Management Final

more traditional exchange-oriented leadership.

In the current discussion of leadership styles by leadership experts,transactional leadership is usually defined as

"team" or in-group

Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Theory stresses that leaders tend to develop strong positive attitudinal and emotional relationships to certain subordinates, who then become part of the leader's

content theories

Motivational theories that assume that workers are motivated by the desire to satisfy needs, and then seek to identify what those needs are, are called

Employee-centered leaders

What name is given to the most effective managers, who engage in both dimensions of leadership behaviors by getting employees involved in the operation of their departments or divisions in a positive and constructive manner, setting general goals, providing fairly loose supervision, and recognizing employees' contributions?

Expectancy theory

What name is given to the theory that states that motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something but also on the person's perception of how likely he or she is to get it?

Content theories

What term describes a group of theories that assume that workers are motivated by the desire to satisfy needs and that seek to identify what their needs are?

Relationship-oriented behaviors

What term describes behaviors such as being considerate, supportive, and helpful to employees by showing trust and confidence, listening to employees' problems and suggestions, showing appreciation for contributions, and supporting employees' concerns?

Honesty and integrity

When Richard Nixon lost the presidency as the result of Watergate, what core trait category of leadership did he NOT demonstrate?

Fixed ratio

When a salesperson is given a bonus for every third sale she makes, what schedule of reinforcement is she on?

self-reinforcement.

When employees regulate their behavior by offering themselves rewards for achieving desired performance, this is called

personal sources of power are essential

When extra effort is required from employees and managers have no control over rewards and punishments and close supervision is not practical

A pattern whereby the period of reinforcement varies between one reinforcement and the next

Which of the following characteristics relates to a variable-interval schedule?

A person's expectation that performing a task will lead to a desired outcome

Which of the following characteristics relates to instrumentality?

Aspects of the task, subordinates, or organization that act in place of leader behavior and thus render it unnecessary

Which of the following characteristics relates to leadership substitutes?

Organizational power that stems from a person's ability to bestow rewards

Which of the following characteristics relates to reward power?

achievement.

According to David McClelland, an individual's desire for goals that are well-defined and moderately difficult is the need for

affiliation.

According to David McClelland, the desire to work with others in the organization rather than alone is the need for

servant leaders.

According to Robert Greenleaf, leaders who try to ensure that the highest priorities of their followers are met and who help followers to grow are

it is a content theory of motivation, while Maslow's hierarchy is a process theory of motivation

Alderfer's ERG theory differs from Maslow's hierarchy of needs in all of the following ways EXCEPT

task orientation

All of the following supervisor qualities support motivation EXCEPT

it is still too commonly used in business settings.

Although regulations and laws sharply limit a leader's ability to use coercive power, it is a fair assessment that

analyzed jobs to improve efficiency

Frederick Taylor

hedonism

Frederick Taylor's approach to employee motivation was based on the principle of , which maintains that people are motivated to seek pleasure and avoid pain.

informal rewards

Giving employees tickets to "cash in" for a paid day off when they get their projects done well ahead of the deadline is an example of the creative use of

high touch management style

Google has some practices that cater to employees while not necessarily contributing to overall goals. According to the adaptation of the Blake-Mouton leadership grid, these practices are indicative of a

Pay level

In Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model, which of the following is NOT a characteristic that determines a job's potential to motivate?

expectancy

In expectancy theory, if a person believes that extra effort will lead to high performance, such as a bonus or commission, we are talking about the person's

a subordinate's competence in goal attainment and commitment to accepting responsibility for goals

In the Hersey and Blanchard situational leadership model, development level is theterm used to describe

being friendly and supportive to employees

In the Ohio State studies of leadership behavior, consideration behaviors were defined as

instrumentality

One of the three basic variables in expectancy theory is the individual's expectation that performing a task will lead to a desired outcome, which is called

expert power.

Professors, computer geniuses, mechanics, airline pilots, and ship captains supposedly have a lot of

affiliative

The First Lady's primary source of power is

employ both task-oriented and relationship-oriented behaviors.

The University of Michigan studies of leadership effectiveness found that the most effective leaders

human resource approach.

The approach to motivation that considers both the economic and social needs of the individual, as well as the person's need to feel like a positive contributor to the organization, is the

the Hawthorne studies.

The birth of the human relations approach to motivation can be traced to

balancing between operations and people is best.

The continuum approach to leadership has the underlying assumption that

Elton Mayo

The person primarily associated with the Hawthorne studies was

job-centered.

The summary findings of the University of Michigan studies of leadership behavior concluded that less-effective managers were

Those aspects of a job that relate to the work setting, including adequate wages, comfortable working conditions, fair company policies, and job security

What are maintenance factors?

An application of reinforcement theory, which involves change in behavior and encouraging appropriate actions by relating the consequences of behavior to the behavior itself

What is meant by behavior modification?

The ability to inspire admiration, respect, loyalty, and a desire to emulate, based on some intangible set of personality traits; a personal source of power

What is meant by charisma?

The influence that comes from a person's formal position in an organization and the authority that accompanies that position

What is meant by legitimate power?

Referent power

What name is given to personal power that results when one person identifies with and admires another?

Power

Which of the following refers to a person's capacity to influence the behavior and attitudes of others?

job sharing

Which of the following refers to a working arrangement whereby two employees do one job

Lacks self-confidence, which motivates unusual risk-taking behaviors

Which one of the following activities or behaviors is NOT characteristic of a charismatic leader?

encouraged the heart

You deliver a rousing pregame speech to your Notre Dame ball players, and you conclude by saying, "Boys, win one for the Gipper." Your players cheer. According to the major leadership practices identified by Kouzes and Posner, you have

demotivated.

You work for the Heartless Hardtack Corporation. You are underpaid, unappreciated, and overworked by management. Worse, the company expects you to eat its wretched hardtack for lunch. It would be fair to say that you are

an undesirable side effect of punishment.

Your boss chews you out in front of your coworkers for missing a report deadline. You say nothing, but a week later you sabotage a report he is working on, unbeknownst to him, so he looks like a fool. Your behavior is best viewed as

Morale

Your company's work teams have won national awards for making the finest widgets ever seen. Your loyal and productive workers have never been more proud of their work. What important characteristic of motivation is probably at an all-time high at your company?