MAN3025 Exam 3 Review
Which of the following would likely be considered an outcome in terms of equity theory? A. Compensation B. Effort C. Skills D. Loyalty E. Education
A. Compensation
A research study examined the relationship between the personality dimensions identified by the Big Five Model and five occupational categories: professionals, police, managers, salespeople, and semiskilled/skilled employees. Which factor predicted job performance across all occupational groups? A. Conscientiousness B. Agreeableness C. Openness to experience D. Emotional stability E. Extraversion
A. Conscientiousness
Chandra is a "people person" when it comes to managing her department. She seems to genuinely care about her subordinates' welfare and actively solicits their inputs in making decisions that affect them. According to the Ohio State studies, what type of leadership behavior does Chandra most likely demonstrate? A. Consideration behavior B. Production-oriented C. Initiating structure D. Democratic E. Employee-oriented
A. Consideration behavior
Meghan has always been a "nervous Nellie." She worries constantly about seemingly everything and is almost always tense and upset. Which personality dimension of the Big Five Model does this illustrate? A. Emotional stability B. Openness to experience C. Extraversion D. Conscientiousness E. Agreeableness
A. Emotional stability
A sales manager wants to establish a goal that will result in maximum motivation and superior performance for his sales staff. Which of the following would be the most effective goal? A. Increase sales by 10% during the next quarter. B. Try to improve sales. C. Increase sales during the next 6 months. D. Triple sales. E. Do your best.
A. Increase sales by 10% during the next quarter.
Karl tends to be an imaginative "big picture" person. He trusts his hunches and likes to look at possibilities rather than mundane details. Which MBTI dimension or orientation does this describe? A. Intuition B. Judging C. Thinking D. Extraversion E. Feeling
A. Intuition
Gabriela, a university professor, likes to conduct research and publish articles in her field of expertise, but what she enjoys most is her time in the classroom, interacting with her students. She especially relishes the one-on-one time that she has with students during academic advising. According to the three-needs theory, Gabriela has a high need for ________. A. affiliation B. self-actualization C. achievement D. esteem E. power
A. affiliation
The manager who says, "Do it my way or hit the highway" is exercising ________ power. A. coercive B. expert C. legitimate D. referent E. reward
A. coercive
Tanya is opposed to drinking alcohol, but she has been offered a lucrative job with a beer company. She is tempted to take the job because the pay is nearly double what she is currently earning, but she feels hypocritical. Tanya is experiencing ________. A. cognitive dissonance B. the self-serving bias C. emotional intelligence D. the fundamental attribution error E. organizational commitment
A. cognitive dissonance
In response to some recent customer complaints about poor service, Francesca prepares a training presentation and manual for customer service representatives that outlines expected behaviors and the consequences of infractions. This best demonstrates the ________ function of communication. A. control B. motivation C. exchange D. information E. emotional expression
A. control
The Gallup organization has conducted polls identifying large percentages of employees who are sleepwalking through their workday and are not passionate about their work. These employees are referred to as ________. A. disengaged workers B. the Silent Generation C. low performers D. contingent workers E. tenured employees
A. disengaged workers
Carmen is a receptionist at a medical practice. She checks patients in for their appointments, schedules new appointments, and calls patients to remind them of their appointments. Her job has been redesigned so that she can now accept payments from patients and issue receipts. This change would best describe job ________. A. enlargement B. rotation C. depth D. empowerment E. enrichment
A. enlargement
Pete was reluctant to reveal the business unit's dismal financial performance, so when he was asked to report in the operations review, he smiled and stated, "Given our initial high expectations, results have been somewhat less than anticipated." This is an example of ________. A. filtering B. body language C. verbal intonation D. selective perception E. jargon
A. filtering
Professionals are likely to be more motivated by ________. A. job challenge B. time to pursue outside interests C. an 8 to 5 workday D. promotions E. money
A. job challenge
According to situational leadership theory (SLT), the optimal combination of task and relationship behaviors depends on the ________ of followers to accomplish a specific task. A. readiness B. aptitude C. experience D. training E. motivation
A. readiness
The interpersonal communication process begins with ________. A. the sender B. the channel C. the receiver D. feedback E. decoding
A. the sender
A leader who focuses on clarifying employees' roles and task expectations and then provides rewards and/or punishments based upon their performance would be described as a ________ leader. A. transactional B. charismatic C. democratic D. transformational E. laissez-faire
