MAN 3025- Final Exam: Chapters 10-13

Hygiene Factors (Herzberg)

- hygiene: factors that by their absence, inhibit performance but any addition in them does not increase efficiency or productivity. Thus they are extrinsic to the job - basic needs for a job

Recommendations (ToKnight Show, Chapter 12)

-Internships -rely on technology

Why are teams important in the college of business?

-working with other people -still working with a team

Team

A group of people who work together to set goals, make decisions, solve problems, and put ideas into action.

Which of the following is an example of upward communication in organizations?

A leave request sent by a team member to the team manager

Entrepreneurship

Accepting the risk of starting and running a business.

Motivators (Herzberg)

Achievement, recognition, stimulating work, growth, advancement, positive culture

Body Language (ToKnight Show, Chapter 12)

Be prepared, be mindful, have confidence

decision making

Choosing among two or more alternatives.

conforming

Doing something against the individual's own inclinations, but not doing with the intention of matching the behaviour of the majority.

Equity Theory of Motivation

Focuses on the desire to be treated with equity and to avoid perceived inequity

Situational factors (social factors)

Influences such as stages of life, family schedules financial resources, knowledge, skills and peer group

Qualities of a leader

Integrity, Courage, Initiative, Energy, Optimism, Perseverance, Balance, Ability to handle stress, Self-awareness

Which of the following is a disadvantage of oral communication?

It is prone to being inaccurate.

Shareen always starts her staff meetings at exactly 8:00 a.m., and all employees are expected to be there on time. If someone is late, they are chastised for holding everyone else up. However, Shareen has been late for the last two meetings, and no one made any comments about it. This is due to _____.

Norm Variation

During the _____ stage of group development, group members begin to recognize and accept their roles, and understand the roles of other members.

Norming

Jinhoon and Aviva have worked together on several projects, and they have enjoyed working together. On occasion, they get together with their spouses and spend time socializing on weekends. Which of the following does this relationship describe?

Positive interpersonal dynamics

Which of the following can make an informal leader a desirable asset in a group?

Referent or expert power

Which of the following stems from poor job descriptions or unclear cues from coworkers?

Role Ambiguity

People who support one another and who work well together can accomplish much more than people who do not support one another and who do not work well together. What is this an example of?

Synergy

Which of the following is a situational factor that contributes to norm conformity?

Team size

Leadership

The action of leading a group of people or an organization

One of the primary approaches to negotiation is to study individual characteristics. Which of the following is an example of an individual characteristic?

The degree of Machiavellianism

achievement leadership

The leader expects subordinates to set high level performance goals and objectives

behavior

The way an organism reacts to changes in its internal condition or external environment.

Mistakes (ToKnight Show, Chapter 12)

Time, sense of time, respect

Which approach to negotiation tries to predict how negotiators will depart from rationality and focuses on providing advice to negotiators actively involved in negotiations?

decision analytic

The process of establishing a role structure begins with the _____ role.

expected

Types of Power

legitimate, reward, coercive, referent, expert

Why join a group?

1. needs/satisfaction 2. Achieve goal 3. Provide knowledge 4. Security/interpersonal needs 5. Positive social identity/self-concept

Stages of Team Development

1: forming 2: storming 3: norming 4: performing 5: adjourning

negotiation

A form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree

task group

A group created by the organization to accomplish a relatively narrow range of purposes within a stated or implied time horizon

Avoidance

A reaction to conflict that involves ignoring the problem by doing nothing at all, or deemphasizing the disagreement.

Conflict

A struggle between opposing forces

LPC theory

A theory of leadership that suggests that the appropriate style of leadership varies with situational favorableness

valence

An index of how much an individual values a particular outcome; the attractiveness of the outcome to the individual

Nour learned that the upcoming company reorganization is likely to impact her department, meaning changes of duties for some of them. Nour quickly shared this information with the members of her team, and by the end of the day, word was spreading that many of them were going to be let go. Word got back to Rene, the department manager. While it is true that a reorganization is in the works, there are no plans to eliminate any positions. How can Rene minimize the damage that the grapevine does?

