Mamm Phys Exam 2

Fill-in: The hormone ____ is a modified amino acid, whereas ____ is a steroidal hormone. a. epinephrine, testosterone b. epinephrine, insulin c. cortisol, glucagon d. T4 (thyroxine), growth hormone e. estrogen, insulin

A

When a person has pneumonia, why is there worse-than-normal gas exchange? A) increased diffusion distance B) decreased oxygen gradient C) increased surface area

A

Where is the atrial repolarization? A) hidden in the QRS complex B) there is no atrial repolarization C) in the T signal D) in the P signal

A

Which muscle type has the longest contraction duration? A) smooth muscles B) cardiac muscles C) striated muscles D) extraocular muscles

A

Which of the following statements concerning the capillaries is FALSE? A) increasing capillary hydrostatic pressure decreases the likelihood that fluid will leave the capillaries B) velocity of blood flow is slower in the capillaries than in the arteries C) it is possible for a capillary to filter fluid at its arterial end and absorb fluid at its venous end D) proteins that escape the capillaries and enter the interstitial fluid are returned to the circulation via the lymphatic system

A

With each heartbeat, the muscle cells coordinate themselves so that each contraction is forceful enough to circulate blood through the entire body. The beat begins in the _____________node, which sets the tempo of each beat, thus giving it the name of pacemaker. a. sinoatrial b. pericardium c. atrioventricular d. electrocardiogram e. semilunar

A

You are learning to read electrocardiograms. You know that the patient you are examining has a pathology affecting the depolarization of his atria, therefore you're looking for a change in what portion of his electrocardiogram? A) the P wave B) the T wave C) the QRS complex D) none of these would be altered

A

Which of these pituitary hormones is not released in response to a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus? A) ACTH B) ADH C) insulin D) TSH E) answers b and c

A, B, C, D, E

An increase in 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG) will ________ the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen. a. increase b. decrease c. have no effect on

B

Assume the condition in the lungs is a reduced ventilation and an excessive perfusion. This mismatch in ventilation and perfusion can be corrected by a. dilation of pulmonary arterioles. b. constriction of pulmonary arterioles. c. decreasing the PO2 d. increasing the PCO2

B

Beta-blockers are prescription-only medicines for treating heart disorders. The effect of a beta-adrenergic receptor blocker on the heart it... A) to inhibit parasympathetic-nerve excitability, increasing the heart rate B) to block norepinephrine receptors on heart muscle cells to lower the heart rate C) to block ACh receptors on heart muscles to lower the heart rate D) none of the above

B

Blood samples from an individual who has fasted (not eaten) for 24 hours would have: A) low levels of both insulin and glucagon B) high levels of glucagon and low levels of insulin C) high levels of glucagon and normal levels of insulin D) high levels of insulin and low levels of glucagon E) high levels of both insulin and glucagon

B

A goiter is a symptom of a a. thyroid disorder b. parathyroid disorder c. adrenal gland disorder d. pancreas disorder.

A

According to the Frank-Starling Law of the heart, as the end-diastolic volume decreases the stroke volume ________. a. decreases b. increases c. shows no change

A

Carbon dioxide ________ oxygen unloading. Oxygen unloading ________ carbon dioxide transport. a. increases; improves b. increases; worsens c. decreases; improves d. decreases; worsens

A

You have designed a drug that is supposed to bind to the myosin binding sites on actin. You inject it into a relaxed muscle, but find that none of the drug is bound. Which of the following best explains why? A) there are no myosin binding sites on actin B) the myosin binding sites on actin are covered by Ca2+ C) the myosin binding sites on actin are covered by ATP D) the myosin binding sites on actin are covered by tropomyosin E) none of the choices are correct

D

The presence of PTH may result into the following: A) the activation of vitamin D to produce greater Ca++ absorption in intestines B) an increased reabsorption of Ca++ in kidneys C) the bones take up Ca++ D) the muscle cells pump Ca++ out of cell E) answers A and B

E

The primary role of calcium in the activation of smooth muscle contraction is to A) depolarize the muscle cell plasma membrane B) unblock the binding sites on actin for myosin C) activate myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) to de-phosphorylate myosin D) release the neuromuscular neurotransmitter from the T-tubule E) none of the above

E

Thyroid hormones A) bind to the plasma membrane receptors of target cells B) decreases metabolism C) contain myodine D) decreases heat production E) none of the above

E

Thyroid hormones a. bind to the plasma membrane receptors of target cells. b. decreases metabolism. c. contain myodine. d. decreases heat production. e. None of the above

E

Where in the heart does an artificial pacemaker act? a. Left ventricle. b. Atrioventricular node. c. Mitral valve. d. Bundle of His. e. Sinoatrial node.