A. transactional
________ communication flows from a manager to his or her employees, whereas ________ communication flows from the employees to management. A. Downward; upward B. Lateral; upward C. Diagonal; lateral D. Upward; downward E. Downward; lateral
A. Downward; upward
________ refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of successfully performing a task. A. Self-efficacy B. Self-actualization C. Self-esteem D. Self-awareness E. Self-monitoring
A. Self-efficacy
According to expectancy theory, an individual's motivation depends on three variables or relationships: ________. A. expectancy, instrumentality, and valence .B. expectancy, incentive, and valence C. instrumentality, self-esteem, and safety needs D. esteem, locus of control, and valence E. esteem, instrumentation, and valence
A. expectancy, instrumentality, and valence
Emotional intelligence (EI) involves a person's ability to ________ and ________ emotional cues and information. A. notice; manage B. perceive; manipulate C. display; control D. influence; control E. conceal; master
A. notice; manage
Which personality trait in the Big Five Model would reflect the degree to which an individual is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting? A. Conscientiousness B. Agreeableness C. Extraversion D. Emotional stability E. Openness to experience
B. Agreeableness
Reliability, predictability, and good judgment in handling situations would best describe which dimension of trust? A. Integrity B. Consistency C. Openness D. Loyalty E. Competence
B. Consistency
Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning the challenges of managing cross-cultural motivation? A. Managers cannot automatically assume motivation programs that work in one geographic location are going to work in others. B. Group work is likely to be more motivating when the country's culture scores low on the nurturing criterion. C. The most blatant pro-American characteristics in the motivation theories is the strong emphasis on individualism and achievement. D. Most current motivation theories were developed in the US by Americans and about Americans. E. Maslow's hierarchy of needs aligns with American culture, but may have questionable alignment with countries like Japan and Mexico.
B. Group work is likely to be more motivating when the country's culture scores low on the nurturing criterion.
Joe Friday on the old TV show Dragnet was famous for the line, "Just the facts, ma'am." This line would best describe which MBTI dimension or orientation? A. Perceiving B. Judging C. Feeling D. Intuition E. Extraversion
B. Judging
________ communication consists of messages sent outside of the written or spoken word. A. Informal B. Nonverbal C. Lateral D. Downward E. Diagonal
B. Nonverbal
Which of the following best describes legitimate power? A. Power possessed by an individual because of the ability to discipline subordinates B. Power possessed by an individual because of his or her position in the organization C. Power possessed by an individual because of his or her expertise in one or more areas D. Power resulting from the leader's ability to reward subordinates E. Power possessed by an individual because of admiration and respect from subordinates
B. Power possessed by an individual because of his or her position in the organization
Which of the following was NOT presented as a way to become a better communicator? A. Develop good speaking skills B. Sharpen data processing skills C. Sharpen writing skills D. Develop good persuasion skills E. Sharpen reading skills
B. Sharpen data processing skills
What's most important to Sandra in life isn't money or status; it's being able to interact with people and have friends and family. Which level of needs would this represent in Maslow's hierarchy of needs? A. Physiological B. Social C. Safety D. Self-actualization E. Esteem
B. Social
Amira's job as the director of the humane shelter is exhausting and can be heartbreaking at times, but she loves her job because she knows that she makes a difference in the lives of thousands of homeless animals every year. Which dimension of the job characteristics model does this describe? A. Skill variety B. Task significance C. Autonomy D. Task identity E. Feedback
B. Task significance
According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, which of the following would be considered a motivator? A. Relationship with supervisor B. The work itself C. Supervision D. Salary E. Status
B. The work itself
While Hong is on the phone with a supplier, she hears the chimes of her e-mail, alerting her to a message. While she is scanning the message, a colleague knocks on her door and tells her she's late for the staff meeting. At the same moment, she gets a text message from her husband. This scenario best illustrates the barrier to communication referred to as ________. A. faulty expression B. information overload C. selective perception D. filtering E. jargon
B. information overload
