ monitors the composition of the lymph
Helper T Cell
This population of T cells bind with and release chemicals that activate B cells, T cells and macrophages. Also is activated by recognizing both it's antigen and a self-protein presented on the surface of a macrophage.
Hilum
This region is where blood vessels enter the spleen.
Edema
This results from accumulation of fluid that is leaked from the bloodstream.
Cytotoxic T Cell
This type of T - cell directly attacks and lyses cellular pathogens.
Memory Cell
This type of T cell initiates secondary responses to an antigen it recognizes as foreign.
Regulatory Cell
This type of T cell turns off the immune response when the "enemy" is no longer a threat.
Artificially acquired passive immunity
This type of immunity occurs when a person receives an intiserum with ready made antibodies because they have already been exposed to a particular infection. Hepatitis A is an example of this.
75%
Thymus derived lymphocytes comprise ____% of the circulating lymphocytes.
False ( A B-cell can recognize an antigen but a T cell usually requires an antigen-presenting cell to recognize antigens.)
True or False: B cells usually require the presence of some activating factor before they can recognize an antigen.
True
True or False: During old age, the effectiveness of the immune system declinesand elders are more at risk for immunodeficiencies, autoimmune disease, and cancer.
False
True or False: T cells and macrophages are responsible for producing tissue thromboplastin.
False (Phagocytic cells may play roles in either a non-specific or specific immune mechanism.)
True or false: All phagocytes belong to the nonspecific mechanisms of defense.
Cytotoxic T
Tumors are most likely inactivated by _____ cells.
Cytokins
Type of polypeptide secreted by a T lymphocyte that enhances cellular responses to antigens. .
efferent lymphatic vessels
Vessel in which lymph and lymphocytes leave a lymph node en route to the blood.
afferent lymphatic vessels
Vessels that bring lymph draining from connective tissue into a lymph node en route to the blood.
HIV/AIDS
Virus that destroys the immune system that should protect the body from diseases. The disease is passed from person to person through sexual acts, blood transfusions, used hypodermic needles, or from mother to child during birth.
Genes
What determins which antigen a particular T or B cell will be able to recognize, It's genes or it's antigens?
Medulla of Lobule
What is A indicating on this Thymus Lobule?
Cortex of Lobule
What is B indicating on this thymus Lobule
Thoracic Duct
What is B?
Axillary Lymph Nodes
What is D?
Antigen
What triggers the process of clonal selection in a T or B cell, it's genes or it's antigen?
Cellular immunity
When living cells provide the protection, the immunity is referred to as ______.
Humoral immunity
When the immune resistance is provided by antibodies that are released to body fluids, the immunity is called ____.
B Lymphocytes
Which cell type is found in greatest abundance in the germinal centers?
Gamma-Interferon
Which factor activates phagocytosis by monocytes?
CSF
Which factor stimulates B cell proliferation?
Fibroblast activity
Which inflammatory response provides the greatest protection form the spread of pathogens.
Spleen
Which lymphatic organ removes aged and defective red blood cells?
infectious mononucleosis
an infection caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) that is characterized by fever, a sore throat, and enlarged lymph nodes
residual bodies
an organelle containing the undigested remains from phagocytosis
adherence
attachment of a phagocyte to the surface of the microorganism
active cytotoxic T cells
attack other body cells that have been infected with the antigen
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
cancer of the lymphatic tissues other than Hodgkin's lymphoma
lyphatic capillaries
capillaries which are located in the spaces between cells and are closed at one end
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
cells that process protein antigens and present them on their surface in a form that can be recognized by lymphocytes (white blood cells)
epitopes
certain regions of an antigen molecule that stimulate immune responses
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease of collagen in skin, joints, and internal organs
white pulp of spleen
contains lymphocytes that can stimulate an immune response.