E

Which motor neurons release acetylcholine to stimulate muscle contractions? A) sympathetic neurons connected to smooth muscles B) parasympathetic neurons connected to smooth muscles C) somatic neurons connected to smooth muscles D) somatic neurons connected to skeletal muscles E) answers b and d

E

Which of the following is a major metabolic effect of glucagon? a. Increased glucose uptake by muscle cells b. Increased triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue c. Decreased glycogenolysis in muscle d. Decreased gluconeogenesis in liver e. Increased glycogenolysis in liver

E

Which of these processes is part of cross bridge cycling in sarcomeres? a. ATP binds to myosin, causing myosin head to detach from actin b. myosin head performs power stroke, pulling on thin filament c. myosin head is reset d. myosin head with its bound ADP attaches to actin e. all of the above

E

Cardiac output= __ x __

HR x SV

Choose the answer that arranges this list of events in excitation-contraction coupling in the correct order or sequence in which they occur. Hint: number each item, and choose the answer that rearranges them in the correct numerical sequence. V. action potential travels down t-tubules W. motor endplate depolarizes X. Ca++ pumped into SR Y. action potential travels over muscle cell membrane Z. Ca++ released through channels from SR a. Z, X, Y, W, V b. W, Y, V, Z, X c. V, W, X, Z, Y d. Y, V, W, Z, X e. W, Y, Z, X, V

B

During a long illness, Terrell has not been eating much. As a result, his plasma Ca2+ levels decrease. Which hormone would we expect to see in higher levels than usual in his blood? a. Thyroxine b. Parathyroid hormone c. Calcitonin d. Growth hormone e. Insulin

B

For a patient with an increased production of plasma proteins, which of the following would be TRUE? A) more fluid than usual will flow out of the capillary based on the osmotic pressure B) less fluid than usual will flow out of the capillary based on the osmotic pressure C) more fluid than usual will flow out of the capillary based on the blood pressure D) less fluid than usual will flow out of the capillary based on the blood pressure

B

For maximum efficiency in loading oxygen at the lungs, A) the pH should be slightly acidic B) the temperature should be slightly lower than normal body temperature C) DPG levels in RBC should be high D) ATP levels in RBC should be high E) increase PCO2

B

If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your right hand travels out of your nose, it must pass through all of the following structures, EXCEPT the a. right atrium. b. pulmonary vein. c. alveolus. d.trachea

B

In muscle physiology, the correct technical meaning of "contraction" is: a. reduction in length of a muscle, whether active or passive b. the active state of a muscle, producing some combination of force or movement c. the process of a muscle actively increasing or actively decreasing its length d. none of the above

B

In the cardiac muscle, calcium channels are open during the phase... A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3

B

In vertebrate heart, many pacemaker cells in SA node, each with their own spontaneous AP firing rate. If they all start firing at the same time, which pacemaker cell determines the basic heart beat frequency? A) cell with slowest AP frequency B) cell with fastest AP frequency C) cell with intermediate AP frequency D) it does not depend on the AP frequency

B

In vertebrate heart, many pacemaker cells in SA node, each with their own spontaneous AP firing rate. What happens to the heart beat frequency if this pacemaker cell dies? Which cell determines basic heart rate frequency? A) cell with the next slowest AP frequency B) cell with next fastest AP frequency C) cell with next intermediate AP frequency D) nothing changes

B

Sally has had too many alcoholic drinks. Alcohol is a systemic vasodilator and it increases urine volume, thereby decreasing blood volume. In order to maintain cardiac output, what can her body do? A) decreased heart rate B) increased heart rate C) decreased stroke volume D) increase delay in AV nose

