Management 3300 Exam 1
In terms of time and cost, what was the cost to sequence the first copy of the human genome? (roughly)
$2.5 billion
How many parameters does GPT-3 have? (Roughly)
175 billion
How does the US rank in mobile data (roughly)?
20th
What is GPT-3
3rd generation generative pre-trained transformer, which is a neural network machine learning model trained using internet data to generate any type of text
What is 4IR? What are some of the technologies driving it?
4th Industrial Revolution Cloud Computing (processing as a utility), Mobile Devices, IOT Platforms, Location detection technologies, Advanced human-machine interfaces, Authentication and Fraud Detection, 3D Printing, Smart Sensors, Big Data Analytics, Multilevel customer interaction and customer profiling, Augmented Reality/ Virtual Reality.
How many ML/AI are approved by the FDA for human use?
50
What is a commodity?
A basic good that can be interchanged with nearly identical offerings by others- milk, coal, orange juice, or to a lesser extent Windows PCs and Android phones. The more commoditized an offering, the greater the likelihood that competition will be based on price
What is a Virtual Team?
A group of individuals who work together from different geographic locations and rely on communication technology to collaborate
What is General AI?
A machine that can reason and adapt like a human EX) sci fi movies
Adversarial AI
A technique that attempts to fool models with deceptive data
A neural network can also be considered ______ on steroids.
AI
What technology do most customer service chats use (from the company side)?
AI
What is an expert system?
AI systems that leverage a set of programmed decision rules or example outcomes to perform a task in a way that mimics applied human expertise. They are used in tasks ranging from medical diagnoses to product configuration
Is the speed of adoption of new technologies accelerating or slowing down?
Accelerating
What is the largest IPO of all time?
Alibaba
What holding company owns Google and Youtube?
Alphabet
What is a network effect?
Also known as Metcalfe's law, or network externalities. When the value of a product or service increases as its number of users expands
What is the definition of Competitive Advantage?
Anything that gives a firm a lead over its rivals. It can be gained through the development and application of innovative information systems.
How does the sale of the Apple Watch compare with the Swiss watch industry?
Apple is outselling the Swiss watch industry
What is AR? How does it differ from VR?
Augmented Reality uses a real-world setting and adds digital elements to a live setting where users can control their presence. Virtual Reality is completely virtual and users are controlled by the system. VR requires a headset and AR just needs a smartphone.
What are some good uses of deepfakes?
Can be used in medicine and education systems by creating learning tools and can also be used as an accessibility feature within technology
In what country is Tik Tok headquartered?
China
What are the four steps to generate a machine learning algorithm as shown in class?
Collect Training Data Analyze and Segment Set up and train a neural network Test and deploy
What can ChatGPT do?
Conduct online chat conversation via text or text to speech, in lieu of providing direct contact with a live human agent
What is the goal of AI?
Create computer programs that are able to mimic or improve upon functions that would otherwise require human intelligence
What is a popular AI art generation program?
Dall-E-2 Image generator
What is ChatGPT trained on?
Data it has been given to generate responses
What is Cloud computing (from book and lecture)?
Delivery of computing services- including servers, storage, databases, networking, software, analytics and intelligence
What is another term for Additive Manufacturing?
Digital Fabrication
What is the fast follower problem?
Exists when savvy rivals watch a pioneer's effort, learn from their successes and missteps, then enter the market quickly with a comparable or superior product at a lower cost before the first mover can dominate
What is a sustainable competitive Advantage?
Financial performance that consistently outperforms industry averages
What does GPT stand for?
GUID Partition Table
What is ChatGPT
Generative Pre-training Transformer, which is a revolutionary technology that allows computers to understand and respond to natural language
What technology industry does Chat GPT threaten?
Graphic and creative design industries
What are the traditional factors that are used to determine if a monopoly is harmful (lecture and book)? Hint: the so-called Bork Rule.
Harmful to society by making output lower, prices higher, and innovation less than would be the case in a competitive market. Bork argues for a consumer-welfare standard not only from evidence of leg- islative intent but also on grounds that such a standard "makes the law effective in achieving its goals, renders the law internally consistent, and makes for ease of judicial administration
What are some of the steps/ideas involved in creating Developing and Deploying More Ethical AI.
