UNIT 2: Macronutrients

The AHA recommends reducing TRANS fat and limiting saturated fat to no more than __________ of total calories.

5% to 6%

Gabriel weighs 70 kilograms. Calculate his recommended daily intake for protein.

56 grams (70 x 0.8 = 56)

A(n) __________ protein relates to food proteins that combine to make up for each other's inadequate supply of individual essential amino acids. When put together, the collective proteins supply a sufficient amount of all 9 essential amino acids.

Complementary

There are times during an illness, injury, or wound healing when an amino acid that is normally not an essential amino acid might become one. This amino acid is called a(n)

Conditionally essential amino acid

Saturated fatty acid

Contains no carbon-carbon double bonds

When excess protein is consumed, excess amino acids can be

Converted into fat Converted into glucose Metabolized as fuel

Soluble fiber __________ the absorption of cholesterol and cholesterol-rich bile acids into the blood.

Decreases

What is the process of altering the three dimensional structure of a protein by treatment with heat, enzymes, acids, bases, or agitation?

Denaturation

Stephen complains to his doctor of frequent urination and extreme thirst. Over the past 3 months, he also lost 12 pounds without dieting. His doctor sends him tests to see if he has

Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes can often be effectively managed through

Diet Moderate weight loss Physical activity

What deficiency would you suspect if a person has flaky and itchy skin, diarrhea, and poor wound healing with infections?

Essential fatty acids

Which of the following are traditional symptoms of diabetes?

Excessive hunger Extreme thirst Frequent urination

An example of an epigenetic influence on human health would be

Exposure to alcohol during gestation influences fetal development

Foods in the Dairy group are rich sources of fiber.

False

Margarine is a leading source of cholesterol in the typical American diet.

False

T/F: Animal proteins are not considered to be a good source of all nine essential amino acids.

False

T/F: Soluble fibers are not readily dissolved in water and not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria.

False

A diet rich in animal sources of protein may increase risk for cardiovascular disease because

Foods of animal origin are often high in saturated fat It is likely to be low in dietary fiber and phytochemicals

What is the difference between functional fiber and dietary fiber?

Functional fiber has been added to foods for its beneficial health effects; dietary fiber is naturally present in foods

Glycogen is stored in the liver and can be released by the hormone

Glucagon

Glycogen is a branched structure comprised of many __________ units bonded together.

Glucose

Sucrose is made up of which two monosaccharides?

Glucose Fructose

What is the chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid?

It contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain

Fatty fish provide eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (BHA), which are two __________ that are important for brain and heart health.

Omega-3 fatty acids

People who eat fish at least twice a week have lower risks for heart attacks. This protection is attributable to __________ which reduce blood clotting.

Omega-3 fatty acids

A high-fiber diet may improve blood cholesterol measurements because

Soluble fiber binds to cholesterol in the GI tract, causing it to be excreted Fatty acids produced during fermentation of soluble fiber in the large intestine reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver

In the small intestine, lipase breaks down __________ to produce a mixture of fatty acids, glycerol, and monoglycerides.

Triglycerides

Which of the following is the body's most efficient form of stored energy?

Triglycerides

__________ are the major form of lipids found in foods and in the human body.

Triglycerides

Food allergies occur when the immune system perceives a harmless food protein as a harmful invader.

True

In advanced cases of type 2 diabetes, patients may require insulin to manage their blood sugar levels.

True

T/F: A diet that is very high in sugar is linked to health problems such as obesity.

True

T/F: A protein deficiency usually accompanies a deficiency of calories and nutrients.

True

T/F: Because of its branched structure that can be broken down quickly, glycogen is an ideal storage form of carbohydrate in the body.

True

T/F: Both fiber and starch are types of polysaccharides.

True

T/F: Carbohydrates an be converted to and stored as fat in the body.

True

T/F: Changing a protein's shape can destroy its ability to function normally.

True

T/F: Dental caries are formed when sugars and other carbohydrates are metabolized into acids that dissolve the tooth enamel and underlying structure by bacteria that live in the mouth.

True

T/F: Dietary fats consist of a complex mixture of several different types of fatty acids.

True

T/F: During transcription, an mRNA copy of the DNA code moves out from the cell's nucleus, into the cytoplasm, and to the ribosomes.

True

T/F: Exceeding the RDA for protein may contribute to increased body fat.

True

T/F: Functional fiber must show beneficial effects in humans, whereas total fiber is the combination of dietary fiber and functional fiber in the food.

True

T/F: HDL removes cholesterol from cells and returns to the liver for excretion.

True

T/F: If adequate amounts of essential amino acids are not consumed, a person's health will deteriote.