B

The majority of carbon dioxide is transported in the blood as ________. a. dissolved carbon dioxide in the blood b. bicarbonate ion c. carbaminohemoglobin d. carboxyhemoglobin

B

The strongest contraction a skeletal muscle can produce occurs when: A) the free Ca++ inside the cells is increasing toward a maximum B) the action potentials come at very high frequency, producing complete tetanus C) motor units contract in sequence instead of all at once D) the muscle is contracting in response to hormones instead of motor neurons

B

The thick filament of a myofibril of a skeletal muscle contains a protein called a. actin b. myosin c. troponin d. globin

B

The ventilation/perfusion ratio __ A) is lowest at the apex of the lungs B) increases when blood flow is decreased C) decreases when ventilation is increased D) increases due to dilation of the pulmonary arterioles

B

What causes the opening and closing of the heart valves? a. Stimulation by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves b. A pressure difference on the two side of the valve c. Na+ and K+ fluxes during ventricular depolarization. d. Turbulent flow in the atria and ventricles

B

What causes the opening and closing of the heart valves? a. Stimulation by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves b. A pressure difference on the two sides of the valve c. Na+ and K+ fluxes during ventricular depolarization d. Turbulent flow in the atria and ventricles

B

What is the effect of adding a drug to a skeletal muscle that makes the DHP receptor non-functional? A) the muscle goes into a tetanus contraction upon stimulation B) the muscle will not show a contraction upon stimulation C) the muscle will show a twitch contraction upon stimulation D) none of the above

B

What is the role of calcium in muscle contractions? A) to break the cross-bridges as a co-factor in the hydrolysis of ATP B) to bind with troponin, changing its shape so the actin filament is exposed C) to transmit the action potential across the neuromuscular junction D) to spread the action potential through the T tubules E) to reestablish the polarization of the plasma's membrane following an action potential

B

When a certain gland extract gland is applied to a variety of cells, only a few cells respond. When a G-protein inhibitor is first applied to these cells and then the extract is applied, these few cells still respond to the extract. Therefore, the gland extract may contain a. a water-soluble hormone. b. steroidal hormones. c. protein hormones. d. answers A and B. e. answers A, B, and C.

B

When a certain gland extract gland is applied to some cells, these cells respond by starting cell division. However, when a c-AMP inhibitor is first applied to the cell and then the gland extract is applied, the cells do not divide. Therefore, the gland extract most likely contains A) a steroid hormone B) a peptide hormone C) both a and b

B

Which best describes a "myofibril"? A) it is a single skeletal muscle cell B) it is a cylindrical cellular organelle composed of myofilaments C) it is a hollow membranous structure that stores calcium D) it is composed of a single type of protein and forms cross-bridges E) it is a fibrous junction between a muscle cell and a tendon

B

Which of the following is the correct pathway air takes during a human inhalation? a. nasal passage, pharynx, bronchioles, bronchi, trachea, alveoli b. nasal passage, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli c. nasal passage, trachea, pharynx, bronchi, alveoli, bronchioles d. nasal passage, pharynx, bronchi, bronchioles, trachea, alveoli e. nasal passage, trachea, pharynx, alveoli, bronchi, bronchioles

B

Which of the following would cause a decrease in the binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? a. Increased pH of the blood b. Increased temperature of the blood c. Decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes d. The presence of carbon monoxide e. Decreased concentration of H+ in the blood

B

Which of these is the mechanism used by lipid soluble hormones to affect their target cells? A) they bind to a receptor which opens or closes an ion channel B) they diffuse through membrane and act directly on gene expression C) they activate or deactivate an enzyme embedded in cell membrane D) they activate a G-protein to trigger second messenger pathway

B

Which of these pituitary hormones is not released in response to a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus? a. ACTH b. ADH c. FSH d. growth hormone e. TSH

B

A hormone can cause more than one response in a target cell because a. various target cells have different neurotransmitters. b. each hormone knows how it fits into the body's master plan. c. various target cells differ in their receptors to the same hormone. d. the circulatory system regulates responses to hormones by routing certain hormones to specific targets.