New employees at Zappos go through an intensive four-week training program that immerses them in company culture, strategy, and processes. At the end of the first week, the company tells the new hires that if they quit, Zappos will pay them for the amount of time they have worked plus up to a $5000 bonus. Only 2dash-3% of people take the offer. The other 97% demonstrate ________. A. perceived organizational support B. organizational commitment C. job involvement D. assumed similarity E. organizational citizenship behavior
B. organizational commitment
Consequences that immediately follow a behavior and increase the probability that the behavior will be repeated are referred to as ________. A. referents B. reinforcers C. energizers D. motivators E. hygiene factors
B. reinforcers
When evaluating the most effective communication method for a message, a manager wants to use a method that affords the receiver the most control over when the message is dealt with. This is referred to as ________. A. decoding ease B. time of consumption C. confidentiality D. encoding ease E. scanability
B. time of consumption
Walt Disney said, "If you can dream it, you can do it." This quote best describes ________ leadership. A. transactional B. visionary C. laissez-faire D. autocratic E. charismatic
B. visionary
Of the following methods of communication, which has the highest confidentiality? A. Teleconference B. Face-to-face C. Bulletin board D. Publication E. Videotapes
B. Face-to-face
Overall, Luciana is pleased with herself. She perceives herself as a caring person, a good mother to her two children, and a trustworthy, dependable employee. This would describe which of Luciana's personality traits? A. Self-monitoring B. Self-esteem C. Machiavellianism D. Resilience E. Locus of control
B. Self-esteem
When Angelica becomes upset with another person or situation, she is able to keep her impulses in check and rein in frustration or anger by taking a deep breath and counting slowly to ten before she responds. This is an example of which dimension of emotional intelligence? A. Empathy B. Self-management C. Self-awareness D. Self-motivation E. Social skills
B. Self-management
According to the Fiedler contingency model, a leader who scores 64 or above on the least-preferred coworker (LPC) questionnaire would be described as having a(n) ________ leadership style. A. achievement-oriented B. relationship-oriented C. democratic D. task-oriented E. delegating
B. relationship-oriented
Which of the following was the primary focus of leadership behavior theories? A. The creation of in-groups and out-groups by the leader B. The match between the leader's style and the amount of situational control C. How leaders interacted with their subordinates D. The impact of followers' readiness E. Characteristics possessed by effective leaders
C. How leaders interacted with their subordinate
Jadon doesn't believe that "luck happens." He believes that you make your own luck in life. Which personality trait does this describe? A. Machiavellianism B. Resilience C. Locus of control D. Self-esteem E. Emotional intelligence
C. Locus of control
When Lucinda interviewed a job candidate who was from Japan, she was disconcerted by his lack of eye contact, unaware that many Japanese are uncomfortable with direct eye contact. This demonstrates which barrier to effective communication? A. Information overload B. Selective perception C. National culture D. Filtering E. Faulty expression
C. National culture
According to the Fiedler contingency model, which contingency dimension identifies the extent to which the leader has the authority to reward, discipline, hire, and/or fire subordinates? A. Reward power B. Initiating structure C. Position power D. Task structure E. Coercive power
C. Position power
Samira wants to stay on her boss's good side because it's almost time for her annual performance review and merit pay increase. What form of power does Samira's boss possess? A. Referent B. Expert power C. Reward power D. Coercive power E. Information
C. Reward power
Marcus is very health-conscious and believes that smoking is harmful. He becomes upset when a coworker lights a cigarette after their lunch together. This represents the ________ component of his attitude. A. behavioral B. social C. affective D. perceptual E. cognitive
C. affective
Marcus is very health-conscious and believes that smoking is harmful. This represents the ________ component of his attitude. A. affective B. emotional C. cognitive D. behavioral E. social
C. cognitive
The process of combining tasks in order to form complete jobs is referred to as job ________. A. enrichment B. enlargement C. design D. scope E. depth
C. design
All of the following are elements of the interpersonal communication process EXCEPT ________. A. feedback B. noise C. jargon D. decoding E. encoding
C. jargon
The sales manager meets with the accounting manager in order to clarify aspects of the sales compensation program. This meeting is an example of ________ communication. A. downward B. diagonal C. lateral D. upward E. informal
C. lateral
Marianna voluntarily gives up her lunch hour to help her colleague who is struggling to finalize an important report. This is an example of ________. A. the halo effect B. social learning theory C. organizational citizenship behavior D. a self-serving bias E. shaping behavior
C. organizational citizenship behavior