By clearly and openly explaining that no one will lose their jobs

Eamon was asked to conduct a cost analysis for a new product line. As a junior employee in the organization, he has very little experience with this, and wants to be sure he (and his work) is viewed as a credible source of information. How can Eamon help to ensure creditably?

By ensuring accurate and honest representation of facts

Punishment involves the use of ____ power.

Coersive

Which of the following have managers around the world agreed on as one of their most important tasks?

Communication

Which of the following is the part of the Leadership Grid that deals with the job and task aspects of leader behavior?

Concern for production

Informal/Interest Group

Created by its members for purposes that may or may not be relevant to those of the organization

gainsharing programs

Designed to share the cost savings from productivity improvements with employees

process theory of motivation

Focus on explaining the process by which internal factors and environmental characteristics influence employee motivation

What is the first step in the communication process?

Having a fact, idea, or opinion to share

positive reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

Which of the following is a task characteristic that may neutralize or substitute for leadership?

Intrinsic Satisfaction

Cheri and Aaron both wanted to work part time, and they found a lawyer who was willing to split one full-time paralegal job between the two of them so that Cheri works mornings and Aaron works afternoons. This arrangement is known as________.

Job sharing

Which of the following leadership models is a direct extension of the expectancy theory of motivation

Path-goal

Why are piece-rate incentive plans prone to fail?

Performance is not always under the worker's control

Carolyn, a manager, discusses and reasons with the Board of Directors of her company until they agree to let her try her new strategic plan for a trial period. Carolyn is using _____ in the given situation.

Persuasion

Vroom's Decision Tree Approach

Predicts what kinds of situations call for different degrees of group participation

A portion of LongTech's revenue is placed into a pool which is distributed to all employees. What type of incentive is this?

Profit Sharing

Polani knows that employees talk about work even when they are not working. Every quarter, Polani arranges an off-site event for her employees. They relax, socialize, talk about what is happening around town, and even work on occasion. What is Polani hoping to promote by including employees in social gatherings?

Promoting a strong sense of culture

piece-rate incentive plan

Reward system wherein the organization pays an employee a certain amount of money for every unit he or she produces

Scanlon Plan

Similar to gainsharing, but the distribution of gains is tilted much more heavily toward employees

KFC used Facebook, Twitter, and the KFC website to introduce 18- to 25-year-olds to Colonel Sanders, the founder of KFC. In this scenario, KFC used a(n)

Social media System

ERG theory of motivation

Suggests that people's needs are grouped into three possibly overlapping categories - existence, relatedness, and growth

two-factor theory of motivation

Suggests that people's satisfaction and dissatisfaction are influenced by two independent sets of factors—motivation factors and hygiene factors

Petra knows what is expected of her at work, and she has procedures and precedents to rely on when she is uncertain. Which of the following does Petra experience a high degree of?

Task Structure

consideration behavior

The behavior of leaders who show concern for subordinates and attempt to establish a warm, friendly, and supportive climate

reward system

The formal and informal mechanisms by which employee performance is defined, evaluated, and rewarded

effort-to-performance expectancy

The individual's perception of the probability that effort will lead to high performance

performance-to-outcome expectancy

The individual's perception that performance will lead to a specific outcome

concern for people

The part of the Managerial Grid that deals with the human aspects of leader behavior

concern for production

The part of the Managerial Grid that deals with the job and task aspects of leader behavior

Outcomes

The possible results of an experiment

role structure

The set of defined roles and interrelationships among those roles that the group members define and accept

job sharing

To share the responsibilities and duties of a single full time job with one or more other employees.

punishment

Used to weaken undesired behaviors by using negative outcomes or unpleasant consequences when the behavior is performed

SunBird Communications Corp. is an organization with offices in a number of cities. The human resources (HR) department interviews the candidates remotely. Each member of the HR department then posts his or her comments on an internal review file. This is an example of a(n) _____.

Virtual Team

According to the Porter-Lawler extension, when would a person most likely be satisfied with rewards?