True

T/F: In advanced cases of type 2 diabetes, patients mat require insulin to manage their blood sugar levels.

True

T/F: In order to meet essential amino acid needs, a vegetarian would need to consume a variety of plant proteins.

True

T/F: Monounsaturated, saturated, and polyunsaturated fats all provide the same number of calories.

True

T/F: Salivary amylase is secreted in the mouth and begins the process of carbohydrate digestion in the human body.

True

T/F: Some forms of fiber can be fermented by bacteria in the large intestine, which results in the formation of gas.

True

T/F: Soy protein is a complete protein, which means it provides all nine essential amino acids.

True

T/F: Studies show that the death rates for chronic diseases like cancer and diabetes are lower for vegetarians than for nonvegetarians

True

T/F: Studies show that the death rates for chronic diseases like cancer and diabetes are lower for vegetarians than for nonvegetarians.

True

T/F: The Dietary Guidelines recommend increasing whole grains intake by replacing some refined grains with whole grains.

True

T/F: The increased bulk of a high-fiber meal promotes a feeling of fullness without yielding many calories.

True

T/F: The primary function of carbohydrates in the body is to provide energy.

True

T/F: To avoid constipation, adequate fiber and water should be consumed.

True

T/F: Type 2 diabetes is strongly associated with obesity, especially intra-abdominal obesity.

True

Primary lactose maldigestion

Chronically decreased production of lactase with no apparent cause; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

What is the Adequate Intake level of dietary fiber for MEN?

38 grams

The World Health Organization suggests that added sugars provide no more than 10% of total daily intake. Based on a 2000 kcal diet, this is approximately

50 grams

Glucose is absorbed from the small intestine by

Active absorption

Omega-3

Alpha-linolenic acid

Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?

Alpha-linolenic acid Linolenic acid

Which of the following is an example of an artificial sweetener that is currently available in the United States?

Aspartame

Why is not a good idea to consume excessive amounts of sugar alcohols?

Because it can cause diarrhea

Soft drinks and dairy desserts are major sources of ___________ in the American diet.

Calories Added sugars

Fats and oils contain mixtures of various fatty acids. Which of the following food items are high in SATURATED fatty acids?

Cheeseburger Butter Coconut oil

Choose a lipid that can be synthesized by the body?

Cholesterol

Which macronutrient provides 9 kilocalories per gram?

Fat

If you do not consume adequate carbohydrates, what other dietary components can supply energy?

Fat Protein

What are the products of fat digestion in the small intestine?

Fatty acids Monoglycerides

What are some examples of the types of foods highly susceptible to rancidity?

Fatty fish Deep-fried foods High-fat foods with a large exposed surface area

Which regulatory agency in the United States determines the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) guidelines for alternative sweeteners?

Food and Drug Administration

What are the functions of phospholipids in the body?

Form cell membranes Participate in fat transport Aid in fat digestion and absorption

Which of the following is a function of the phospholipid molecule?

Formation of cell membranes

Select the foods that would be good sources of calcium for a person who follows a vegan dietary pattern.

Fortified soy milk Calcium-fortified tofu Fortified orange juice

Which of the following are examples of simple sugars?

Fructose Glucose Galactose

Which of the following measurements could be used to identify a person with PREdiabetes?

HbA1c between 5.7% to 6.4% Fasting blood glucose from 100 to 125 mg/dl

Anna's blood test showed that her fasting blood sugar was 150 mg/dl. According to these results, she is

Hyperglycemic

What are some examples of food sources that contain cholesterol?

Ice cream Chicken Eggs

What are some deficiency symptoms experienced with inadequate consumption of essential fatty acids.

Impaired wound healing Flaky/itchy skin Growth restriction

What is the main health benefit of nonfermentable (insoluble) fiber?

Improves gastrointestinal health

Type 1 diabetes results from

Inadequate insulin production

Which enzyme plays an important role in fat digestion?

Lipase

The __________ works in concert with the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels.

Liver

Refined grains are __________ in fiber than whole grains.

Lower

Foods made with polyunsaturated fats are __________ likely to produce a rancid odor and taste.

More

When fat content has been reduced in a food, total caloric content may not be substantially reduced because

More sugar has been added

Where does the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates begin?

Mouth

Digestion of carbohydrates by human enzymes takes place in which sections of the gastrointestinal tract?

Mouth Small intestine

Cholesterol

Multi-ring structure

Inadequate intake of essential amino acids may lead to

Muscle wasting Slow production of body proteins Impaired growth

Which of the following elements can be found in amino acids?

Nitrogen Hydrogen Oxygen Carbon

Is milk a natural source of sucrose?