lymphatic nodules (follicles)
egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue that are not surrounded by a capsule
lymph trunks
formed by convergence of largest lymphatic collecting vessels; drain large areas of the body
adaptive immunity
immunity or resistance to a specific pathogen; slower to respond, has memory component
Leukocytosis
increase in the number of white blood cells
tonsilitis
inflammation of the tonsils
iron-binding proteins
inhibit growth of certain bacteria by reducing amount of available iron
secondary response
later interactions with the same foreign substance; faster and more effective due to "memory"
abcess
localized collection of pus
self-tolerance
lymphocytes unresponsive to own antigens
thymus gland
lymphoid organ in the mediastinum that conditions T cells to react to foreign cells and aids in the immune response
MHC-I
molecules found on every body cell that presents antigen; signals cytotoxic T to destroy
MHC-II
molecules found on macrophages, B cells, and activated T cells; signal helper T cells
alternative pathway of complement activation
one of three pathways of complement activation. It is triggered by the presence of infection but does not involve antibody. The early stages leading to cleavage of C3 involve iC3b, factor B, and factor D.
ulcer
open sore
macrophages
phagocytize foreign substances and help activate T cells
Interferons
proteins (cytokines) secreted by T cells and other cells to aid and regulate the immune response
complement proteins
proteins in blood that help destroy pathogens by coating or puncturing them
natural killer cells (NK cells)
pursue diseased cells (such as those infected by viruses or cancer)
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
rare genetic disorder characterized by the disturbed development of functional T cells and B cells caused by numerous genetic mutations.Patients are usually affected by severe bacterial, viral, or fungal infections early in life and often present with interstitial lung disease, chronic diarrhea, and failure to thrive
thoracic duct
receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities
self-recognition
recognizing your own MHC proteins
primary lymphatic organs
red bone marrow and thymus gland
prostoglandins
released by damaged cells and intensify the effects of histamine and kinins
active helper T cells
secrete cytokines as costimulators; display CD4 proteins
hapten
small molecule that has to bind to a larger molecule to form an antigen
lymphatic tissue
specialized form of reticular connective tissue that contains large numbers of lymphocytes
lacteals
specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream
complete antigens
substances with both immunogenicity and reactivity
spleenectomy
surgical removal of the spleen
Immunocompetence
the ability of the body to react with countless foreign substances
emigration
when neutrophils squeeze through the wall of a blood vessel to reach a damaged area
chyle
white or pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals
inflammation
A consequence of the release of histamine and of complement activation.
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
A family of genes that encode a large set of cell surface proteins called MHC molecules. Class I and class II MHC molecules function in antigen presentation to T cells. Foreign MHC molecules on transplanted tissue can trigger T cell responses that may lead to rejection of the transplant
complement system
A group of about 30 blood proteins that may amplify the inflammatory response, enhance phagocytosis, or directly lyse extracellular pathogens.
Chemical
Acids, lysozyme, protein-digestive enzymes, sebum provide ___ barriers.
T cells
Accounts for most of the Lymphocytes in circulation.
3 Liters
Approximately this much fluid per day is returned to the bloodstream by the lymphatic system.
Secondary Immune Response
Are the following characteristics of a primary immune response or a secondary immune response: * Antibody levels increase rapidly and remain high for an extended period. * The Second, third, and subsequent responses to the same antigen.
lymph nodes
Bean-shaped filters that cluster along the lymphatic vessels of the body. They function as a cleanser of lymph as wells as a site of T and B cell activation
Primary Immune Response
Are the following characteristics of a primary immune response or a secondary immune response: *The initial response to an antigen: the gearing - up stage *A lag period of several days occurs before antibodies specific to the antigen appear in the bloodstream. *Immunological memory is established.
Lymph Node
Area where Antigen challenge and clonal selection are likely to occur.
Bone marrow
Area where B cells become immunocompetent.
Thymus
Area where T cells become immunocompetent.
Bone marrow
Area where immature lymphocytes arise.
lyzozyme
Antimicrobial enzyme
True
Antibodies are specifically produced only in response to definite antigens or foreign substances and are therefore specific immune defenses.
Activated
B cell is ______ when it encounters an antigen that matches it's B cell receptors and receives cytokines from helper T cells.
kinins
Blood proteins that help inflammation, blood pressure control, coagulation, and pain
Peyer's Patch
Collectively called MALT
Plasma Proteins
Complement is a system of ________ _________ that circulate in the blood in an inactive form.
Activated
Complement needs to be _____, and when it is, it becomes attached to the surface of a foreign cell. (bacteria, fungi, red non self red blood cells)
lymphatic system
Composed of a network of vessels, ducts, nodes, and organs. Provides defense against infection.