A person's ________ is/are the unique combination of emotional, thought, and behavioral patterns that affect how he or she reacts to situations and interacts with others. A. emotions B. resilience C. personality D. aptitudes E. attitude
C. personality
Communication is the transfer and ________ of meaning. A. encoding B. decoding C. understanding D. retranslation E. inference
C. understanding
Colin has always had an open-door policy with his staff. They consider him a friend and know that they can come to him with any problem they have, personal or work-related. Colin is unfailingly supportive and will advocate for them with upper management when needed. According to the University of Michigan studies, what type of leadership behavior does Colin demonstrate? A. Consideration behavior B. Autocratic C. Employee-oriented D. Production-oriented E. Democratic
C. Employee-oriented
Sarah's team has taken on a new project. She has a lot of confidence in her team's ability to execute because they have many years of combined experience and are highly motivated to produce top-notch work. According to situational leadership theory (SLT), which leadership style would be most appropriate for Sarah to demonstrate? A. Participating B. Telling C. Autocratic D. Delegating E. Selling
D. Delegating
_______ are object-specific, intense feelings. A. Attitudes B. Norms C. Values D. Emotions E. Principles
D. Emotions
Yumi is an outgoing, high-energy person, and her friends often describe her as the "life of the party." According to the Big Five Model, which personality trait would this describe? A. Openness to experience B. Agreeableness C. Emotional stability D. Extraversion E. Conscientiousness
D. Extraversion
According to the job characteristics model, which core job dimension directly contributes to the critical psychological state of knowledge of the actual results of the work activities? A. Task identity B. Skill variety C. Autonomy D. Feedback E. Task significance
D. Feedback
The CEO of a relatively small company needs to deliver some important information to employees about a proposed merger. He believes it's critical that everyone have the ability to communicate at the same time and in the same space so that he can address concerns and answer questions. Which of the following methods would be most appropriate? A. Postal mail B. Voice mail C. Fax D. Group meeting E. Memo
D. Group meeting
Jacinta picked up a prescription from the pharmacy and was confused by the instructions that stated, "Take two tablets PO BID." It wasn't until she questioned the pharmacist that she learned it means to take two pills by mouth twice a day. This is an example of which barrier to communication? A. Information overload B. Faulty expression C. Filtering D. Jargon E. Selective perception
D. Jargon
Which subordinate contingency factor identified by the path-goal theory describes the degree to which followers believe that they are the masters of their fates? A. Task structure B. Experience C. Perceived ability D. Locus of control E. Formal authority system
D. Locus of control
In order to get the edge in being promoted to a higher level management position, Ted spread a false rumor about a colleague. He figured that ultimately he was better for the job, and he was merely helping the company make the "right" decision. Which personality trait does this demonstrate? A. Locus of control B. Self-monitoring C. Resilience D. Machiavellianism E. Emotional intelligence
D. Machiavellianism
Shawn's landscape company has grown significantly over the past year. Most of his workers are inexperienced and unsure of what they are expected to do, but eager to learn. According to situational leadership theory (SLT), at what stage of follower readiness are these workers? A. R3 B. R4 C. R5 D. R2 E. R1
D. R2
The program chair in the business administration division is retiring at the end of the year, but Jana has no desire to apply for the position because she knows it would mean longer hours and more administrative work for not much more money. Which aspect of expectancy theory does this best describe? A. Self-efficacy B. Instrumentality C. Enrichment D. Valence E. Expectancy
D. Valence
All of the following are active listening behaviors EXCEPT ________. A. showing empathy with the speaker B. nodding and displaying appropriate facial expressions C. paraphrasing what the speaker has said D. avoiding eye contact with the speaker E. asking questions of the speaker
D. avoiding eye contact with the speaker
Marcus is very health-conscious and believes that smoking is harmful. When a coworker lights a cigarette after lunch, he asks her to put out the cigarette because he doesn't want to be exposed to second-hand smoke. This represents the ________ component of his attitude. A. cognitive B. affective C. social D. behavioral E. perceptual
D. behavioral
A leader is defined as someone who ________. A. is not needed in all organizations B. has definitive behaviors that are effective across all situations C. seldom is the one who makes things happen D. can influence others and who has managerial authority E. is always formally designated by the organization to exert influence
D. can influence others and who has managerial authority
Attitudes are composed of three components: ________, affect, and behavior. A. perceptions B. feelings C. emotions D. cognition E. consensus
D. cognition