C

A hormone can cause more than one response in a target cell because A) various target cells have different neurotransmitters B) each hormone knows how it fits into the body's master plan C) various target cells differ in their receptors to the same hormone D) the circulatory system regulates responses to hormones by routing certain hormones to specific targets

C

Blood flow is greatest at the ________ of the lungs and perfusion is greatest at the ________ of the lungs. a. apex; apex b. apex; base c. base; base d. base; apex

C

Calcitonin causes which of these? a. activation of vitamin C to produce greater Ca++ absorption in intestines b. increase Fe++ uptake in intestines. c. cause bones to take up Ca++ and secretion of Ca ++ by kidneys d. causes muscle cells to pump Ca++ out of cell

C

Cardiac muscle cells do not show tetanus because ____ A) the relative refractory period is shorter than the absolute refractory period B) the relatively refractory period is longer than the absolute refractory period C) the refractory period is over when the muscle starts to relax D) the voltage-gated K+ channels close earlier than the voltage-gated Na+ channels

C

During an isometric muscle contraction the a. parallel elastic components relax. b. isotonic component fires up. c. series elastic components stretch d. plastic springs get locked.

C

During an isometric muscle contraction the A) parallel elastic components relax B) isotonic component fires up C) series elastic components stretch D) plastic springs get locked

C

Fill in (choose the answer that best fits the blanks): Insulin is a _X_ hormone, which means that it effects target cells by _Y_. a. X: steroid; Y: diffusing through cell membrane b. X: peptide; Y: diffusing through cell membrane c. X: peptide; Y: binding to receptor triggering second messenger d. X: modified amino acid; Y: binding to receptor triggering second messenger e. X: steroid;Y: opening ion channel

C

If the stroke volume is 80 mL and the heart rate is 70 beats per minute, the cardiac output is A) 150 L/min B) 560 mL/min C) 5600 mL/min D) 8700 mL/min E) none of the above are correct

C

Inhibition of the baroreceptor reflex would prevent proper regulation of all, EXCEPT ____ A) heart rate B) stroke volume C) inspiration rate D) blood pressure

C

Myosin contains binding sites for ________ and ________. a. sodium; calcium b. troponin; ATP c. ATP; actin d. actin; calcium

C

Norepinephrine is released from ____ neurons, causing heart rate to ____ A) parasympathetic; increase B) parasympathetic; increase C) sympathetic; increase D) sympathetic; decrease

C

Parasympathetic stimulation of the AV node results in ___ a. a decrease in SA pacemaker cell activity, reducing heart rate. b. an increase in conduction of electrical signals through AV node, increasing heart rate. c. a decrease in conduction of electrical signals through AV node, reducing heart rate. d. an increase in SA pacemaker cell activity, increasing heart rate. e. None of the above.

C

Systole refers to the ____ of the ventricles, when pressure is ____ A) relaxation; lowest B) filling; lowest C) contraction; highest D) blood flow; lowest

C

The cardiac control center of the ____ coordinates the autonomic innervation of the heart A) pons B) cerebrum C) medulla oblongata D) midbrain

C

The pathway of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is the ________ circulation. a. cardiac b. systemic c. pulmonary d. pleural

C

The primary role of calcium in the activation of smooth muscle is to a. cause depolarization of the muscle cell plasma membrane. b. remove the inhibition of the reaction between actin filaments and myosin filaments. c. activate myosin molecules so they can interact with actin filaments. d. provide the energy necessary for contraction. e. regulate the ionic composition of the interior of the cell.

C

The rhythmicity center for breathing is located in the ________. a. hypothalamus b. cerebral cortex c. medulla oblongata d. midbrain

C

The specific action of hormones is due to: A) hormone-specific c-ATP B) variable receptor affinity (high vs. low) C) hormone-specific receptors in target cells D) hormone-specific Adenylate cyclase in target dells E) binding of hormones to specific plasma proteins

C

The structure of hemoglobin: a. allows it to irreversibly bind four O2 molecules. b. binds oxygen and will not release it until it is replaced with CO2. c. is a four-subunit protein containing iron. d. None of the above choices is correct.

