management ch13

______ is a human needs theory postulating that people have three basic sets of needs that can operate simultaneously.

Alderfer's ERG theory

______ theory states that people have conscious goals that energize them and direct their thoughts and behaviors toward an end.

Goal-setting

____ organizes human needs into a hierarchy of five major types.

Maslow's need hierarchy

Which statement about rewards is true? Multiple choice question. -Rewards should be used both for praise and for punishment. -Nonmonetary rewards can be effective. -Reward systems should be strictly planned and carried out, with no room for innovation. -Employees are motivated only by monetary rewards.

Nonmonetary rewards can be effective.

______ tries to influence people's behavior and improve performance by systematically managing work conditions and the consequences of people's actions.

Organizational behavior modification

______ is a consequence that people receive for their actions.

Outcome

What can a manufacturing firm do to encourage customers to contact them directly with feedback? Multiple choice question. -Do regular performance reviews with their employees. -Implement peer review processes. -Put the firm's phone number on the product. -Automate the manufacturing process.

Put the firm's phone number on the product.

According to McClelland, most managers in the United States have high levels of need for ______ and like to see it in their employees. Multiple choice question. -aversion -affiliation -achievement -power

achievement

type of stretch goal vertical

aligned with current activities, including productivity and financial results

When managers practice ______, they will enhance their employees' confidence in their ability to perform their jobs and their belief that they are influential contributors to the organization. -using stretch goals -empowerment -extinction -using coercion

empowerment

It's important to know that empowerment can lead to higher levels of ______. Multiple choice question. -turnover -dissatisfaction -extinction -engagement

engagement

According to ______ theory, people compare the ratio of their outcomes to inputs against the outcome-to-input ratio of some comparison person. -empowerment -equity -Maslow's need -Herzberg's two-factor

equity

In expectancy theory, ______ refers to a person's perception of whether his efforts will lead to the attainment of the performance goal. -expectancy -outcome -instrumentality -valence

expectancy

Lavonne believes that if she works hard, her manager will realize she is management material and promote her. Devonte, however, thinks he will not be promoted no matter how hard he works. Lavonne and Devonte's beliefs reflect______ theory.

expectancy

Reward given to a person by the boss, the company, or some other person.

extrinsic reward

True or false: Assessments of equity are made objectively

false -Reason: Assessments of equity are not made objectively. They are subjective perceptions or beliefs.

A motivation theory stating that people have conscious goals that energize them and direct their thoughts and behaviors toward a particular end.

goal-setting theory

For motivation to be high, expectancy, instrumentalities, and total valence of all outcomes must be _____. Multiple choice question.

high

For motivation to be high, expectancy, instrumentalities, and total valence of all outcomes must be ______.

high

When reinforcement theory is applied in an organizational setting it is called ______.

organizational behavior modification

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the most basic need that people strive to satisfy is ______.

physiological

Using a fair process in decision-making and making sure others know that the process was as fair as possible is called ______. -procedural justice -administrative justice -employee engagement -utilitarianism

procedural justice

While the relationship between individuals and employing organizations typically is formalized by a written contract, there also exists a(n) ______ in employees' minds. -motivation agreement -emotional contract -experiential contract -psychological contract

psychological contract

Managers who overuse ______ or use it inappropriately create a climate of fear and distrust in the workplace.

punishment

Genzeba works in a warehouse. One week she fulfills orders, then the next week she processes incoming shipments. She has different tasks the following week, too. This is known as job ______.

rotation

Job Blank______ involves moving from one task to another to alleviate boredom.

rotation

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, once a person's physiological needs are met, the individual moves to the ______ level.

safety or security

Targets that are exceptionally demanding and that some people would never even think of are called ______.

stretch goals

Targets that are particularly demanding, sometimes even thought to be impossible.

stretch goals

Assessments of equity are ______ or beliefs. Multiple choice question. -scientifically calculated ratios -managerial determinations -objective determinations -subjective perceptions

subjective perceptions

Which of the following are positive, effective ways people can restore equity when they feel they are being treated inequitably? Multiple select question. -Perform at lower levels or quit. -Change perceptions of inputs or outcomes. -Allow the situation to work itself out. -Work harder or put forth more effort. -Reduce their inputs by giving less effort.

-Change perceptions of inputs or outcomes. -Work harder or put forth more effort.

Which statement about McClelland's needs theory is true? Multiple choice question. -The need for power is the dominant need for most managers. -The most effective managers focus just on one need. -Different needs predominate for different people. -Successful managers balance the three needs equally.

-Different needs predominate for different people.

Which of the following are implications of the expectancy theory? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. -Managers need to pay employees more. -Managers need to make performance instrumental toward positive outcomes. -Managers need to positively identify valent outcomes. -Managers need to increase expectancies.

-Managers need to make performance instrumental toward positive outcomes. -Managers need to positively identify valent outcomes. -Managers need to increase expectancies.

Which statements about outcome in expectancy theory are true? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. -Outcome is something that follows a person's performance. -Outcome and instrumentality mean the same thing. -A given performance may have more than one outcome. -Outcomes are usually negative consequences.

