Macmillan Quizzes Ch. 9 - 12

How many psychological processes are responsible for subverting group decision making?

2

When asked to rate various collections of individuals, how many types of groups did study participants consistently identify?

4

The experience of physical and/or psychological abuse during the first _____ years of life predicts a tendency toward the hostile attribution bias, which in turn predicts aggressive behavior later in life.

5

The Harvard researchers found that _____ percent of the adolescents they studied failed to interpret facial expressions of fear correctly.

75

In higher-paying jobs, equally qualified women earn _____ for every dollar that men earn.

78 cents

Recall the reason for the causal relationship between alcohol and aggression.

A. Alcohol impairs higher-order thinking. B. People expect alcohol to lead to aggression. C. Alcohol impedes a potential victim's ability to read social cues. D. All of the above Answer is D

Identify interpersonal approaches that may help reduce aggression.

A. promoting empathy B. improving parental care C. strengthening social connections D. All of the above Answer is D

Identify the factor that can increase feelings of a common identity.

All of these are correct

Recall how the use of drugs can contribute to aggression.

Drug use can increase arousal, create a sense of paranoia, and illegal business activities are often regulated through violence.

Choose the answer that BEST reflects the relationship between media and aggression.

Exposure to violent media increases the prevalence of aggression in society.

People who obtain an authoritarian personality tend to score high on which scale?

F

Who wrote The Nature of Prejudice?

Gordon Allport

In terms of the evolutionary perspective, identify outcomes of individuals with characteristics that helped them to get along with others.

Individuals had better chances of survival and reproduction.

What is MOST likely to occur when a monkey is considered to be overly aggressive?

It is rejected by other group members.

_____ is an action taken with the purpose of helping others.

Pro-social behavior

_____ is the idea that the reason people help others depends on how much they empathize with them?

The empathy-altruism model

_____ would argue people are more likely to wash a neighbor's if they can relate to the neighbor at an emotional level?

The empathy-altruism model

_____ is a norm of repaying the favors one receives.

The norm of reciprocity

What is the shooter bias?

The tendency to mistakenly see objects, such as guns, in the hands of Black men.

What type of abuser often traps a woman in a cyclical pattern of escalating tension, hostility, and abuse, followed by contrition?

a borderline abuser

According to the social facilitation theory, a person's performance will be enhanced by the presence of others when conducting what kind of task?

a dominant response

What type of abuser is likely to employ physical aggression both inside and outside of the relationship?

a psychopathic abuser

Harm done to another person that is elicited in response to some negative emotion is called:

affective aggression.

According to Craig Anderson and colleagues (1989) as well as other researchers, what has been found to increase with the rise in high temperatures?

aggression

Any physical or verbal behavior that is intended to harm another person or persons is called:

aggression.

Denise drops off a beautiful bouquet of flowers on a stranger's door to make their day. She knows they will never meet each other and she will gain nothing from this type of behavior. What does Denise's behavior BEST exemplify?

altruism

If an individual has a desire to help others with no regard for her or himself, it is then known as:

altruism.

Mother Theresa helped others with no regard for any worldly return or even for her own health or safety. Her behavior could be described as:

altruistic.

What type of abuser is generally NOT violent but builds up resentments from various aspects of his life and eventually uses his relationship partner as a target for displaced aggression?

an overcontrolled abuser

What emotion MOST often comes prior to aggressive acts?

anger

One aspect of prejudice is judging an individual negatively independent of the person's actual _____ or _____.

attributes; actions

Individuals who display authoritarian submission, conventionalism, and authoritarian aggression are MOST likely to:

be high in right-wing authoritarianism.

A common problem or shared goal toward which two distinct groups work together to solve or achieve is referred to as:

blind ideology.

Identify what factor(s) is/are necessary in order for groups to be successful.

both cooperation and trust

Research indicates what kind of relationship between alcohol and aggression?

causal

What type of leader emphasizes bold actions and inspires belief in the greatness of the group?

charismatic

When Pedro was younger he engaged in prosocial behavior for social rewards, but eventually learned to engage in prosocial behavior to satisfy his internal moral values. This example supports the idea that:

children learn prosocial behavior in stages.

According to research, _____ exhibit a social facilitation effect.

cockroaches

Identify which factor increase entitativity.

common bonds

In _____ tasks, the group will do only as well as the worst performer.

conjunctive

The empathy-altruism model would suggest that the most important factor in determining if Hector will be willing to help Cai study for her biology test would be Hector's _____ to Cai?

connectedness

Ethnocentrism is viewing the world through our own _____ value system and thereby judging actions and people based on our own views of right and wrong and good and bad.

cultural

The tendency to hold stereotypic views of outgroup members as animals rather than humans is called:

dehumanization.

Women who are exposed to self-objectification are MORE likely to experience:

depression, sexual dysfunction, and disordered eating.

Negative behavior toward an individual based solely on that person's membership in a particular group is called:

discrimination.

Prejudice and stereotyping MOST likely lead to

discrimination.

The murder rate in the United States is _____ the world average.

double

The cognitive neoassociation model expands on which of the following?

frustration-aggression hypothesis

An individual ________would be MOST likely to believe that the social world is inherently dangerous and unpredictable.

high in right-wing authoritarianism

The tendency to attribute hostile intent to others' actions, even when others' intentions are innocent, is called:

hostile attribution bias.

Identify a strategy for fostering more positive intergroup attitudes.

increased interaction

What kind of approaches to reduce violence are improving self-awareness and self-regulatory control, reducing hostile attribution bias, and promoting stables bases of self-worth?

individual

Large-scale efforts to increase control over weapons and address media violence include:

individual approaches, interpersonal approaches, and societal interventions.