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
Concentrations of lymphatic tissue without a connective tissue capsule
Autoimmune Disease
Conditions such as Multiple sclerosis and rheumatic fever occurs when the body's own immune system starts to attach "self".
IgA antibodies
Dimer 10-15% of serum antibodies In secretions Mucosal protection Half-life = 6 days
Acidic
Fluids found in the stomach and female reproductive tract have an ___ pH as part of the body's innate defense.
costimulation
For T cell to be activated, it must be costimulated By binding to stimulating cell at second site Which confirms the first signal
Antigens
Foreign Substances that can trigger an immune response.
red pulp of spleen
Function of is the destruction of old worn out RBCs
B cell receptor (BCR)
Molecule on the surface of a B cell that binds to a specific antigen.
IgE antibodies
Monomer 0.002% of serum antibodies On mast cells, on basophils, and in blood Allergic reactions; lysis of parasitic worms Half-life = 2 days
IgD antibodies
Monomer 0.2% of serum antibodies In blood, in lymph, and on B cells On B cells, initiate immune response Half-life = 3 days
IgG antibodies
Monomer 80% of serum antibodies Fix complement In blood, lymph, and intestine Cross placenta Enhance phagocytosis; neutralize toxins and viruses; protects fetus and newborn Half-life = 23 days
IgG
Most of the circulating antibodies are derived from imunoglobulin ______.
Mechanical
Mucosae and skin provide (mechanical or chemical) barriers.
Lymphatic Vessels
Number 6?
Negative selection of T cells
Occurs in medulla of thymus. T cells expressing TCRs with high affinity for self antigens undergo apoptosis.
Lymph
Once tissue ( interstitial fluid) is inside a lymphatic capillary, the fluid is called ______.
perforin
One of the proteins released by cytotoxic T cells on contact with their target cells. It forms pores in the target cell membrane that contribute to cell killing.
classical pathway of complement activation
One of three pathways of complement activation. It is activated by antibody bound to antigen, and involves complement components C1, C4, and C2 in the generation of the C3 and C5 convertases. See also alternative pathway of complement activation; lectin pathway of complement activation.
Holes
One result of the complement fixation to the foreign cell is that ______ or lesions appear in the membrane of the foreign cell.
Lymph Node
Only 20-30% of the circulating lymphocytes are B-Cells, the majority of the B Cells reside in the _______.
IgA
Part of the reason for the decline of immunity in the elderly is due to the fact that the the ____ antibody is unable to get to the mucosal surfaces where they carry out their normal protective role.
IgM antibodies
Pentamer 5-10% of serum Abs Fix complement In blood, in lymph, and on B cells Agglutinates microbes; first Ab produced in response to infection Half-life = 5 days
Macrophages
Phagocytic cells that act as accessory cells in the immune response are the _______.
Tonsils
Prevents bacteria from breaching the intestinal wall.
memory B cells
Produced during a B cell response, but are not involved in antibody producing during the initial infection; are held in reserve for the rest of your life in case you encounter that pathogen again.
antimicrobial proteins
Proteins that inhibit microbial reproduction and provide short-term, nonspecific resistance to pathogenic bacteria and viruses
Helper T cells (CD4 T cells)
T cells that help the immune system by increasing the activity of killer cells and stimulating the suppressor T cells
Positive selection of T cells
T cells that recognize MHC peptides are retained
True
T-cell lymphocytes die if they are NOT capable of recognizing foreign particles. (True or False?)
Hilum
The Indented region where blood vessels and nerves join a lymph node is called the ___
Infection
The Invasion, growth and multiplication of pathogens such as bacteria that cause damage to a tissue.
Intestinal
The Lymphatic trunk that drains the abdominal viscera is called the ______ trunk.
Adaptive
The fact that it is antigen-specific, systemic, and has memory are the three most important characteristics of the _____ immune response.
Fat
The Thymus tissue is replaced with ____ as a person ages.
Thoracic
The _____ duct is the larger and longer of the two lymphatic collecting ducts.
Red Pulp
The _____ pulp of the spleen function to phagocytize senescent cells.
Plasma Cell
The _______ cell is the specific cell derived from the B-cell population which can produce specific antibodies.
