Management Final Exam; ch. 3, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16

The _______is a theory of leadership that explained leadership by examining the traits and characteristics of individuals considered to be historically great leaders.

"Great Man" theory

Which of the following statements describes bounded rationality? a. Insights that are tapped through intuition and are not always fully understood by the decision maker b. The act of choosing a solution that is "good enough" c. The process of identifying issues and making choices from alternative courses of action d. A set of constraints that tend to complicate the rational decision-making process

A set of constraints that tend to complicate the rational decision-making process

Which of the following best describes legitimate power? a. A type of interpersonal power based on an individual having specialized knowledge or skills. b. A type of interpersonal power that is based on the formal position an individual holds in an organization. c. A type of interpersonal power that gives someone the ability to punish another for his or her behavior. d. A type of interpersonal power that gives someone the ability to reward another for his or her behavior.

A type of interpersonal power that is based on the formal position an individual holds in an organization.

Which of the following heuristics contends that individuals make estimates or choices based on a certain starting point? a. Availability b. Representativeness c. Confirmation d. Adjustment

Adjustment

Which of the following statements best describes framing? a. The act of choosing a solution that is good enough in situations that are characterized by uncertainty and risk. b. Alternative presentations of the same information that can significantly alter a decision. c. Short-cuts that individuals use to save time when making complex decisions. d. The tendency to favor the "here and now" and to reject potential change.

Alternative presentations of the same information that can significantly alter a decision.

_______refers to situations that are characterized by uncertainty and risk and where the optimal decision is not clear or obvious.

Ambiguity

_____ refers to the process of making decisions based on societal norms or expectations.

Appropriateness framework

Which of the following responses to conflict is most appropriate when the issue is trivial? a. Compromising b. Forcing c. Avoidance d. Collaborating

Avoidance

Which of the following is not a dimension of transactional leadership? a. Passive management-by-exception b. Charisma and vision c. Active management-by-exception d. Contingent reward

Charisma and vision

Which of the following is the last step in the rational decision-making process? a. Considering possible courses of action b. Identifying the objectives and goals c. Choosing the optimal decision d. Defining a problem or opportunity

Choosing the optimal decision

Which of the following is true about cognitive conflict? a. Coworkers experiencing cognitive conflict tend to be less satisfied with the group in which they are working. b. Disagreements between individuals are attributed to personal differences. c. Anger and distrust result from cognitive conflict. d. Cognitive conflicts can be interpreted as personal attacks.

Cognitive conflicts can be interpreted as personal attacks.

Which of the following is the last step in the four-step process to implementing CSR?

Create a social dimension to the value proposition.

Which of the following styles of influence is helpful when the requestors want to reduce or diffuse conflict? a. Attracting b. Bridging c. Persuading d. Disengaging

Disengaging

_______refer to a business's duty to make a profit and increase shareholder value.

Economic responsibilities

You accept a job with a prestigious consulting firm, believing that the job offers a promising career opportunity. Two years later you have not been promoted. You stay at your job to keep your benefits even though the job does not support your original goal of developing your career. This is an example of: a. Status quo bias b. Confirmation bias c. The appropriateness framework d. Escalation of commitment

Escalation of commitment

Which of the following indices of creativity involves the ability to generate many solutions that fit some requirement? a. Flexibility b. Adaptability c. Originality d. Fluency

Fluency

_____ theory states that the most important aspect in leadership is the follower's expectation that a task can be accomplished and that it will lead to rewards.

House's path-goal

Howard Gardner argued in favor of all of the following except: a. There are eight kinds of intelligence. b. IQ measurements were poor predictors of success. c. Types of intelligence include linguistic, mathematical-logical, spatial, and kinesthetic. d. IQ measurements predicted success in artistic endeavors.

IQ measurements predicted success in artistic endeavors.

