Macroecon Chapter 10
The per unit cost of production in the economy described above is: A) $.50. B) $1. C) $2. D) $5.
C
An increase in net exports will shift the AD curve to the: A) left by a multiple of the change in investment. B) left by the same amount as the change in investment. C) right by the same amount as the change in investment. D) right by a multiple of the change in investment.
D
If investment decreases by $20 billion and the economy's MPC is .5, the aggregate demand curve will shift: A) leftward by $40 billion at each price level. B) rightward by $20 billion at each price level. C) rightward by $40 billion at each price level. D) leftward by $20 billion at each price level.
A
Other things equal, if the national incomes of the major trading partners of the United States were to rise, the U.S.: A) aggregate demand curve would shift to the right. B) aggregate supply curve would shift to the left. C) aggregate supply curve would shift to the right. D) aggregate demand curve would shift to the left.
A
Refer to the above information. Given an increase in input price from $4 to $6, we would expect the aggregate: A) supply curve to shift to the left. C) demand curve to shift to the left. B) supply curve to shift to the right. D) demand curve to shift to the right.
A
When aggregate demand declines, some firms may reduce employment rather than wages because wage reductions may: A) not be possible due to the minimum wage law. B) increase the cost of raising money capital. C) reduce the demands for their products. D) may set off a price war.
A
When aggregate demand declines, the price level may remain constant, at lease for a time, because: A) firms individually fear that their price cut may set off a price war. B) menu costs rise. C) price cuts tend to increase efficiency wages. D) product markets are highly competitive.
A
Which one of the following would not shift the aggregate demand curve? A) a change in the price level B) depreciation of the international value of the dollar C) a decline in the interest rate at each possible price level D) an increase in personal income tax rates
A
A rightward shift in the aggregate supply curve is best explained by an increase in: A) business taxes. B) productivity. C) nominal wages. D) the price of imported resources.
B
Other things equal, a decrease in the real interest rate will: A) expand investment and shift the AD curve to the left. B) expand investment and shift the AD curve to the right. C) reduce investment and shift the AD curve to the left. D) reduce investment and shift the AD curve to the right.
B
Other things equal, if the U.S. dollar were to depreciate, the: A) aggregate demand curve would remain fixed in place. B) aggregate supply curve would shift to the left. C) aggregate supply curve would shift to the right. D) aggregate demand curve would shift to the left.
B
The fear of unwanted price wars may explain why many firms are reluctant to: A) reduce wages when a decline in aggregate demand occurs. B) reduce prices when a decline in aggregate demand occurs. C) expand production capacity when an increase in aggregate demand occurs. D) provide wage increases when labor productivity rises.
B
The foreign purchases effect suggests that an increase in the U.S. price level relative to other countries will: A) increase the amount of U.S. real output purchased. B) increase U.S. imports and decrease U.S. exports. C) increase both U.S. imports and U.S. exports. D) decrease both U.S. imports and U.S. exports.
B
The size of the multiplier associated with an initial increase in spending will be: A) the same whether or not inflation occurs. B) diminished if inflation occurs. C) zero if any increase in the price level occurs. D) enhanced if inflation occurs.
B
When aggregate demand declines, many firms may reduce employment rather than wages because wage reductions may: A) reduce per unit production costs. B) reduce worker morale and work effort, and thus lower productivity. C) increase the firms' cost of raising financial capital. D) reduce the demands for their products.
B
Which of the following is incorrect? A) As the U.S. price level rises, U.S. goods become relatively more expensive so that U.S. exports fall and U.S. imports rise. B) As the price level falls, the demand for money declines, the interest rate declines, and interest-rate sensitive spending increases. C) When the price level increases, real balances increase, businesses and households find themselves wealthier and therefore increase their spending. D) Given aggregate demand, an increase in aggregate supply increases real output and, assuming downward flexible prices, reduces the price level.
C
which one of the following would increase per unit production cost and therefore shift the aggregate supply curve to the left? A) a reduction in business taxes B) production bottlenecks occurring when producers near full plant capacity C) an increase in the price of imported resources D) deregulation of industry
C
Prices and wages tend to be: A) flexible both upward and downward. B) inflexible both upward and downward. C) flexible downward, but inflexible upward. D) flexible upward, but inflexible downward.
D
Shifts in the aggregate supply curve are caused by changes in: A) consumption spending. B) the quantity of real output demanded. C) the quantity of real output supplied. D) one or more of the determinants of aggregate supply.
D
Suppose that real domestic output in an economy is 20 units, the quantity of inputs is 10, and the price of each input is $4. Answer the following question(s) on the basis of this information. The level of productivity is: A) 20. B) 10. C) 5. D) 2.
D
The aggregate demand curve: A) is up-sloping because a higher price level is necessary to make production profitable as production costs rise. B) is down sloping because production costs decline as real output increases. C) shows the amount of expenditures required to induce the production of each possible level of real output. D) shows the amount of real output that will be purchased at each possible price level.
D
The aggregate supply curve (short-run) slopes upward and to the right because: A) changes in wages and other resource prices completely offset changes in the price level. B) the price level is flexible upward but inflexible downward. C) supply creates its own demand. D) wages and other resource prices adjust only slowly to changes in the price level.
D
The foreign purchases effect suggests that a decrease in the U.S. price level relative to other countries will: A) shift the aggregate demand curve leftward. B) shift the aggregate supply curve leftward. C) decrease U.S. exports and increase U.S. imports. D) increase U.S. exports and decrease U.S. imports.
D
The graphical relationship between the price level and the amount of real GDP that businesses will offer for sale is known as the: A) aggregate demand curve. C) investment demand curve. B) investment supply curve. D) aggregate supply curve.