When they are perceived as equitable

compressed work schedule

Working a full 40-hour week in fewer than the traditional five days

telecommuting

Working at home by using a computer terminal electronically linked to one's place of employment.

merit pay plan

a compensation plan that bases pay on performance

supportive leadership

a leadership style in which the leader is friendly and approachable to employees, shows concern for employees and their welfare, treats them as equals, and creates a friendly climate

directive leadership

a leadership style in which the leader lets employees know precisely what is expected of them, gives them specific guidelines for performing tasks, schedules work, sets standards of performance, and makes sure that people follow standard rules and regulations

Path-Goal Theory

a leadership theory that states that leaders can increase subordinate satisfaction and performance by clarifying and clearing the paths to goals and by increasing the number and kinds of rewards available for goal attainment

Motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

functional groups

a permanent group created by the organization to accomplish a number of organizational purposes with an unspecified time horizon

informal leader

a person who has no formal authority but has the respect of colleagues and some power over them

merit pay

a system of linking pay increases to ratings on performance appraisals

Conflict Theory

a theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources

Goal Setting Theory

a theory that says that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance

flexible work schedule

a work schedule that allows employees discretion in order to accommodate personal concerns

political behavior

activities that are not required as part of a person's formal role in the organization but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution of advantages and disadvantages within the organization

Groups

all those persons who perform the task of managing an enterprise.

Charismatic Leadership

assume that charisma is an individual characteristic of the leader

Employees at GreenTech Inc. complete their schedules on time as every hour they take in excess may lead to a corresponding loss of pay. Their behaviors are strengthened through _____.

avoidance

process perspectives

concerned with the thought processes by which people decide how to act

role conflict

conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses

Which of the following is a conflict resolution technique that requires a reasonable degree of maturity and uses a direct approach of addressing the conflict and working together to resolve it?

confrontation

In the context of the Vroom's decision tree approach, when managers present a problem to their group at a meeting, get their suggestions, and then make the decision, they follow the _____ decision-making style.

consult group

Empowerment

delegation of authority to solve customers' problems quickly—usually by the first person the customer notifies regarding a problem

need for affiliation

desire to associate with others, to be part of a group, to form close and intimate relationships

Goal _____ is the extent to which a goal is challenging and requires effort.

difficulty

stock option plan

established to give senior managers the option to buy company stock in the future at a predetermined fixed price

verbal communication

expressing ideas to others by using spoken words

SegSystems gives its workers a small bonus every time they achieve 100 injury-free days in a row. The type of reinforcement used here is_____.

fixed-ratio

Elena is getting to know the other members of her project team. A group structure is beginning to emerge as the members establish some basic ground rules and figure out acceptable behaviors and roles. This group is in the _____ stage of development.

forming

The nursing staff in the operating room at the local hospital are an example of a(n) _____.

functional group

role overload

having more work to accomplish than time permits

Bill, the HR manager at Esposito Inc., compiles the company newsletter and in the process coordinates with the managers of other departments. The communication seen in this scenario best exemplifies _____ communication.

horizontal

variable-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

variable-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

fixed-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

fixed-interval schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Types of conflict

internal and external

Emily thinks Alex is a narcissist who only wants to talk about himself, and therefore tries to avoid him. They have _____

interpersonalconflict

participation

involvement in a life situation

employee-centered leader behavior

involves attempting to build effective work groups with high performance goals

initiating-structure behavior

involves clearly defining the leader-subordinate roles so that subordinates know what is expected of them

job-centered leader behavior

involves paying close attention to the work of subordinates, explaining work procedures, and demonstrating a strong interest in performance

Which barrier to communication exists when a sender is considered an unreliable source of information?

lack of credibility

Transformational Leadership

leadership that, enabled by a leader's vision and inspiration, exerts significant influence

norm variation

norms and their application vary within a group or team (internal)

Eli has found that organizational rewards do not inspire him, and he would rather do freelance work because of the independence it offers him. For Eli, what does independence act as?

organizational characteristics

charisma

personal appeal or attraction; magnetism

individual traits

personality traits that define a person's unique individual qualities

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Juslio put in extra hours to complete an important project on time after unanticipated complications threw it off schedule. In recognition of his efforts, he received a bonus. This motivates him to put in more hard work and better performances. The organization has used _____ to strengthen his behavior.

positive reinforcement

referent power

power that comes from subordinates' and coworkers' respect, admiration, and loyalty