No

A(n) __________ amino acid is one that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts.

Nonessential

Where is DNA located in a cell?

Nucleus

Nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics are two branches of

Nutritional genomics

The monosaccharides and the disaccharides are designates as __________ because they provide calories.

Nutritive sweeteners

Examples of whole grains include

Oatmeal Whole wheat flour Bulgur (cracked wheat)

Which of the following is the best source of SOLUBLE fiber?

Oats

Gestational diabetes

Occurs in some pregnant women and resolves after delivery of the baby

Mediterranean diet

Olive oil. fish, nuts

Linoleic acid is an

Omega-6 fatty acid

Monounsaturated fatty acid

One carbon-carbon double bonds

The primary function of glycogen is to store glucose for later use. Glycogen is stored in the liver and

Pancreas

What are some good food sources of monounsaturated fats?

Peanut oil Canola oil Olive oil

Wheat germ, peanuts, egg yolk, soy beans, and organ meats are rich sources of __________.

Phospholipids

__________ form the structure of the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

Phospholipids

Which TWO substances are important for emulsification of fats during digestion?

Phospholipids Cholesterol

__________ from plant-based foods help prevent chronic diseases.

Phytochemicals

Which of the following are functions of HDL cholesterol in the bloodstream?

Picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources Donates cholesterol to other lipoprotein for transport back to the liver for excretion

__________ proteins are heart-healthy because they contain no cholesterol and little saturated fat.

Plant

__________ is a cholesterol-rich substance deposited in the blood vessels.

Plaque

Fiber is a type of

Polysaccharide

__________ are carbohydrates that are not well digested by human enzymes, but they can be fermented by beneficial bacteria in the large intestine.

Prebiotics

__________ is a condition characterized by moderately high fasting blood glucose (100 tp 125 mg/dl).

Prediabetes

For a person with insulin resistance, the pancreas

Produces plenty of insulin, but cells cannot use it effectively

Choose a function of fat tissue.

Protect organs from injury

Amino acids are the building blocks of

Protein

It is important to eat adequate carbohydrates so that the body does not use __________ for energy.

Protein

Key nutrients provided by diary products include:

Protein Vitamin D Calcium Potassium

Which of the following occurs when the amount of protein consumed equals the amount of protein lost?

Protein equilibrium

Which of the following are true statements about the functions of protein?

Protein is necessary for blood clotting, fluid balance and cell repair Protein serves multiple functions in the body

__________ help regulate the acid-base balance in the blood.

Proteins

How do proteins contribute to acid-base balance of the blood?

Pump ions into and out of cells Serve as buffers that resist changes in pH

Preparing meals with plants oils, such olive oil, rather than animal facts, such as butter, is one way to improve the fat __________ of your diet.

Quality

Which of the following is a sugar alcohol?

Sorbitol

__________ protein is an example of a plant-based protein that DOES meet essential amino acid needs.

Soy

What are some good food sources of phospholipids?

Soy beans Peanuts Organ meats

What are some good sources of omega-3 fatty acids in a plant-based diet?

Soybean oil Walnuts Canola oil Flax seeds

Complex carbohydrates are also known as

Starch

What are other names for complex carbohydrates?

Starch Polysaccharides

A __________ is a lipid with a multi-ringed structure.

Sterol

Which class of lipids may serve as precursors for hormone synthesis?

Sterols

What two food components contribute the most to raising the level of cholesterol in your blood?

TRANS fat Saturated fat

Secondary lactose maldigestion

Temporarily decreased production of lactase due to a specific cause, such as an intestinal virus; may cause abdominal pain, gas, and diarrhea after consumption of large quantities of lactose

Why are triglycerides ideal for fat storage?

They are energy dense They are chemically stable

Which of the following are true of polysaccharides?

They are found chiefly in grains, vegetables, and fruits They are sometimes called starches They are sometimes called complex carbohydrates They are made of single-sugar units that are bonded together to form a chain

Which statements are true about sterols?

They can be produced by the body They contain a multi-ring structure Cholesterol is a common example

Why are emulsifiers important in cooking and baking?

They keep mixtures of fat and water from separating

Triglyceride

Three fatty acids bound to glycerol

A(n) __________ is made of three fatty acids attached to glycerol.

Triglyceride

Phospholids

Two fatty acids and a phosphate-containing group bound to glycerol

Polyunsaturated fatty acid

Two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

Which lipoproteins are made by the liver?

Very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)

Triglycerides are used as the primary energy source by muscles

When the body is at rest During low-intensity physical activity

Whole cornmeal, brown rice, and oatmeal are all examples of

Whole grains

Choose the food that will have the most fiber.

Whole orange

Which of the following are sources of starch in the diet?

Whole wheat bread Pasta Potatoes

Which of the following is a sugar alcohol?

Xylitol

What is the guideline that is set at a level 100 times less than the level at which no harmful effects were noted in animal studies?

Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI)

Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the bloodstream

As part of lipoproteins

Cholesterol __________ be ma made by the body.

Can

Phytochemicals have been implicated in prevention of

Cancer Cardiovascular disease

A high-__________ dietary pattern is clearly associated with the development of dental caries.

Carbohydrate

When the ___________ in polyunsaturated fatty acids break down, rancid by-products occur.

Carbon-carbon double bonds

People with diabetes are at risk for developing

Cardiovascular disease

Phytochemicals have been implemented in prevention of

Cardiovascular disease Cancer

What is the major monosaccharide in the body?

Glucose

What is a fiber that is not easily metabolized by intestinal bacteria called?

Nonfermentable fiber

What three organs and/or glands produce lipase?

Pancreas Salivary glands Stomach

__________ fiber is readily fermented by bacteria in the large intestine.

Soluble

Chemical digestion of proteins takes place in the

Stomach Small intestine

Enzymes that digest fat are secreted by the __________.

Stomach cells Salivary glands Pancreas

What type of diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity?

Type 2 diabetes

A(n) __________ is a "total vegetarian" who eats only plant foods and does not use animal products for any other purposes.

Vegan

Which MyPlate food groups offer rich sources of foods with cancer-fighting antioxidants?

Vegetables Fruits Grains

Which of the following is the amino acid that can be synthesized by a healthy body in sufficient amounts. I think.

Nonessential

Soybean oil, seaweed, walnuts, and flax seeds are all good sources of __________ in a vegetarian diet.

Omega-3 fatty acids

Apples, bananas, oat products, and beans are good sources of

Soluble fiber

T/F: The main function of glucose is to provide the body with a source of fuel.

True

The treatment for metabolic syndrome is essentially the same as the treatment of what other disease?

Type 2 diabetes

Amylase is

an emzyme

North American diet

mayonnaise, margarine, whole milk

Proteins, while not typically used for supplying daily calorie need, can supply the body with __________ kcal per gram.

4

What percent of calories in the diet should come from carbohydrates?

45-65%

If Jonas weighs 154 pounds, how many kilograms does he weigh?

70 (154 / 2.2 = 70 kg)

How many Kilocalories are in one gram of fat?

9

Lower-quality (incomplete) proteins are dietary proteins that are low in, or lack, one or more essential

Amino acids

What is the term used for the building blocks of proteins?

Amino acids

Which of the following are example of polysaccharides?

Amylose Amylopectin Cellulose

The main sources of saturated fat in American diets are

Animal fats

Most __________ sources of protein provide ample quantities of all nine essential amino acids.

Animals

__________ serve to stop the damage done to cells by oxidation.

Antioxidants

Myocardial infarction

Blood flow surrounding the heart is blocked resulting is damaged to the heart muscle

High levels of hemoglobin A1c indicate chronically elevated

Blood glucose

What are some vegetarian foods that supply the body with vitamin B-12?

Breakfast cereals Fortified soy milk

Protein deficiency is rarely an isolated condition and usually accompanies

Calorie deficiency Lack of nutrients

T/F: High-carbohydrate diets lead to a condition known as ketosis and can disturb the body's normal acid-base balance and may lead to other health problems

False

T/F: High-carbohydrate diets leads to a condition known as ketosis and can disturb the body's normal acid-base balance and may lead to other health problems.

False

T/F: High-fat foods cannot be included in a well-balanced healthy diet.

False

T/F: Individuals with type 1 diabetes may or may not require insulin

False

T/F: Sucralose is the oldest alternative sweetener and was first produced in 1879.

False

T/F: The body links amino acids with peptide bonds to form lipids.

False

T/F: Vegetables must be consumed raw to enjoy their nutrient benefits.

False

Type 2 diabetes

A form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance and often associated with obesity

Type 1 diabetes

A form of diabetes characterized by total insulin deficiency due to destruction of insulin-producing cells of the pancreas

Three fatty acids combine with glycerol to form

A triglyceride

Incorrect mRNA production and incorrect polypeptide chain production both result from an error in the __________.

DNA

Which of the following are subgroups of vegetables, according to MyPlate?

Dark green vegetables Starchy vegetables Beans and peas Red and orange vegetables

A dietary pattern that is extremely high in fiber may __________ the absorption of some essential minerals, such as zinc and iron.