D
The real-balances effect indicates that: A) an increase in the price level will increase the demand for money, increase interest rates, and reduce consumption and investment spending. B) a lower price level will decrease the real value of many financial assets and therefore reduce spending. C) a higher price level will increase the real value of many financial assets and therefore increase spending. D) a higher price level will decrease the real value of many financial assets and therefore reduce spending.
D
Which of the following explains why the aggregate demand schedule is downward sloping: A) the real-balances effect C) the foreign purchases effect B) the interest-rate effect D) all of the above
D
Which of the following is a true statement? A) firms and resource suppliers generally find it easier to reduce prices than to raise them. B) as the price level increases, interest rates will rise and therefore consumption and investment spending will also rise. C) an initial increase in aggregate demand may cause a further increase in aggregate demand because higher prices mean higher incomes. D) a decline in aggregate demand will primarily affect real output and employment if prices are inflexible downward.
D
If investment increases by $10 billion and the economy's MPC is .8, the aggregate demand curve will shift: A) leftward by $40 billion at each price level. C) rightward by $50 billion at each price level. B) rightward by $10 billion at each price level. D) leftward by $20 billion at each price level.
C
The aggregate demand curve is: A) vertical if full employment exists. B) horizontal when there is considerable unemployment in the economy. C) down sloping because of the interest-rate, real-balances, and foreign purchases effects. D) down sloping because production costs decrease as real output rises.
C
The aggregate supply curve (short-run) is up-sloping because: A) wages and other resource prices match changes in the price level. B) the price level is flexible upward but inflexible downward. C) per-unit production costs rise as the economy moves toward and beyond its full-employment real output. D) wages and other resource prices are flexible upward but inflexible downward.
C
The aggregate supply curve (short-run): A) slopes downward and to the right. C) slopes upward and to the right. B) graphs as a vertical line. D) graphs as a horizontal line.
C
The interest-rate and real-balances effects are important because they help explain: A) rightward and leftward shifts of the aggregate demand curve. B) why fiscal policy cannot be used effectively to curb inflation. C) the shape of the aggregate demand curve. D) the shape of the aggregate supply curve.
C
The interest-rate effect suggests that: A) a decrease in the supply of money will increase interest rates and reduce interest-sensitive consumption and investment spending. B) an increase in the price level will increase the demand for money, reduce interest rates, and decrease consumption and investment spending. C) an increase in the price level will increase the demand for money, increase interest rates, and decrease consumption and investment spending. D) an increase in the price level will decrease the demand for money, reduce interest rates, and increase consumption and investment spending.
C
When aggregate demand declines, wage rates may be inflexible downward, at least for a time, because of: A) the foreign purchases effect. B) inflexible product prices. C) wage contracts. D) the wealth effect.
C
A decline in investment will shift the AD curve to the: A) left by a multiple of the change in investment. B) left by the same amount as the change in investment. C) right by the same amount as the change in investment. D) right by a multiple of the change in investment.
A
The real-balances, interest-rate, and foreign purchases effects all help explain: A) why the aggregate demand curve is down sloping. B) why the aggregate supply curve is up sloping. C) shifts in the aggregate demand curve. D) shifts in the aggregate supply curve.
A
If the price level increases in the United States relative to foreign countries, then American consumers will purchase more foreign goods and fewer U.S. goods. This statement describes: A) the output effect. C) the real-balances effect. B) the foreign purchases effect. D) the shift-of-spending effect.
B
The aggregate supply curve (short-run): A) graphs as a horizontal line. B) is steeper above the full-employment output than below it. C) slopes downward and to the right. D) presumes that changes in wages and other resource prices match changes in the price level.
B
The determinants of aggregate demand: A) explain why the aggregate demand curve is down sloping. B) explain shifts in the aggregate demand curve. C) demonstrate why real output and the price level are inversely related. D) include input prices and resource productivity.
B
Menu costs: A) increase during recession. B) decrease during recession. C) are the costs to firms of changing prices and communicating them to customers. D) are sunk costs and therefore should be disregarded.
C
Other things equal, an improvement in productivity will: A) shift the aggregate demand curve to the left. B) shift the aggregate supply curve to the left. C) shift the aggregate supply curve to the right. D) increase the price level.
C
The aggregate supply curve: A) is explained by the interest rate, real-balances, and foreign purchases effects. B) gets steeper as the economy moves from the top of the curve to the bottom of the curve. C) shows the various amounts of real output that businesses will produce at each price level. D) is down sloping because real purchasing power increases as the price level falls.
C
The factors that affect the amounts that consumers, businesses, government, and foreigners wish to purchase at each price level are the: A) real-balances, interest-rate, and foreign purchases effects. B) determinants of aggregate supply. C) determinants of aggregate demand. D) sole determinants of the equilibrium price level and the equilibrium real output.
C
An economy's aggregate demand curve shifts leftward or rightward by more than changes in initial spending because of the: A) net export effect. B) wealth effect. C) real-balances effect. D) multiplier effect.
D
Refer to the above information. All else being equal, if the price of each input increased from $4 to $6, productivity would: A) fall from 2 to 3. B) fall from .50 to .33. C) rise from 1 to 2. D) remain unchanged.
D
The foreign purchases effect: A) shifts the aggregate demand curve rightward. B) shifts the aggregate demand curve leftward. C) shifts the aggregate supply curve rightward. D) moves the economy along a fixed aggregate demand curve.
D
Efficiency wages are: A) above-market-wages that bring forth so much added work effort that per- unit production costs are lower than at market wages. B) wage payments necessary to compensate workers for unpleasant or risky work conditions. C) usually less than market wages. D) relevant to macro economics because they explain rightward shifts in aggregate demand.
A