Tariq Lennox demonstrates high moral standards with every decision he makes and inspires others to follow suit. From the given information, we can say that he has _____ power.

referent

When a leader has a high degree of charisma and loyalty, they also have a high degree of _____ power.

referent

Aside from motivational strategies such as the content perspective, process perspectives, and reinforcement perspectives, an organization's _____ is its most basic tool for managing employee motivation.

reward system

Norms

rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members

Groups and Teams (ToKnight Show, Chapter 13)

series of unrelated objects shows the object placement goal: reposition the objects the previous it's hard to say who is the mole because it is difficult to build trust between groups find the saboteur (mole) in the group there was no mole teams have to trust each other

Centralized networks perform with greater efficiency and accuracy when a task is _____.

simple and routine

behavioral norms

standards of proper or acceptable behavior. Several modes of social control are important to marketing

The top management of a beverage manufacturing company has put together a team to handle the marketing of its new health drink. However, the team members are unable to agree on the best way to equitably divide the group tasks. In addition, two group members are trying to take over the leadership role, and this has led to more conflict. This group is at the _____ stage of group development.

storming

Which of the following stages of group development is often characterized by a general lack of unity and uneven interaction patterns?

storming

LMX, Leader Member Exchange Model

substitutes for leadership

Strategic Leadership

the ability to anticipate, envision, maintain flexibility, think strategically, and work with others to initiate changes that will create a positive future for an organization

impression management

the attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen

need for power

the extent to which an individual desires to control or influence others

Cohesiveness

the extent to which team members are attracted to a team and motivated to remain in it

adjourning

the final stage in group development for temporary groups, characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than task performance

LPC measure

the measuring scale that asks leaders to describe the person with whom he or she is able to work least well

need for achievement

the motivation to solve worthwhile problems

norm generalization

the norms of one group cannot always be generalized to another group (external)

Role

the part play in groups to helping the group reach its goals

Socialization

the process by which individuals internalize the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society and learn to function as members of that society

behavior modification

the use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior

content perspectives

theories that emphasize the needs that motivate people

Reinforcement Theory

theory that positive and negative reinforcers motivate a person to behave in certain ways

Extinction

used to weaken undesired behaviors by simply ignoring or not reinforcing them

role ambiguity

when role expectations are not clearly understood

A group is defined as two or more people who ______.

who interact regularly to accomplish a common purpose or goal

Types of Teams

work teams, management teams, parallel teams, project teams, action teams

According to the two-factor theory, which of the following is a hygiene factor that influences an employee's satisfaction or dissatisfaction?

working conditions

Communication

A process through which you send messages to and receive messages from others.

Path-Goal Theory of Leadership

A theory that states that the most important aspect in leadership is the follower's expectation that a task can be accomplished and that it will lead to rewards.

Nour's group gets along well and never experiences any conflict. All group members agree when someone has a new suggestion or idea. If no conflict is ever experienced, what might be the outcome for the group?

Complacency

When groups or an individual agree to a middle-range position between two extremes during conflict resolution efforts, what are they working toward?

Compromise

The types of communication between negotiators, the potential outcomes of the negotiation, and the relative power of the parties are among the factors investigated in which approach to negotiation?

Situational Characteristics

participative leadership

a leadership style in which the leader consults employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions

An advantage of teams in an organization is that they enable the organization to shed its _____.

bureaucracy

Why is game theory often unworkable in real negotiations?

c. Negotiators do not always act rationally

Vikranta is reading a policy letter about absences. In terms of the communication process, this is an example of _____.

decoding

Rabeya works with L'Meese and Tariq, but she does not know them well. L'Meese and Tariq are active in a lunchtime book club and invited Rabeya to join them. Rabeya joined because she enjoys reading. Why did Rabeya decide to join this group?

group activities

Norm Conformity

group or team pressure an initial (ambiguous) stimulus prompting group behavior individual traits that reflect their propensity to conform the influence of situational factors related to the group if you don't conform to what is expected you are going to have to leave

In general, as teams become more cohesive, their members tend to _____.

interact more frequently, conform more to norms, and become more satisfied with the team.

