Macromolecules

What is the key to starting every chemical reaction?

The key to start a chemical reaction is energy.

-Why are enzymes considered specific? -Define substrate. -Define active site.

-Substrates interact with enzymes at specific places called active sites. Only substrates with a specific shape can bind to the active site of an enzyme, therefore, making the enzyme specific. -Substrates are reactants that bind to the enzyme. -Active sites are specific locations where a substrate binds on an enzyme.

List three factors that can affect enzyme activity.

1. When a person is bitten by a poisonous snake, the enzymes from the snake break down the membranes of that person's red blood cells. 2. Hard green apples ripen due to enzymes. 3. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy for the cell with help of enzymes.

What is a physical change? Give 2 examples.

- Boiling water - Ripping paper

What is a chemical reaction? Give 2 examples.

- Fe2O3 (iron oxide) - C6H12O6 + O2 (glucose + oxygen = carbon dioxide + water)

-What is an enzyme? -What is the function of enzymes? -Using amylase, give a real life example of an enzyme in action.

-An enzyme is a biological catalyst that speeds up the rate of the chemical reactions in a biological process. -Enzymes are used to speed up the rate of chemical reactions, but are not used up by the chemical reaction, they can be used again and again. -Amylase is an important enzyme found in saliva. Digestion of food begins in your mouth when amylase speeds the breakdown of amylose, one of the two components of starch. Like amylase, most enzymes are specific to one reaction.

-Chemical reactions are described using chemical equations. below, write a general chemical equation. Make sure you define the following. -List the reactants and products. -What does the "arrow" mean? -Write another chemical reaction and specify the reactants and the products. - what does the Law of Conservation of Mass state?

-C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O Glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water -Reactants: C6H12O6, O2 Products: CO2, H2O -It means, when you combine the two reactants, the arrow directs to the products. -C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O Glucose + (6)oxygen -> (6)carbon dioxide + (6) water Reactants: C6H12O6, 6O2 Products: 6CO2, 6H2O - Mass cannot be created nor destroyed.

-Define macromolecules. -What is another name for a macromolecule? - List the four major macromolecules and state their function(s).

-Macromolecules are large molecules that are formed by joining smaller organic molecules together. -Polymer -1. Carbohydrates: stores energy and provides structural support. 2. Lipids: stores energy and provides barriers. 3. Proteins: transports substances, speeds up reactions, provides structural support and makes hormones.

Define a catalyst and explain why catalysts are important in chemical reactions.

A catalyst is a substance that lowers the activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction. Catalysts are important because it speeds up a chemical reaction.

Define activation energy and give an example.

Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to form products in a chemical reaction. Example: A candle will not burn until its wick is lit.

Nucleic Acids

Also known as "DNA and RNA". It's monomer is nucleotides (sugar, phosphate and nitrogen base). It's elements are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. It's function is to store and transmit/communicate with genetic information.

Lipids

Also known as "fats". It's monomers are fatty acid and glycerol head. It's elements are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It's functions are, it stores energy and provides barriers.

Proteins

Also known as "polypeptides". It's monomer is amino acids. It's elements are nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur. It's functions are, it transports substances, speeds up reactions inside the body, provides structural support and makes hormones.

Carbohydrates

Also known as polysaccharides or "big sugar". It's monomer is monosaccharide (glucose) "simple sugar". It's elements are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It's functions are, it stores energy and provides structural support.

Define an endothermic reaction.

An endothermic reaction is a reaction absorbing heat energy.

Define and exothermic reaction.

An exothermic reaction is a reaction releasing energy in the form of heat.

What is organic chemistry?

Organic chemistry is the study of organic compounds.

What is the difference between a saturated fat and an unsaturated fat?

Saturated fats are lipids that have only single bonds between the carbon atoms. Unsaturated fats are lipids that have at least one double bond between the carbon atoms in the tail chain can accommodate at least one more hydrogen. Saturated fats: c-c-c-c-c-c Unsaturated fats: c-c-c--c-c-c

Which element is the basis of all life?

The element that is the basis of all life is carbon.