The aspect of attribution in which we determine if the behavior exhibited by a person is unusual is referred to as ________. A. consistency B. continuity C. consensus D. distinctiveness E. consent
D. distinctiveness
Anika is disturbed to learn that she is only receiving a 2% merit pay increase when her cubicle mate is receiving 3%. She most likely believes that ________ justice has not been achieved in giving out raises. A. retributive B. interactional C. restorative D. distributive E. procedural
D. distributive
An employee strongly identifies with her job, actively participates in it, and believes that her job performance is important to her self-worth. This is an example of ________. A. organizational citizenship behavior B. assumed similarity C. organizational commitment D. job involvement E. perceived organizational support
D. job involvement
According to the Fiedler contingency model, the three contingency dimensions that define situational control are ________. A. position power, reward power, and coercive power B. follower readiness, leaderdash-member relations, and position power C. initiating structure, task structure, and consideration behavior D. leaderdash-member relations, task structure, and position power E. task structure, leaderdash-member relations, and referent power
D. leaderdash-member relations, task structure, and position power
The behavior shaping method of rewarding a response by eliminating or withdrawing something unpleasant is referred to as ________. A. positive reinforcement B. retribution C. extinction D. negative reinforcement E. punishment
D. negative reinforcement
Drew is distracted from the professor's lecture because his girlfriend keeps sending him text messages about their weekend plans. This is an example of ________ in the communication process. A. the channel B. feedback C. decoding D. noise E. filtering
D. noise
When a student launched into a long-winded excuse for a late assignment, Professor Jensen pursed her lips and shook her head slightly. This is an example of ________ communication. A. informal B. verbal intonation C. lateral D. nonverbal E. downward
D. nonverbal
Raymond sent a text message to a colleague, telling him that he'd heard there was going to be a layoff the next month. His colleague quickly told his cubicle mate, who shared the information with a friend in the quality department. This is an example of ________. A. encoding B. filtering C. downward communication D. the grapevine E. upward communication
D. the grapevine
________ leaders guide followers to accomplish established goals, whereas ________ leaders inspire followers to accomplish exceptional outcomes. A. Charismatic; transformational B. Visionary; transactional C. Visionary; transformational D. Transactional; transformational E. Transformational; transactional
D. Transactional; transformational
Which core job dimension in the job characteristics model (JCM) describes the degree to which a job provides substantial freedom, independence, and discretion to the individual in scheduling the work and determining task procedures? A. Feedback B. Task significance C. Task identity D. Skill variety E. Autonomy
E. Autonomy
How can managers best encourage ethical communications? A. Avoid a focus on how the communication will appear in the future; focus on the present B. Review all communications written by others C. Write all communications themselves D. Avoid being sidetracked by a consideration of why a message is being communicated E. Clearly define what is considered ethical and unethical communication
E. Clearly define what is considered ethical and unethical communication
Which theory of motivation proposes that employees compare what they get out of their jobs in relation to what they put into it and then determine if that is fair based on a comparison with others? A. Expectancy theory B. Hierarchy of needs theory C. Two-factor theory D. Three-needs theory E. Equity theory
E. Equity theory
Which leadership style identified by situational leadership theory (SLT) is characterized by a low level of task behavior and a high level of relationship behavior? A. Initiating B. Telling C. Delegating D. Selling E. Participating
E. Participating
Alicia is determined to finish her research paper. If that means she has to put in some late nights over the next few weeks, she is willing to do so because she's not going to give up after all the work she has already put into the paper. This willingness to continue on with the project represents which element of motivation? A. Autonomy B. Esteem C. Energy D. Direction E. Persistence
E. Persistence
Job security, health insurance benefits, and seniority pay would serve to fulfill which level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs? A. Self-actualization B. Physiological C. Social D. Esteem E. Safety
E. Safety
According to the path-goal theory, under which of the following circumstances is a directive leadership style most appropriate? A. Tasks are structured and/or routine, and subordinates are inexperienced. B. Formal authority relationships are clearly established, and tasks are redundant. C. Subordinates have an internal locus of control. D. Tasks are structured and/or routine, and subordinates have considerable experience. E. Tasks are ambiguous, and subordinates are inexperienced