Which of the following is not part of the SCRIPTS process? a. Implement statistical models b. Consider different perspectives c. Find the causes d. Apply intuition and emotion

Implement statistical models

Which of the following statements about negotiating across cultures is true? a. Collectivist cultures place individuals' needs above the needs of the group. b. In low-context cultures, information is explicit and meaning is clear. c. People in egalitarian cultures are less comfortable with confrontation. d. People in high-context cultures prefer to communicate directly.

In low-context cultures, information is explicit and meaning is clear.

_____ negotiations actively seek alternative solutions that satisfy both parties. a. Positional b. Distributive c. Integrative d. Single-issue

Integrative

______is the ability to acknowledge and take responsibility for one's role in cultivating relationships and in communicating effectively with others.

Interpersonal effectiveness

Which of the following statements is true of Kantianism?

It assumes that motives are important when judging moral action.

Which of the following statements is true of transformational change? a. It occurs most often during times of environmental stability. b. It is eagerly accepted by most individuals in an organization. c. It is easier to implement than incremental change. d. It faces resistance from the individuals who must implement it.

It faces resistance from the individuals who must implement it.

Which of the following statements best describes incremental change? a. It is a process in which change is initiated in response to some known external threat or opportunity. b. It is a process in which small improvements or changes are made to processes and approaches on an ongoing basis. c. It is a process where change efforts are planned and driven from corporate strategy departments or top-down directives. d. It is a process in which change is initiated based on some anticipatory event or opportunity on the horizon.

It is a process in which small improvements or changes are made to processes and approaches on an ongoing basis.

Which of the following is a shortcoming of utilitarianism?

It leads to a tyranny of the majority and a failure to respect minorities.

_____ is a phenomenon that exists when two firms are equally dependent on the other.

Joint dependence

Which of the following is not part of Kotter's process for implementing change? a. Establish a sense of urgency. b. Develop a vision. c. Form a powerful guiding coalition. d. Keep important information confidential.

Keep important information confidential.

Which of the following should be done to combat employees' resistance to change? a. Coercion can be used as a long-term approach to instituting change. b. The reasons for change should be kept confidential. c. Employees who complain about the change process must be fired. d. Management should engage employees in the change process.

Management should engage employees in the change process.

_____is the potential of one individual or group to influence the behavior, thinking, or attitudes of another individual or group.

Power

_______is the notion that rules should be clearly stated, consistently obeyed, and impartially enforced.

Procedural justice

Which of the following statements about programmed decisions is true? a. Programmed decisions typically require social consensus. b. Programmed decisions generally require a manager to execute. c. Programmed decisions are usually made under conditions of risk and uncertainty. d. Programmed decisions are made in response to recurring organizational problems.

Programmed decisions are made in response to recurring organizational problems.

_____ power is gained from the types of networks to which an individual belongs and the types of people in those networks.

Relational

Which of the following is not part of the three-step process that defines the behaviors of in-group members? a. Social identification b. Social self-awareness c. Social comparison d. Social categorization

Social self-awareness

_____ skills refer to a leader's knowledge about an organization and job-related activities.

Technical

All of the following describe the classical model of decision making except: a. The decision maker uses logic to assign values, prioritize, and evaluate alternatives. b. The decision maker focuses on multiple decisions being made throughout an organization. c. The decision maker strives for conditions of certainty. d. The decision maker aims to accomplish organizational goals.

The decision maker focuses on multiple decisions being made throughout an organization.

Which of the following statements is true of successful change leaders? a. They tend to firmly continue with existing power bases and norms. b. They possess the ability to keep the reasons for change strictly confidential. c. They possess the ability to motivate themselves and others. d. They typically take personal initiative only to move within boundaries.

They possess the ability to motivate themselves and others.

_______is an ethical philosophy claiming that morality's primary function is to develop virtuous character.

Virtue ethics

According to Peter Drucker, which question asks whether an individual's principles match the organization's principles? a. Where do I belong? b. What are my values? c. What are my strengths? d. How do I perform?

What are my values?

Proactive change refers to:

a process in which change is initiated based on some anticipatory event or opportunity on the horizon.