Hire diversely, hire ethicist, develop a code of technology ethics, create a systems review board, create and enforce technology audit trails, partner to build better technology, implement strong tech and procedural training programs, provide a means for remediation
What is an IPO?
Initial Public Offering
What are the factors that affect how porter's forces operate?
Innovation, Government Policies, Network Effects, Ecosystem effects
What are the four components of an information system?
Inputs Transformational Processes Outputs Feedback
What does it mean when something is "Digital"?
Integrated and shared across systems
What is IoT?
Internet of Things
Are the transitions brought about by industrial revolutions always good for the people living through such times.
It has its pros and cons, but mostly it's positive.
How significant do some people think AI will be?
It'll be really significant- although artificial intelligence is being implemented so quickly that firms are not adequately thinking through implications in areas such as strategy, cybersecurity, governance, and ethics
What does M&A mean?
Mergers and Acquisitions
What company is betting big by investing in OpenAI?
Microsoft
What happened to Tay?
Microsoft used data gleaned from public tweets to train an AI bot called "Tay", but in just a day the hostile side of social networking came though, with Tay crafting racist, misogynists, and curse-laden tweets
What types of data can be used for ML?
Motion Data, Audio/ Voice Data, Image Data, Text Data, Geospatial Data, Physiological/ Medical Data, Financial Data, and much more
What is NLM
National Library of Medicine
Can you copyright text that is generated by an AI?
No
Can you detect AI writing? If so, is it definitive ?
No
What company is behind ChatGPT?
Open AI
What percentage of Facebook revenues come from Mobile devices (roughly)?
Over 90%
What is another term for SEM?
Paid Search
What is Operational Effectiveness?
Performing the same tasks better than rivals perform them
What are some of the ethical issues involved with using AI for facial recognition?
Racial discrimination, mass surveillance, privacy
What is change management?
Refers to techniques to facilitate organization change, including preparing individuals for change and offering training and support during and after implementation. Change management is especially important in IS use, as many information systems implementations involve radical change to the way a firm conducts business or the way individuals and teams operate within the organization.
What is Red Lining?
Refusing a loan or insurance to someone because they live in an area deemed to be a poor financial risk (racist)
What does SEO stand for?
Search Engine Optimization
What are some of the ethical issues involved with using AI for loans?
Some customers may face exclusion without knowing why, warning that such systems can increase disparities based on socio-economic background, ethnic category, or education level.
What is an inventory turn?
Sometimes referred to as inventory turnover, stock turns, or stock turnover. It is the number of times inventory is sold or used during a given period. A higher figure means that a firm is selling products quickly
**What is the example that Prof C provided in class (Circle vs Wave) supervised or unsupervised learning?
Supervised Learning
What is supervised vs unsupervised learning in regards to AI?
Supervised learning is where algorithms are trained by providing explicit examples of results sought, like defective versus error-free, or stock price. EX) email softwares classify things as "spam" because algorithm has been fed into its database Unsupervised learning (self supervised learning) is machine learning where data is not explicitly labeled and doesn't have a predetermined result. EX) Researchers at Google used self-supervised learning in a robot that "taught" itself to walk
What are the support and primary activities in porter's model of a value chain?
Support: Administration and management, Human resources, technology support, procurement Primary: Bringing in raw materials, make the product or service, market the product or service, deliver the product or service, provide customer support
What is a "Digital Transformation" of a company or industry?
Technology fundamentally transforming business environments
What is a switching cost? Provide an example.
The cost a consumer incurs when moving from one product to another. It can involve actual money spend (i.e. buying a new product) as well as investments in time, any data loss, and so forth EX) Netscape controlled a large portion of market share in web browsers until Microsoft began bundling
What is Business Process Management (BPM) ?
The field that focuses on designing, optimizing, and streaming processes, taking into account the human element
What is "the blackbox" problem in AI? Hint: Hidden Layers
The financial industry used derivative models so complex that most were unaware of hidden risks. These opaque products eventually contributed to a global recession-causing crisis.
What is phishing?
The fraudulent practice of sending emails or other messages purporting to be from reputable companies in order to induce individuals to reveal personal information, such as passwords and credit card numbers
What is Operations Management?
The management of systems and processes that create goods and or provide services
What is a distribution channel?
The path through which products or services get to customers
What are Cisco systems known for?
They help enterprises connect and monitor devices, secure and automate operations, and compute and manage data
Why are humans bad at recognizing the fast improvement of machines?
They're improving faster than we can keep up with
What are porter's 5 forces? Give example of each and what determines if the force is strong or weak?
Threat of New Entrants: entry barrier low→ threat is HIGH, entry barrier high→threat is LOW EX) threat of new entrants is LOW: High Capital Investment (banking, telecommunications, health care, higher education- highly regulated) Threat of new entrants is HIGH: Service business, restaurants, creatives- low regulation hurdle) Buyer Power: = Customer Power Buyers: can I take my business elsewhere, go without it, or substitute Sellers: increase exclusivity, increase switching costs Supplier Power: increase your supplier power by reducing buyer power. Be the "only game in town", be the exclusive supplier of a product or service (Apple, Microsoft) Threat of Substitute Products: Switching Costs- low, the threat is HIGH, high, the threat is LOW Switching incentives lower cost, higher value, convenience You want to be in a market in which there are few substitutes for your products or services Rivalry Among Existing Competitors: competing on price, brand, quality?
What are some of the bad uses of deepfakes?
Threaten and intimidate journalists, politicians, and other semi-public figures by inflicting psychological harm on the victim, reduce employability, and affect relationships
Besides proving that you are a human, what do CAPTCHAs do?
Train AI's
What did the Sarbanes-Oxley Act do?
U.S legislation enacted in the wake of the accounting scandals in the early 2000s. The act raises executive and board responsibility and ties criminal penalties to certain accounting and financial violations
How was the Golden State Killer caught?
Using a well-preserved piece of biological evidence collected before the era of DNA testing, officers sequenced the killer's DNA, then uploaded it to the GEDmatch website
What are the four factors in a resource-based view of competitive advantage?
Valuable Rare Imperfectly imitable (tough to imitate) Unsustainable
At what rate do digital applications tend to improve at?
Very quickly because they are cheap and easy
AI Blackbox (see previous reading)
Volume Velocity Variety Veracity
Define economies of scale.
When costs can be spread across increasing units of production or in serving multiple customers. Businesses that have favorable economies of scale (like many internet firms) are sometimes referred to as being highly scalable
Did some Stanford students use ChatGPT in their finals?
Yes
What is deep learning?
a subcategory of machine learning. The "deep" in deep learning typically refers to the layers of interconnections and analysis that are examined to arrive at results
What is a deepfake?
a synthetic performance that appears to be a real person (known or unknown)
What is machine learning?
a type of AI often broadly defined as software with the ability to learn or improve without being explicitly programmed
What is Additive Manufacturing?
construction of a three-dimensional object from a CAD model or a digital 3D model
Chief Privacy Officer (CPO)
corporate executive charged with developing and implementing policies designed to protect employee and customer data from unauthorized access
Chief Data Officer (CDO
corporate officer responsible for enterprise wide governance and utilization of information as an asset, via data processing, analysis, data mining, information trading and other means
What is CRM?
customer relationship management
Chief Technology Officer (CTO)
executive-level position in a company or other entity whose occupation is focused on scientific and technological issues within an organization. Concerned with efficiency IS metrics.
Chief Information Officer (CIO)
job title commonly given to the most senior executive in an enterprise responsible for the information technology and computer systems that support enterprise goals. Concerned with effectiveness IS metrics- usability, customer satisfaction, conversion rates, financial
Who owns art or text created by an AI?
no one
Chief Knowledge Officer (CKO)
organizational leader responsible for managing intellectual capital and the custodian of knowledge. Management practices in an organization.
Chief Security Officer (CSO or CISO)
senior-level executive within an organization responsible for ensuring information assets and technologies are adequately protected
Can 3D printers print metal?
yes
Can Art be created by AI?
yes