Peyers Patch
The aggregations of lymph nodes found within the mucosal lining of the small intestine.
Neutralization
The binding of antibodies to sites on bacteria and viruses that causes cell injury to those bacteria and viruses is called _______.
immunological memory
The capacity of the immune system to generate a secondary immune response against a specific antigen for a lifetime
Bone Marrow
The cells within the thymus gland probably originated from the _______.
Lymphatic Capsule
The connective tissue that encloses a lymph node.
T-Cells
The delayed reaction allergy to a chemical such as contact dermatitis is caused by the ____ cells.
Liver
The earliest lymphocyte stem cells that can be identified appear during the first month of development are in the fetal _____.
antigen receptor
The general term for a surface protein, located on B cells and T cells, that binds to antigens, initiating adaptive immune responses. The antigen receptors on B cells are called B cell receptors, and the antigen receptors on T cells are called T cell receptors.
Amino Acids
The heavy chains of an imunoglobulin differ from the light because they have more _______.
Lysis
The holes or lesions in the foreign cells membrane that caused by the complement, causes water to rush into the foreign cell. This causes ____ of the foreign cell.
Thymosins
The hormone secreted by the thymus.
Histamine
The inflammatory chemical that is released by injured cells.
antigen processing
The intracellular degradation of proteins into peptides that bind to MHC molecules for presentation to T cells.
Axillary, Inguinal, and abdominal
The largest collections of lymph nodes are found in what three body regions?
Spleen
The largest organ of the lymphatic system; also serves as a blood reservoir.
Inguinal region
The lymph nodes in this region are associated with the lymphatic vessels that drain the lower limbs.
Cervical region
The lymph nodes in this region are associated with the lymphatic vessels that drain the scalp, face, nasal cavity, and pharynx.
Jugular
The lymphatic trunk that drains the head and neck is called the _____trunk.
T cells, B Cells
The major actors in the immune response are two lymphocyte populations, the ______ cells and _____ cells.
Red Pulp
The part of the spleen containing the large number of red blood cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages is called _____.
White blood cells
The presence of inflammatory chemicals promote the release of ______ from the bone marrow.
Immunocompetent
The presents of antigen-specific receptors on the membrane of a lymphocyte signifies that the lymphocyte has become __________.
antigen presentation
The process by which an MHC molecule binds to a fragment of an intracellular protein antigen and carries it to the cell surface, where it is displayed and can be recognized by a T cell.
clonal selection
The process by which an antigen selectively binds to and activates only those lymphocytes bearing receptors specific for the antigen. The selected lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells and a clone of memory cells specific for the stimulating antigen.
Subclavian veins
The right and left lymphatic ducts empty their lymphatic fluid into the respective __________ where the lymph is mixed with venous blood returning to the heart.
cytolysis
The rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure.
Blood
The sinuses within the spleen contain _____ and can act like a reserve in the event of a hemorrhage in a different location.
antigen binding site
The site on an immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor molecule that binds specific antigen.
Lymphatic Sinus
The spaces within a a lymph node through which lymph circulates.
Immunity
The third line of defense is called _______.
Puberty
The thymus is at it's greatest size during infancy and starts to decrease in size starting ____.
White Pulp
The tiny nodules of tissue within the spleen that contain many lymphocytes are called ______.
squamous epithelial
The wall of a lymphatic capillary consists of a single layer of _______cells.
Produces and Releases Antibodies
What is the function of the B lymphocytes daughter cells?
Thymus
What organ is particularly large and important during youth and helps to program T Cells of the immune system?
IgA
Which type of immunoglobulin molecule is passed on to nursing infants in breast milk?
Macrophages
______ within the spleen engulf and destroy foreign particles and cellular debris.
autoimmune disease
a disease in which the immune system attacks the organism's own cells
inflammation
a nonspecific response that is characterized by swelling, redness, pain, itching, and increased warmth at the affected site
splenomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the spleen
fever
elevated body temperature
primary response
first time the immune system combats a particular foreign substance
antigens
foreign substances that trigger the attack of antibodies in the immune response.
cytokine therapy
the use of cytokines to treat medical conditions
cell-mediated immunity
type of immunity produced by T cells that attack infected or abnormal body cells