Strategic CSR refers to corporate social responsibility activities that:

are directly related to the business objectives of a company.

Individuals with external locus of control: a. tend to be less anxious about outcomes than internals. b. prefer participatory supervisors who delegate. c. are generally more self-motivated than internals. d. ascribe success to luck or circumstance.

ascribe success to luck or circumstance.

The course of action that a person will take if a negotiation ends in an impasse is called: a. claim value. b. zone of possible agreement (ZOPA). c. reservation value. d. best alternative to a negotiated agreement (BATNA).

best alternative to a negotiated agreement (BATNA).

Of the three primary styles of influence, pulling involves:

bridging

Responsive firms are characterized by all the following behaviors except: a. they seek to identify the needs of their stakeholders. b. businesses maximize their profit within the limits of the law. c. they design plans and policies to respond to the changing conditions. d. they monitor and assess environmental conditions on a constant basis.

businesses maximize their profit within the limits of the law.

Individuals who arouse strong followership through inspirational visions and/or compelling personal attributes are called _____ leaders.

charismatic

Maria and Kim are working together on an important project. Maria works hard to complete the project before the deadline and pays more attention to the task. However, Kim wastes a lot of time and often comes up with lame excuses. Therefore, Maria has a conflict with Kim. This scenario is an example of a(n) _____ conflict. a. affective b. cognitive c. intergroup d. role

cognitive

The triarchic theory of intelligence includes all of the following components except: a. contextual. b. cognitive. c. computational. d. experiential.

cognitive

Under conditions of _____, individuals have information related to an organization's objectives and priorities, but they do not have complete information about alternative courses of action or about the possible outcomes for each one. a. satisficing b. certainty c. risk d. uncertainty

d. uncertainty

Conflict ________occurs when individuals who are in conflict perceive a common enemy, are at a stalemate, or when time elapses, which allows individuals to reflect on the reasons for the conflict in the first place. a. avoidance b. close-mindedness c. de-escalation d. escalation

de-escalation

Xerox dominated the photocopier industry with large copy centers; however, when the idea of developing small photocopiers emerged, Xerox did nothing. This example shows that: a. focusing on sustainable technologies drives managers to develop future potential markets. b. disruptive technologies do not initially appear to be compelling or valuable. c. leaders who focus solely on sustainable technologies help their organizations in the long term. d. when organizations perceive disruptive technologies in the market, they should not react.

disruptive technologies do not initially appear to be compelling or valuable.

Cadmia, a small island nation, recently revised its income-tax law. The new law sought to increase taxes on wealthy corporations and citizens with higher incomes. Surprisingly, everyone responded positively to the tax revision as they believed that it will decrease inequality in the nation. In this scenario, the people of Cadmia have demonstrated support for:

distributive justice.

All of the following are responses to managerial decisions except: a. commitment. b. resistance. c. compliance. d. empowerment.

empowerment.

The sources of personal power include __________. a. expertise b. visibility c. relevance d. centrality

expertise

Leadership techniques affecting empowerment include: a. carefully monitoring and measuring. b. removing bureaucratic constraints. c. expressing confidence in subordinates. d. using a decentralized structure.

expressing confidence in subordinates.

Extreme consensus during a decision-making process is known as: a. social loafing. b. synergy. c. groupthink. d. satisficing.

groupthink

All of the following aspects of the external environment drive change except: a. inertia. b. globalization. c. technology. d. open source innovation.

inertia.

In an organization, the finance department had a conflict with the human resources department when the HR team failed to submit some important papers to the finance team on time for documentation. This scenario is an example of a(n) _____ conflict. a. personal b. intergroup c. interpersonal d. affective

interpersonal

According to Robert McCrae and Paul Costa's leadership personality traits, extroversion:

is the tendency to be sociable, assertive, and active and to experience things positively.