Competition for scarce resources, especially funding, can often lead to which type of conflict within an organization?

intergroup

The receiving manager at Kennil rejected the last two shipments of raw materials from Pexway, claiming that the material was inferior. Pexway insists that the shipments met the standards as outlined in the agreement between the two companies. Kennil wants Pexway to reimburse them for time lost, and Pexway is demanding compensation for the material, which they cannot resell. This is an example of _____ conflict.

interorganizational conflict

Emily thinks Alex is a narcissist who only wants to talk about himself, and therefore tries to avoid him. They have _____.

interpersonal conflict

gaze

involves movements and direction of the eyes in visual interaction

Lisette has just moved to a new city. In order to meet new people, she joined a local book club. She did this for _____.

needs satisfaction

Which type of conflict results from a discrepancy between the role requirements and the individual's personal values, attitudes, and needs?

person-role

reward power

power that comes from the ability to provide rewards or favors

coersive power

power that comes from the ability to punish

expert power

power that is based on the special knowledge, skills, and expertise that a leader possesses

Sushil is the director of Human Resources, and is meeting with several division level managers to plan staffing for the new product launch. Which type of team is Sushil a part of?

problemsolving

Initial stimulus

produces a response that reinforces the stimulus

In group role structure, the _____ role comprises the messages and cues that group members use to communicate their expectations to another member.

sent

Acknowledging the existence of conflict but downplaying its importance is known as _____.

smoothing

norming stage

the third stage in group development, characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness

Effective Communication (case of the orange) (ToKnight Show, Chapter 12)

8000 to buy a whole orange, the money is needed for the orphanage person A offers 5000 bc of their terminally ill son and he only needs HALF of the orange person B offers 5000 bc of their terminally ill son and she only needs the juice for the orange END RESULT: The 8000 offer, the sponsor bargains 4000 from person A who only needs half of the orange, and bargains 4000 person B who only needs the juice from the orange

Juan sent a memo to his staff regarding the new procedures for ordering new equipment. Later in the week, he checked in with individual staff members to ensure that they received the memo and to find out if they had any questions or concerns. Which organizational skill is Juan demonstrating?

Following-up

Dajhia heard rumors about an upcoming merger that she knew, as a person on the team looking into the potential merger, were incorrect. She decided to write a memo to her employees dispelling the rumors. Which of the following types of communication was Dajhia responding to?

Grapevine

content theory of motivation

Identifies physical or psychological conditions that act as stimuli for human behaviors. Also referred to as the basic needs model.

nonverbal communication

communication using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech

The EPA is considering two different sticker designs for auto fuel economy. One design included a letter grade A+ to D, but a few members argued that the letter grade fell short because it is imbued with memories people have of school. Some others argued that it was simple and easy to understand. The result was that neither of the parties tried to understand what the other was saying. This scenario best exemplifies the organizational barrier of _____.

different perceptions

A technology firm creates a group whose only purpose is to develop a pre-launch marketing strategy for a new product. The group will disband one month after the product is launched. This is an example of a(n) ________ group.

task

Trini always keeps the interim deadlines in mind as well as her team's final project due date. She makes sure that the team meets those interim dates, whether it is by encouraging more work hours, finding additional resources, or some other solution. Trini is filling a _____ role.

task specialist

Gore Associates Inc., is considering giving workers who perform tasks more responsibility for their performance. This includes giving those workers greater authority and the freedom to make more decisions. Gore Associates is considering reorganizing into _____.

teams

norm assimilation

the ability of a workplace to quickly bring a new employee up to speed with regard to the organizational culture

achievement theory of motivation

the desire to direct your behavior toward excelling, succeeding, or outperforming others at some task

norm of reciprocity

the expectation that helping others will increase the likelihood that they will help us in the future

Forming

the first stage of team development, in which team members meet each other, form initial impressions, and begin to establish team norms

Performing Stage of Group Development

the fourth stage in group development, during which the group is fully functional

legitimate power

the power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization

The Nature of Leadership

the process of providing general direction and influencing individuals or groups to achieve goals

storming stage

the second stage in group development, characterized by intragroup conflict

Kinesics

the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication

Proxemics (Interpersonal Space)

the study of our perception and structuring of interpersonal and environmental space toe-to-toe

Expectancy Theory

the theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards