Management Learn It ?'s

Firm-level strategies answer the question:

"How should we compete against a particular company?"

______ is a countermove, prompted by a rival's attack, that is designed to defend or improve a company's market share or profit.

A response

Which of the following refers to an organization's ability to notice and respond to changes in the organization's environment?

Adaptability

Which component of McClelland's acquired-needs theory suggests that people are motivated by the need to be liked and accepted?

Affiliation

_____ means producing a product or service of acceptable quality at consistently lower production costs than competitors so that the firm can offer the product or service at the lowest price in the industry.

Cost leadership

A company that is concerned with operational efficiency practices which management style?

Authority-compliance

_______ is best known for his ideas about cooperation and the acceptance of authority.

Chester Barnard

Which of the following is a characteristic of a bureaucracy as described by Max Weber?

Clear division of tasks, responsibilities, and authority

Which term refers to any subordinate differences that could arise as a result of the decision-making process?

Conflicts

A manager should complete an analysis to recognize the causes and what result of an employee's behaviors?

Consequences

Which term describes the type of plan a manager should develop to anticipate resistance and encourage persistence in goal achievement by removing obstacles?

Contingency

Which theory states that leaders should be matched to a situation in which they are best suited to maximize work group performance?

Contingency

Which type of reinforcement schedule is administered after every instance of a behavior?

Continuous

Which of the following can increase employee satisfaction and commitment in companies?

Decentralization of authority

Which type of leadership refers to communicating what is expected of employees to achieve a goal and what guidelines need to be met?

Directive

Which leadership trait refers to a leader's achievement, motivation, and tenacity?

Drive

_______ demonstrated that human factors related to work were more important than the physical conditions or design of the work.

Elton Mayo's Hawthorne Studies

_______ refers to the number and the intensity of external factors in the environment that affect organizations.

Environmental complexity

Environmental uncertainty in an organization is highest when:

Environmental complexity is high

Which term refers to the degree to which a workplace situation permits or does not permit a leader to influence followers?

Favorableness

What communication includes information about the quality or quantity of past performance?

Feedback

What indicates whether performance progress is being made toward the accomplishment of a goal?

Feedback

A _________ is a graphical chart that shows which tasks must be completed at which times in order to complete a project or task.

Gantt chart

What theory indicates that managers can motivate employees by assigning critical and specific targets that challenge workers?

Goal-setting

A _____ is a broad corporate-level strategic plan used to achieve strategic goals and guide the strategic alternatives that managers of individual businesses or subunits may use.

Grand strategy

In a _______, consumers have relatively more money to spend.

Growing economy

________________ hold positions such as plant manager, regional manager, or divisional manager.

Middle managers

Which of the following are subroles of the informational role that managers play?

Monitor Disseminator Spokesperson

In the context of scientific management, which of the following studies involved the breaking of each task or job into separate movements and the elimination of those that were unnecessary or repetitive to simplify work?

Motion study

Who among the following was the first individual to follow the management practice of wage incentives and production control?

Nebuchadnezzar

Managers can motivate employees with goal-setting theory by removing what challenge to attainment?

Obstacle

What theory focuses on changing consequences through behavior modification?

Reinforcement

_____ is a process of weighing decision criteria in which each criterion is compared with every other criterion.

Relative comparisons

What is a leader considering when they identify the extent to which a subordinate is pleased with their job and supervisor?

Satisfaction

_____ refers to choosing a "good-enough" alternative when making a decision.

Satisficing

Codes of ethics are effective if which of the following are true.

The code of ethics is communicated to employees. Management develops practical ethical standards and procedures specific to the company's line of business.

_______ is a business's purpose or reason for existing.

The company mission

Identify a true statement about the planning process.

The final step in developing an effective plan is to maintain flexibility.

_____ is a group decision-making method that begins and ends by having group members quietly write down and evaluate ideas to be shared with the group.

The nominal group technique

Which of the following ethical principles holds that one should never take any action that is unkind or harms a sense of community, such as the positive feelings that come from working together to accomplish a commonly accepted goal?

The principle of religious injunctions

Which of the following statements is true of social responsibility and economic performance?

There is no trade-off between being socially responsible and economic performance.

According to Linda Hill's study, which of the following is true of managers' initial expectations about their job?

They expect to manage tasks.

______________ are responsible for the overall direction of an organization.

Top managers

Which of the following are considered secondary stakeholders of an organization?

Trade associations

Which type of leadership is based on an exchange process in which followers are rewarded for good performance?

Transactional

What form of inequity occurs when a person gets fewer outcomes relative to inputs than their referent is getting?

Underreward

_________ contributed to the history of management thought and practice by using the four functions of management—planning, organizing, leading, and controlling.

Xenophon

A sustainable competitive advantage is achieved when:

a firm's competitors cannot duplicate the value offered by the firm to its customers.

Human skills include the ability to:

be sensitive to others' needs and viewpoints.

A common management mistake is:

being unable to delegate

The _______ to management holds that there are no universal management theories.

contingency approach

The basic _____ process involves setting standards to achieve goals, comparing actual performance to those standards, and then making changes to return performance to those standards.

control

In any organization, _____ are the less visible, internal decision-making routines, problem-solving processes, and organizational cultures that determine how efficiently inputs can be turned into outputs.

core capabilities

In the context of ethical intensity of decisions, _______ refers to the chance that something will happen that results in harm to others.

probability of effect

Strategic planning begins with the creation of a _____.

purpose statement

Which leadership theory states that leaders should adjust their styles to match their followers' readiness?

Situational

Companies following a _____ would most likely try to improve the way in which they sell the same goods or services to the same customers.

Stability strategy

As VP of sales and marketing, Debra is very interested in the likely impact of corporate social responsibility (CSR) on Theo Chocolates. She asks you for your opinion. What do you tell her?

Studies have shown that there is a small, positive relationship between being socially responsible and economic performance. There is no guarantee that socially responsible businesses will be profitable. The costs of social responsibility can be offset by gaining a better corporate reputation.

Those in favor of the shareholder model say that the only social responsibility that organizations have is to:

maximize profits

The job of a manager is to...

help others do their work

According to Mary Parker Follett, when two desires are _______, it means that a solution has been found in which both desires have found a place and neither side has to sacrifice anything.

integrated

The process of ________ involves influencing others to achieve group or organizational goals.

leadership

The first step in a compliance program under the U.S. Sentencing Commission Guidelines for Organizations is to:

Establish standards and procedures

Debra notes that Theo Chocolate has started holding its own operations to the same IMO standards of fair trade to which it holds its suppliers. This type of behavior encourages more ethical decision-making by ____________ sends a powerful message to employees and customers.

Establishing a specific code of ethics

What type of charismatic leaders have moral standards that emphasize the larger interests of the group, organization, or society?

Ethical

In the context of management functions, identify a true statement about controlling.

It involves taking corrective action when progress is not being made.

What term refers to the perceived relationship between effort and performance?

Expectancy

Which term refers to the interdependence of effort and performance?

Expectancy

Which subordinate contingency represents the accumulated job knowledge a subordinate possesses?

Experience

Which reward is a form of compensation that is tangible?

Extrinsic

Which type of readiness consists of the amount of knowledge and skill a worker possesses when performing their tasks?

Job

A leader utilizes what kind of consideration when they pay special attention to followers' needs by creating learning opportunities?

Individualized

Which term refers to the degree to which a leader constructs follower roles and establishes direction?

Initiating structure

What refers to the perceived relationship between performance and rewards?

Instrumentality

In the context of conflicts, c-type conflict is a disagreement that focuses on _____.

Issue-related differences of opinion

Which of the following is a pitfall of planning?

It can impede change and prevent or slow needed adaptation.

A ________ sets the strategy for the firm's long-term vision.

Leader

A company should determine employee needs and begin by satisfying which type of needs first?

Lower-order

Which reinforcement occurs when managers provide positive consequences when desired behaviors occur?

Positive

In the context of principles of ethical decision making, the _______ states that the law represents the minimal moral standards of society, so one should never take any action that violates the law.

Principle of government requirements

For which aspect of a business is a manager accountable?

Productivity

_______ involves managing the daily production of goods and services.

Operations management

What term refers to an employee's perception of how the rewards received from an organization compare with their contributions?

Outcome/input ratio

Which term describes the rewards employees receive for their contributions to the organization?

Outcomes

_______ indirectly estimate job applicants' honesty by measuring psychological traits such as dependability and conscientiousness.

Personality-based integrity tests

_____ are standing plans that indicate the general course of action that should be taken in response to a particular event or situation.

Policies

Which term describes the extent to which leaders are able to use their authority to reward workers?

Position power

______ seek fast growth by searching for new market opportunities, encouraging risk taking, and being the first to bring innovative new products to market.

Prospectors

_______ involves identifying and addressing client trends and problems after they occur.

Reactive customer monitoring

In the context of specific environment of organizations, _______ are companies that provide material, human, financial, and informational resources to other companies.

Suppliers

_______ occurs when two or more subsystems working together can produce more than they can working apart.

Synergy

Plans that are used to direct behavior, efforts, and attention over the next six months to two years are known as _____.

Tactical plans

Which of the following is one of the responsibilities of first-line managers?

Teaching and training

___________ are the specialized procedures, techniques, and knowledge required to get a job done.

Technical skills

Decision ______ involves considering the likelihood of securing subordinates' commitment to the decision.

acceptance

The aim of bureaucracy is to:

achieve an organization's goals in the most efficient way possible.

In ________ decision making, leaders review the information they have collected and make decisions without consulting others.

autocratic

In the context of managerial roles, in the liaison role, managers:

deal with people outside their units.

A ___________ is a social responsiveness strategy in which a company admits responsibility for a problem but does the least required to meet societal expectations.

defensive strategy

A ________ leadership style represents low task behavior and low relationship behavior.

delegating

Companies that are ethically responsible have already met ______ responsibilities.

economic and legal

_______ is getting work done with a minimum of effort, expense, or waste.

efficiency

Managers must strive to achieve _____ to ensure organizational success.

efficiency and effectiveness

When managers adapt themselves, their subordinates, and their units to change, they are taking up the _____.

entrepreneur role

In the context of Henri Fayol's principles of management, the term _____ refers to developing a strong sense of morale and unity among workers that encourages coordination of efforts.

esprit de corps

The management function of _________ involves deciding who will work for whom in a company.

organizing

The _______ component of the general environment includes the legislation, regulations, and court decisions that govern and regulate business behavior.

political/legal

In the context of sustainable competitive advantage, _____ are those resources that are not controlled or possessed by many competing firms.

rare resources

Environmental scanning involves:

searching the surroundings for important events or issues that might affect an organization.

A _____ is an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses in an organization's internal environment and the opportunities and threats in its external environment.

situational analysis

According to Porter's industry forces, _____ is a measure of the influence that suppliers of parts, materials, and services to firms in an industry have on the prices of these inputs.

the bargaining power of suppliers

In the carrot-and-stick approach used by the law to determine punishment for unethical behavior, the stick signifies:

the threat of heavy fines based on the level of offense