C

Through which vessel is the velocity of blood flow the slowest? A) arteries B) arterioles C) capillaries D) venues

C

Type 2 diabetes a. is due to loss of beta cells in the pancreas. b. can be treated with insulin injections. c. is caused by a reduction sensitivity in target cells. d. a and b.

C

What causes the smooth muscles to relax? A) the blocking of myosin binding sites on actin by tropomyosin B) the binding of calcium ions to calmodulin C) the removal of phosphate groups from myosin D) the inhibition of phosphatase E) none of the above

C

What would be the result if the administration of a drug sequesters (inactivates) all the ATP in a cell? A) repeated, high frequency action potentials will be fired at a skeletal muscle fiber causing sustained contraction B) calcium will remain in the cytosol, continuously stimulating cross-bridge cycling C) all cross-bridges will remain tightly bound to actin D) a build-up of K+ in T-tubules will cause constant, tetanic contractions of skeletal muscles

C

Which capillaries have intercellular pores covered by a basement membrane? a. Sinusoidal capillaries b. Continuous capillaries c. Fenestrated capillaries d. Pinocytosic capillaries e. Lung capillaries

C

Which muscle fiber type produces a high level of force-generation, a fast speed of contraction, and has a low level of oxgygen capacity? a. Slow oxidative b. Fast oxidative c. Fast glycolytic d. Slow glycolytic

C

Which of these is a neurosecretory organ rather than a true endocrine gland? A) anterior pituitary B) thyroid gland C) posterior pituitary D) adrenal cortex E) parathyroid gland

C

Which of these is true of glucagon? A) it has a synergistic effect with insulin B) it acts mainly on adipose tissue C) it triggers processes that tend to increase blood glucose concentration D) it triggers processes that tend to reduce blood glucose concentration E) it is secreted by the liver

C

What will happen to the muscle contraction if ATP is unavailable? a. The muscle becomes relaxed due to absence of metabolic energy. b. The muscle becomes relaxed due to detachment of cross-bridges from actin filaments. c. The muscle becomes rigid due to failure of Ca2+ to bind to myosin. d. The muscle becomes rigid due to failure of cross-bridges to detach from actin filaments. e. none of the above

D

Which of the following are the main muscles used in breathing? a. back muscles and thoracic muscles b. diaphragm and thoracic muscles c. diaphragm and back muscles d. intercostal muscles and diaphragm e. skeletal muscles and back muscles

D

Which of the following groups of chemicals does NOT contain hormones? A) amines B) steroids C) peptides D) carbohydrates E) prostaglandins

D

Which of these is a neurosecretory organ rather than a true endocrine gland? a. anterior pituitary b. thyroid gland c. adrenal cortex d. posterior pituitary e. parathyroid gland

D

Which of these is true of the adrenal medulla? A) it develops from kidney tissue B) the secretion is regulated by hypothalamic and pituitary hormones C) it's hormone amplifies the effects of aldosterone D) it functions as part of the sympathetic nervous system E) it produces steroid hormones

D

Which of these sets of hormones is regulated by a very similar mechanism to the regulation of T3 and T4? A) GnRH, growth hormone B) GRH, FSH, testosterone C) CRH, FSH, progesterone D) CRH, ACTH, cortisol

D

Which structure is NOT part of the "anatomical dead space"? A) bronchiole B) trachea C) bronchi D) respiratory bronchiole E) terminal bronchiole

D

You are a synthetic chemist and have created a compound that appears to bind to epinephrine receptors. When applied to the AV node, what will the affect be? A) increased force of atrial contraction B) decreased force of atrial contraction C) decreased heart rate D) increased heart rate

D

If all the tropomyosin in a muscle were suddenly removed, which of the following would most likely happen? A) the muscle would immediately begin contracting, and would contract continuously until it ran out of ATP B) a rigor mortis like state would immediately occur, with the actin and myosin locked together C) the muscle would not contract until an action potential occurred, but then would contract continuously until it ran out of ATP D) the muscle would contract and stop contracting in the normal manner E) no contraction would be possible under any circumstances

A

In a hypothetical rare genetic disease, the ribosome in some cells of the anterior pituitary are malformed. Which hormone would you expect missing from a patient with this disease? a. Thyroid hormone b. Anti-diuretic hormone c. Oxytocin d. Epinephrine e. Glucagon

A

In regards to the relationship between resting muscle fiber length and tension generated, ________. a. maximal tension is generated when the thick and thin filaments slightly overlap b. maximal tension is generated when the thick and thin filaments do not overlap. c. maximal tension is generated when the thick and thin filaments greatly overlap. d. the amount of overlap is unimportant in determining maximal tension.

A

In the common form of diabetes mellitus, Type II, which of these is true? a. insulin is produced but tissues don't respond to it b. excessive glucagon is produced c. insulin is excreted before it reaches target tissues d. pancreas produces little or no insulin e. liver breaks down insulin so fast little or none reaches target tissue

A

Most of the circulating blood can be found in ____ A) veins B) capillaries C) arterioles D) arteries

A

Myocardial cells exhibit a plateau phase instead of quickly repolarizing. This is due to ________. a. inward diffusion of calcium through slow Ca2+ channels b. inward diffusion of sodium through fast Na+ channels c. inward diffusion of potassium through voltage-gated K+ channels d. outward pumping of sodium by the Na+/K+pump

A

Parasympathetic stimulation of the AV node results in A) a decrease in conduction of electrical signals through AV node, reducing heart rate B) an increase in conduction of electrical signals through AV node, increasing heart rate C) a decrease in SA pacemaker cell activity, reducing heart rate D) an increase in SA pacemaker cell activity, increasing heart rate E) none of the above

A

Sarah is a girl with dreams of becoming an Olympic marathon runner. She just learned that she has a rare genetic mutation and does not produce functional creatine phosphate. What portion of Sarah's marathon experience will be effected? A) just the first few seconds of exercise B) all muscle contractions after Sarah reaches her maximum heart rate (about 10 minutes into her run) C) all muscle contractions after Sarah reaches fatigue (about an hour into her run) D) every moment of Sarah's runs E) no effects on her running

A

The Bohr effect describes the ________. a. effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen b. effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon dioxide c. mechanism of ventilation d. effect of solubility on the amount of gas dissolved in blood

A

The Frank-Starling effect leads to a. an increased stroke volume of the heart. b. an increased pacemaker activity. c. an increase in extrinsic control of heart functioning. d. more starlings

A

The T-tubules ______ A) provide a means of rapidly transmitting the AP from the plasma membrane into the central portions of the muscle fiber B) store ATP C) run longitudinally between myofibrils D) release stored calcium ions from the muscle plasma membrane E) answer a and d

A

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is ________ as the partial pressure of oxygen is raised. a. increased b. decreased c. unchanged

A

The anterior pituitary gland releases all of the following hormones EXCEPT: A) calcitonin B) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) C) prolactin D) growth hormone (GH) E) follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

The difference between a muscle twitch and tetanus is due to a. the duration of the active state of the muscle. b. a longer parallel elastic component. c. a difference in troponin concentration. d. accommodation.

A

The driving force behind the movement of gas in and out of the blood is: a. partial pressure of the gas. b. osmosis. c. active transport. d. the binding affinity of hemoglobin. e. None of the above choices is correct.

A

The energy used for muscle contractions after 30 minutes mostly comes from a. fatty acids. b. glucagon. c. creatine phosphate and glycogen. d. glucose.

A

The hormone ____ is a modified amino acid, whereas ____ is a steroidal hormone A) epinephrine, testosterone B) epinephrine, insulin C) cortisol, glucagon D) T4 (thyroxine), growth hormone E) estrogen, insulin

A

The major functional difference between single-unit (visceral) smooth muscle and multi-unit smooth muscle is: a. action potentials can spread from cell to cell in single-unit, but not in multi-unit b. single-unit contains actin and myosin, multi-unit does not c. Ca++ controls contraction in multi-unit, but Na+ does it in single-unit d. multi-unit contracts in response to hormones, single-unit does not