E. Tasks are ambiguous, and subordinates are inexperienced.
Of the following methods of communication, which would have the lowest scanability? A. Fax B. Memos C. Bulletin boards D. Publications E. Telephone
E. Telephone
Which of the following refers to the emphasis someone gives to words or phrases in order to convey meaning? A. Jargon B. Filtering C. Semantics D. Body language E. Verbal intonation
E. Verbal intonation
Once each quarter, Bill holds an all-employee meeting in the cafeteria to keep them apprised of business results, let them know of planned changes in the industry, and answer questions. This is an example of ________. A. an open workplace B. diagonal communication C. lateral communication D. the grapevine E. a town hall meeting
E. a town hall meeting
Gina is known to run a tight ship in her department. She sets very strict rules of conduct and expects everyone to follow them perfectly. No one in the department doubts that she is in complete charge at all times. According to the University of Iowa studies, Gina has a(n) ________ style. A. initiating structure B. democratic C. employee-oriented D. laissez-faire E. autocratic
E. autocratic
The vertical axis of the managerial grid measures ________, whereas the horizontal axis measures ________. A. production orientation; employee orientation B. initiating structure; consideration behavior C. concern for production; concern for people D. consideration behavior; initiating structure E. concern for people; concern for production
E. concern for people; concern for production
The impact of IT on the work environment has ________. A. created fewer opportunities for collaboration B. made it more difficult for employees to have complete information C. made it more difficult for managers to monitor individual performance D. created fewer opportunities for accessibility E. created an opportunity for a 24/7 environment
E. created an opportunity for a 24/7 environment
The manager of manufacturing consults with a customer service representative to determine the status of a shipment to a customer. This is an example of ________ communication. A. informal B. downward C. lateral D. upward E. diagonal
E. diagonal
Adding tasks to an existing job is referred to as job ________. A. empowerment B. depth C. rotation D. enrichment E. enlargement
E. enlargement
Jamal is a member service representative at a credit union. Until recently, his job consisted of handling members' deposits and withdrawals. He can now sell certificates of deposit, advise customers on the types and terms of available loans, and assist them with completing loan applicationslong dash—functions that were previously done by his team leader. This type of job design option would best be described as job ________. A. rotation B. enlargement C. evaluation D. specialization E. enrichment
E. enrichment
Bao is confident that, if he puts in a few late nights at the library, he'll be able to complete his research paper on time. In terms of expectancy theory, this is an example of ________. A. instrumentality B. equity C. valence D. a reinforcer E. expectancy
E. expectancy
The argument that behavior is a function of its consequences is reflected in ________. A. social learning theory B. the self-serving bias C. learning D. attribution theory E. operant conditioning
E. operant conditioning
Frank noticed that Anna missed making their monthly sales quotas at a large auto dealer. He thinks this happened because she lacks basic people skills, not because a competing dealership is offering attractive sales rebates. This is an example of ________. A. the halo effect B. shaping behavior C. stereotyping D. the self-serving bias E. the fundamental attribution error
E. the fundamental attribution error
Which of the following were identified by David McClelland as acquired needs that are major motives in work? A. Power, actualization, and achievement B. Affiliation, power, and autonomy C. Achievement, esteem, and power D. Accomplishment, power, and affiliation E. Achievement, power, and affiliation
E. Achievement, power, and affiliation
Sun-Li called her staff into her office and announced, "I'm thrilled to announce that we've been awarded the Cinocoh account. I'm here if you need me, but I want you to take this ball and run with it. You guys know what to do and how to do it, and I have complete faith in your judgment and abilities." According to the University of Iowa studies, what type of leadership style has Sun-Li exhibited? A. Production-oriented B. Autocratic C. Employee-oriented D. Democratic E. Laissez-faire
E. Laissez-faire
According to the path-goal theory, ________ contingency factors determine the type of leader behavior required in order to maximize outcomes; ________ contingency factors determine how the leader behavior is interpreted. A. subordinate; environmental B. subordinate; leader C. internal; external D. leader; subordinate E. environmental; subordinate
E. environmental; subordinate
The concept of "in-groups" and "out-groups" is an integral part of which leadership theory? A. Transformational leadership B. Fiedler contingency model C. Situational leadership theory (SLT) D. Pathdash-goal theory E. Leaderdash-member exchange (LMX) theory
Leaderdash-member exchange (LMX) theory