-Outcome is something that follows a person's performance. -A given performance may have more than one outcome.

_____ programs create a workplace that enhances employee well-being and satisfaction. Multiple choice question. -Quality of work life -Employee assistance -Psychological contract -Valence

-Quality of work life

Which of the following provide intrinsic motivation? Multiple select question. -routine, habitual tasks -a challenging problem -a mechanistic approach to job design -helping a coworker achieve a difficult task -a chance to work on an interesting project

-a challenging problem -helping a coworker achieve a difficult task -a chance to work on an interesting project

What are the three needs identified by McClelland as being critical to motivating people? Multiple select question.

-achievement -power -affiliation

The process of sharing power with employees is called ______. -valence -engagement -instrumentality -empowerment

-empowerment

According to the Hackman and Oldham model of job design, well-designed jobs lead to which of the following results? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. -high motivation -high absenteeism -high turnover -high-quality performance -high satisfaction

-high motivation -high-quality performance -high satisfaction

Which are behaviors exhibited by dissatisfied workers in a workplace? (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. -high turnover -fewer grievances -less stress -absenteeism -lower productivity

-high turnover -absenteeism -lower productivity

Job dissatisfaction is greatest among Blank______. (Check all that apply.) Multiple select question. -higher wage earners -workers aged 45 to 55 -lower wage earners -workers aged 25 and younger

-lower wage earners -workers aged 25 and younger

According to Herzberg, satisfaction and dissatisfaction on the job are caused by what two factors?

-motivators -hygiene factors

A set of perceptions of what employees owe their employer and what the employer owes them is called a(n) ______. Multiple choice question. -psychological contract -moral violation -ethical violation -quid pro quo

-psychological contract

What are the three needs identified in Alderfer's theory of motivation?

-relatedness -existence -growth

The general goal of quality of work life programs is to ______. -make sure the intrinsic needs of employees are met -satisfy the full range of employee needs -focus on procedural justice -ensure that all managers and departments embrace equity

-satisfy the full range of employee needs

Maslow's need hierarchy includes which major needs?

-social or belongingness -esteem or ego -safety or security -physiological -self-actualization

When people perceive procedural fairness, they are more likely to ______. Multiple choice question. -contradict decision makers -support decisions makers -feel inequitably treated -attempt to change the system

-support decisions makers

_____ theory states that people assess how fairly they have been treated according to two key factors: outcomes and inputs.

Equity

_____ theory of motivation proposes that job satisfaction comes from motivating factors and job dissatisfaction results from the lack of hygiene factors. -Herzberg's -McClelland's -Maslow's -Alderfer's

Herzberg's

Which of the following statements about expectancy is true? Multiple choice question. -High expectancies are more realistic than low expectancies. -Low expectancies create higher motivation than do high expectancies. -High expectancies create higher motivation than do low expectancies. -Expectancies are determined by a manager.

High expectancies create higher motivation than do low expectancies

Which statement about setting your own goals is true? Multiple choice question. -You should pick goals that are quickly and easily attainable to boost your confidence. -It is more important to work hard and hope for the best than to set specific goals. -Setting your own goals should be done in collaboration with a manager who will hold you accountable. -It is a powerful tool for self-management.

It is a powerful tool for self-management.

organizational behavior modification (OB mod)

The application of reinforcement theory in organizational settings.

empowerment

The process of sharing power with employees, thereby enhancing their confidence in their ability to perform their jobs and their belief that they are influential contributors to the organization.

According to expectancy theory, a person will be highly motivated if which of the following conditions exist? Multiple choice question. -high valence + high instrumentality + high expectancy -high valence + low instrumentality + high expectancy -low valence + low instrumentality + low expectancy -low valence + high instrumentality + high expectancy

high valence + high instrumentality + high expectancy

Expectancy theory states that increasing expectancies, making performance instrumental toward positive outcomes, and ______ are crucial to motivate employees.

identifying positively valent outcomes

If people work in a group, and cooperation is essential, Blank______ performance goals can be dysfunctional by creating competition among team members.

individual

A(n)______ reward is a reward the person derives directly from performing the job itself. Multiple choice question.

intrinsic

Reward a worker derives directly from performing the job itself.

intrinsic reward

type of stretch goal horizontal

involve professional development, including learning new, difficult things

Forces that energize, direct, and sustain a person's efforts.

motivation

According to the Hackman and Oldham model of job design, positive outcomes occur when people experience certain psychological states. Which of the following is NOT one of those psychological states? Multiple choice question. -the experience of the meaningfulness of the work -the experience of responsibility for the outcome of work -the knowledge of the actual results of work activities -the experience of low internal work motivation

the experience of low internal work motivation

True or false: People who feel inequitably treated can restore equity by behaviorally or perceptually changing inputs and outcomes. True false question.

true -Reason: True. Either part of the equity equation can be altered; the numerator (outcomes) or denominator (inputs).

The two types of stretch goals are ______.

vertical and horizontal