A

The major physiological difference between single-unit smooth muscle and multi-unit smooth muscle is: A) action potentials can spread from cell to cell in single-unit but not in a multi-unit muscle B) single-unit muscles contain actin and myosin, multi-unit muscles do not C) Ca++ controls contraction in multi-unit, but Na+ does this in a single-unit D) multi-unit uses tropomyosin and single-unit does not E) removal of Ca++ stops contraction in a single-unit muscle, but not in a multi-unit muscle

A

The same hormone can result in different end effects in the same cell or tissue due to A) divergent action B) convergent action C) enzyme cascade action D) morphogenetic action

A

The volume of gas inspired or expired in a quiet respiration cycle is the __ A) tidal volume B) vital capacity C) inspiration reserve volume D) residual volume

A

Type 1 diabetes a. is due to loss of beta cells in the pancreas. b. cannot be treated with insulin injections. c. is caused by a reduction sensitivity in target cells. d. a and b. e. b and c

A

With regard to the action of hormones on cellular receptors, which of these describes "amplification"? A) when the extracellular concentration of a chemical messenger reaches a very high level, it overwhelms transporter molecules and the chemical floods into the cell B) only hydrophilic hormones can activate second-messenger molecules within the cell cytosol C) a single hormone molecule activates multiple second-messenger molecules, each of which activate thousands of enzymes D) some cellular receptors have such low affinity for chemical ligands that it can require a million or more molecules to activate them

C

A motor unit in muscles a. is the power stroke. b. is the sliding sarcomere. c. is one action potential resulting in one contraction. d. includes all muscle fibers connected to one motor axon. e. contains the lithium ion battery.

D

Blood pressure is and osmotic pressure is at the venous end of a capillary. a. higher; higher b. higher; lower c. lower; lower d. lower; higher

D

Epinephrine activates the cyclic AMP pathway in liver cells. In this example, epinephrine is a(n) __.................. and c-AMP is a(n) ..............._. a. ligand, receptor b. hormone, hydrophobic hormone c. second messenger, ion channel d. hormone, second messenger e. enzyme, second messenger

D

If the inside diameter of an unhealthy artery is half the size of a healthy artery, what is the blood flow rate in the unhealthy artery compared to flow rate in the healthy artery? a. 1/2 b. 1/4 c. 1/8 d. 1/16

D

In the Olympic weight-lifting competition, when a weight-lifter pushes himself or herself to lift the maximum possible weight, which type of muscle cells are producing the strongest force supporting the weight? A) slow red = slow oxidative muscles B) single-unit smooth muscles C) fast red = fast oxidative muscles D) fast white = fast glycolytic muscles

D

Muscle of facial expression must make very finely controlled movements, but do not require much strength. This ability suggests what about its motor units? A) there are many muscle cells per motor unit B) the whole muscle acts as a single motor unit C) there are intermediate number of muscle cells per motor unit D) there are few muscle cells per motor unit

D

Normally, the hydrostatic pressure difference between capillary fluid and interstitial fluid favors movement of fluid ________ a capillary. The protein osmotic pressure difference between capillary fluid and interstitial fluid normally favors movement of fluid ________ a tissue capillary. a. into; into b. into; out of c. out of; out of d. out of; into

D

Parasympathetic stimulation of the AV node results in... A) an increase in SA pacemaker cell activity, increasing heart rate B) an increase in conduction of electrical signals through AV node, increasing heart rate C) a decrease in SA pacemaker cell activity, reducing heart rate D) a decrease in conduction of electrical signals through AV node, reducing heart rate E) none of the above

D

Parathyroid hormone functions include ________. a. causing the kidneys to reabsorb calcium b. causing the dissolution of calcium phosphate from bones c. increasing blood calcium levels d. All of the choices are correct.

D

The Bohr effect describes the __ A) effect of solubility on the amount of gas dissolved in blood B) effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for carbon dioxide C) effect of ATP on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen D) effect of pH on the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

D

The action of the growth hormone can be summarized as follows: A) an anti-glucagon effect B) an anti-epinephrine effect C) an anti-PTH effect D) an anti-insulin effect

D

The affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen is ___ if PO2 is low and is __ if PO2 is high A) low, low B) high, low C) high, high D) low, high

D

The amount of blood ejected by the ventricles per beat is termed the ................. a. cardiac output b. end diastolic volume c. blood pressure d. stroke volume

D

The conducting zone contains all of the following EXCEPT the ________. a. primary bronchi b. larynx c. terminal bronchioles d. respiratory bronchioles

D

The volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole is known as the ________. a. ventricular-load (VL) b. pre-diastolic volume (PDV). c. stroke volume (SV). d. end-diastolic volume (EDV).

D

What condition results in a slower diffusion rate? a. A decrease in distance traveled. b. An increase in cross-sectional area. c. An increase in concentration gradient. d. An increase in membrane thickness. e. All of the above.

D

Your patient has advanced stage cancer and her liver is starting to fail. One consequence is markedly reduced plasma proteins. In what way might this affect her endocrine system? A) transport of all hormones in the blood is compromised B) no change to endocrine system function C) a reduction in the synthesis of steroid hormones by the liver D) a reduction in the rate of hydrophobic hormones like steroids and thyroid hormones reaching their target tissues E) a reduction in the rate of peptide-type hormones reaching their target tissues

D

Blood pressure falls with distance from the heart. Using this information, which of the following properly lists the type of blood vessel from HIGHEST blood pressure to LOWEST blood pressure? a. capillaries, veins, arteries b. veins, capillaries, arteries c. veins, arteries, capillaries d. arteries, veins, capillaries e. arteries, capillaries, veins

E

Blood travels into the ____ through the ____ A) right atrium; vena cava B) left ventricle; aorta C) left atrium; pulmonary vein D) right ventricle; pulmonary artery E) both answers a and c are correct

E

How is the length of a skeletal muscle cell related to the force it can generate? A) the tension in a skeletal muscle cell is greatest when contractions occur at either very short or very long lengths B) skeletal muscle cells generate the same amount of force, regardless of their length C) the shorter a skeletal muscle cell is when it begins to contract, the stronger the force generation will be D) the longer a skeletal muscle cell is when it begins to contract, the stronger the force generation will be E) skeletal muscle cells generate the most force when the contraction occurs at an intermediate length

E

If the inside diameter of an unhealthy artery is 1/3 the size of a healthy artery, what is the blood flow rate in the unhealthy artery compared to flow rate in the healthy artery? A) 1/2 B) 1/4 C) 1/8 D) 1/16 E) 1/81

E

In the systemic circuit, which of these describes active hyperemia? A) increased local metabolic activity that results in vasodilation B) increased arterial blood pressure that drives blood more rapidly through tissues C) decreases arterial blood pressure that results in vasodilation D) answers a and b E) answers a and c

E

Negative feedback plays a role in secretion of which of these hormones? a. PTH b. insulin c. T3 and T4 d. cortisol e. all of the above

E

The T-tubules __________ a. provide a means of rapidly transmitting the AP from the surface into the central portions of the muscle fiber. b. store ATP. c. run longitudinally between myofibrils. d. contain the DHP-receptor. e. answers A and D.

E

The following pairs link a human gland with the hormone(s) it secretes. Which pairing is INCORRECT? a. thyroid: calcitonin b. testis: testosterone c. ovary: estrogen and progesterone d. adrenal cortex: cortisol e. pancreas: oxytocin

E

The human heart is divided into four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. Which of the following properly describes the difference in structure and function of these chambers? a. The blood enters through the ventricles and exits through the atria. b. The upper chambers are the atria, and lower chambers are the ventricles. c. The atria are primary pumps that fill the ventricles. d. The atria are smaller than the ventricles. e All except the first choice are correct statements about the relationship between the atria and ventricles.

E

The latch stage of a smooth muscle contraction requires A) a continued elevation of calcium ions B) a continued muscle stimulation C) a brief muscle stimulation D) recruitment of muscle fibers E) answer a and b

E

The mode of action of insulin involves A) adding more GLUT-2 transporters to liver cells B) adding fewer GLUT-2 transporters to fat cells C) adding GLUT-4 transporters to muscle and fat cells D) stimulating phosphorylation of intracellular glucose in liver cells E) answers c and d

E