During the mature partnership phase of the relationship life cycle, the: a. leader tests the subordinate's ability to cope with more responsibility and the subordinate decides whether the leader is worth the extra effort. b. leader relies on rules and contractual obligations to motivate performance and subordinates comply with the leader in exchange for economic rewards. c. leader offers the subordinate a chance to increase his or her responsibility in the group and the subordinate accepts the new role. d. leader and followers know they can depend on each other and subordinates perform additional assignments.

leader and followers know they can depend on each other and subordinates perform additional assignments.

The pattern of behaviors that leaders use in situations is called:

leadership style

A process by which two parties attempt to reach agreement on an issue by offering and reviewing various positions or courses of action is known as: a. decision making. b. motivation. c. satisficing. d. negotiation.

negotiation

Whether to relocate company headquarters to a new market and how to integrate a newly acquired firm are examples of: a. nonprogrammed decisions. b. heuristics. c. playfulness. d. programmed decisions.

nonprogrammed decisions

Effective models are all of the following except: a. desirable. b. organic. c. relevant. d. feasible.

organic.

The _____ model of decision making acknowledges that most organizational decisions involve many managers who have different goals and who have to share information to reach an agreement.

political

According to the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), thinkers: a. prefer facts and brevity. b. prefer to address open questions and brainstorm. c. are more influenced by the impact of the information on others. d. prefer organized and carefully analyzed information.

prefer organized and carefully analyzed information.

As a response to conflict, compromising involves: a. reaching an agreement quickly because prolonged conflicts can distract people from their work and cause bitter feelings. b. solving a problem together because the positions of both individuals involved are perceived as equally important. c. trying not to upset the other person because maintaining a harmonious relationship is a top priority. d. avoiding conflict because disagreements are perceived to create tension.

reaching an agreement quickly because prolonged conflicts can distract people from their work and cause bitter feelings.

The factor that distinguishes task-oriented leaders from relations-oriented leaders is that: a. relations-oriented leaders value workers as humans, focusing more on supporting and developing them. b. task-oriented leaders often tend to form emotional ties with their subordinates. c. task-oriented leaders often treat subordinates as equals and encourage them to take initiative in solving problems. d. relations-oriented leaders focus more on observing workers, reading reports, and inspecting quality.

relations-oriented leaders value workers as humans, focusing more on supporting and developing them.

As an academic medical institution, UCSF provided care that was more expensive than private hospitals. As a result, UCSF had to rely on external funds. This forced UCSF to compete with others—an action that could prevent the project from being implemented. This is an example of:

resource scarcity

if subordinates have significant knowledge and prior experience that is relevant to a task, they are capable of performing the task without the help of a leader. This experience is an example of: a. leadership neutralizers. b. managerial grid. c. substitutes for leadership. d. Fiedler's contingency model.

substitutes for leadership

Task-oriented behaviors include all except: a. supporting subordinates. b. doing short-term planning. c. monitoring operations and performance. d. clarifying roles and objectives.

supporting subordinates

Of the three indices of creativity, originality is defined as:

the ability to generate novel or unique propositions, ideas, or solutions.

All of the following are issues to be addressed in attempting to resolve a conflict except: a. the extent to which the difference has evolved. b. the nature of the difference among the people involved. c. the factors that may underlie the difference. d. the belief that the group is invulnerable to outside influences.

the belief that the group is invulnerable to outside influences.

Internal changes do not include: a. the globalization of the workforce. b. the need to add resources with particular skill sets. c. the development of training programs. d. restructuring the organization.

the globalization of the workforce.

Of the four dimensions used to effectively address adversity, ownership refers to:

the level of accountability that a person assumes to improve the situation.

Moral dilemmas faced by businesses include all of the following except: the transmission of information. a. the transformation of information b. shared information can lead to identity theft. c. water pollution is a problem that challenges business and society. d. information can be used for control, power, and manipulation.

water pollution is a problem that challenges business and society.

The release of evidence of illegal or immoral conduct by a member of an organization to executives in the company or regulating agencies outside the company is known as:

whistle-blowing.