What is a more subtle form of dehumanization?

infrahumanization

According to the researcher, the frontal lobes of the adult brain:

inhibit or help control the rest of the brain

The negative state relief hypothesis would explain that empathy is an individual _____ the pain and suffering another is experiencing.

internalizing

Many limitations for the concept of _____ have emerged, including mothers who raise adopted children.

kin selection

Mr. Riker is trained in CPR. He finds himself in the tragic position of needing to help his drowning son or his son's friend. According to the concept of _____ he may be more likely to try to save his son.

kin selection

After she sees a news story about a man who jumped in front of a subway train to save a stranger, Maria finds herself more willing to help a man who has slipped on the ice in front of her on the sidewalk. This supports the idea that:

media can encourage prosocial behavior by making helping-related thoughts more accessible.

Lea recently saw a news story on a woman who works in a soup kitchen to help the homeless. After reflecting on the story, she gave money to a homeless person as she walked home from work. This example supports the idea that:

media can encourage prosocial behavior by making helping-related thoughts more accessible.

Who are MOST likely to be physically aggressive?

men

In terms of stereotyping, neuroscience suggests the _____ dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation people experience, the _____ the amygdala activation they exhibit.

more; lower

Research suggests that, in places where prejudice is normative, the _____ people conform in general, the _____ prejudiced people tend to be.

more; more

Vilma is watching her friend's cat while she's away on vacation. In turn, she gets to use the pool at her friend's apartment complex when she comes over to feed the cat. Vilma is engaging in:

norm of reciprocity

An aggressive act may be intended to cause what type of harm?

physical and psychological

Eros is the human inborn instinct to seek _____ and to _____.

pleasure; create

Julie is taking a warm meal over to her neighbor whose wife recently passed away. Which concept is Julie demonstrating?

prosocial behavior

Vivian knows her friend is down on her luck. She decides to help by bringing her friend fresh groceries. Which of the following is being demonstrated by Vivian?

prosocial behavior

Which concept would be exemplified by donating clothes to needy?

prosocial behavior

Which term in social psychology refers to helping behaviors?

prosocial behavior

Ralph Waldo Emerson noted "It is one of the most beautiful compensations of this life that no man can sincerely try to help another without helping himself." Emerson is taking the functionalist perspective on:

prosocial behaviors.

The "culture of honor" or "code of the street" is regarded as necessary to:

protect one's livelihood or status.

Claudia has a leadership role in a medical office where group members are often confused about what they should be doing and there is frequent conflict between group members. To be MOST effective, what type of leader should Claudia be in order to work best with this group?

relationship-oriented

Participants make _____ decisions as a group than they did on their own, a tendency known as _____ shift.

riskier; risky

Stigma consciousness can sometimes lead to:

self-fulfilling prophecy.

Prior to helping Helga with her homework, Barry realized that he would rather help her and feel good about himself, even though he would miss some of the game he wanted to watch, than not help her and feel guilty while watching the game. Barry's behavior is in line with:

social exchange theory

The theory that group identities are an important part of self-definition and a key source of self-esteem is called:

social identify theory.

Tony is a member of a business-leadership group at his college. Prior to joining this group, Tony had a low self-esteem. Since joining the group, however, Tony now has a strong self of self-worth. What BEST explains Tony's behavior?

social identity theory

What partly accounts for why women perform less well than men on tests of mathematical ability?

stereotype threat

Groupthink is similar to group polarization; however, in groupthink, people focus solely on information that _____ their position and _____ information that contradicts it.

supports; ignore

Todd has a leadership role in a law office where group members have defined tasks and there is minimal conflict. The group works toward its common goal. To be MOST effective, what type of leader should Todd be in order to work best with this group?

task-oriented

Researchers are trying to predict what types of people are willing to donate significant portions of their income to charities. Researchers adhering to _____ would predict the key factor in this example is empathy?

the empathy-altruism model

Tatiana will be more likely to walk a friend's dog because she has often needed someone to walk her dog while she was away and she understands her situation. This example supports:

the empathy-altruism model

Rick is the principle investigator in a research study measuring implicit prejudice. Rick will be MOST likely to utilize which test?

the implicit association test

Bill regularly checks on his grandmother to make sure she is doing well. Which theory would suggest Bill is doing this to improve his own mood?

the negative state relief hypothesis

Which theory relies on the assumption that people feel uncomfortable when others are suffering and thus are motivated to reduce this uncomfortable state?

the negative state relief hypothesis

Which theory would predict that Naomi was actually acting for the egoistic motives of feeling better herself when she stopped to call 911 after witnessing a car crash?

the negative state relief hypothesis

Eric feels guilty because Suzie always helps him with math homework. He feels the need to find a gift to repay her for her kindness. Eric's feelings are an example of:

the norm of reciprocity

Sameer feels quite upset at Malathi. He bought her a meal several weeks ago, and she has still not offered to reciprocate. Which concept could BEST explain Sameer's resentment?

the norm of reciprocity

The idea behind _____ is captured by the phrase "You scratch my back and I'll scratch yours."

the norm of reciprocity

In terms of ambivalent racism, what value will people tend to affirm?

the value that is currently most salient

Based on the notion of displaced aggression, a person is MOST likely to lash out at what type of targets?

those who are dislikable, have low social status, and little power

What decision is a key factor associated with the prisoner's dilemma?

trust

What strategy(ies) is/are considered a better strategy than tit-for-tat?

win-stay, lose-shift strategy