Decrease

The American Heart Association recommends using plants oils rather than animal fats in food preparation to

Decrease saturated fat intake

What are the unhealthy consequences of an excessively high intake of fiber?

Decreased absorption of zinc and iron Intestinal blockages

Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?

Do not readily dissolve in water

What are some examples of foods that contain cholesterol?

Eggs Lean ground beef Turkey

A major function of phospholipids (e.g., lecithin) in foods is to act as a(n)

Emulsifier

A whole grain includes three parts: bran, germ, and endosperm. Which part us left after the grain is refined?

Endosperm

The study of inherited changes in gene expression that are not due to the DNA sequence is known as __________.

Epigenetics

Which of the following cannot be synthesized by humans in sufficient amounts and must be included in the diet?

Essential amino acid

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

Insulation Energy storage Transport of fat-soluble vitamins

Individuals with type 1 diabetes have to be treated with which approach?

Insulin

The key element that underlines all the conditions of the metabolic syndrome is

Insulin resistance

Antioxidants may be helpful for preventing cardiovascular disease because they

Reduce the oxidation of LDLs

Which of the following is a benefit of SOLUBLE fiber?

Reduces total serum cholesterol

Omega-6

Linoleic acid

Insulin

Decreases blood glucose

What are the forms of carbohydrate that can be used by the cell as fuel?

Glycogen Glucose

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range set by the Food and Nutrition Board for lipids is __________% to __________% of kilocalories.

20 and 35

Cerebrovascular accident

Blood flow to parts of the brain is blocked resulting in the death of brain cells

In metabolic syndrome, which of the following may be elevated?

Blood pressure Fasting glucose Triglycerides

Ketosis is the condition of having a high concentration of ketone bodies in the __________.

Bloodstream

For a grain to be considered a whole grain, the grain must contain the germ, endosperm, and __________

Bran

From the following list, choose the foods that adhere to the Dietary Guidelines' recommendations concerning carbohydrates:

Brown rice Frozen blueberries with no added sugar Baked acorn squash

Enriched tofu, fortified soy milk, and fortified orange juice are all good sources of __________ in a vegan diet.

Calcium

What are some components of plaque?

Calcium Cholesterol White blood cells

What are the important nutrients that milk and milk products provide?

Calcium Vitamin D

What is the risk of not eating lactose-containing foods?

Calcium deficiency

Choose characteristics of the low-density lipoprotein.

Carries primarily cholesterol Transports cholesterol to the tissues Linked to cardiovascular disease risk

If a food manufacturer sets out to reduce the fat content of a cookie, the food scientists will need to consider

Changes in the texture of the food product Changes in the flavor of the food product

__________ is a type of lipid that is found only in foods of animal origin.

Cholesterol

Choose the correct statements about how the food you eat affects the cholesterol in your blood.

Cholesterol in foods is not designated as "good" or "bad" fat Eating saturated fats and TRANS fats raises total cholesterol and particularly LDL Cholesterol in your diet does not have a big impact on the levels of HDL and LDL in the blood

Which of the following are easy ways to increase your dietary fiber intakes to meet the AIs?

Choose whole grains Choose vegetables Choose fiber-rich fruits

As fatty acids are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine, they are packaged as __________ for transport through the lymphatic system.

Chylomicrons

Place the steps of dietary fat absorption in the order they occur, with the first step at the top of the list and the last step at the bottom of the list.

Glycerol, monoglycerides, and fatty acids are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine into the small intestinal cells Triglycerides are reassembled within the cells lining the small intestine Triglycerides are packaged into chylomicrons Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system

Which MyPlate food group has the highest starch content?

Grains

__________-density lipoprotein is considered the "good" cholesterol.

High

Identify genetic variations that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

High levels of homocysteine in the blood A delay in the removal of cholesterol from the blood

Because of its low cost, shelf-stability, and desirable food properties, __________ is used in the manufacture if many processed foods, including soft drinks, condiments, and snack foods.

High-fructose corn syrup

A protein that contains all nine essential amino acids is a(n) __________ protein.

High-quality Complete

Mel has diabetes and uses insulin for glucose management. If he take more than his prescribed dose of insulin,

His blood sugar will be too low

Alternative (or artificial) sweeteners

Include saccharin, aspartame, and sucralose Sweeten foods while providing few or no calories

The presence of fat in foods __________ the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins from the small intestine.

Increases

Glucagon

Increases blood glucose

Lactose __________ is a condition in which significant symptoms, such as abdominal gas and bloating, appear after indigestion of foods containing lactose.

Intolerance

Which of the following statements about fiber are true?

Is a complex carbohydrate A substance found in plants Adds bulk to feces

Long-term low-carbohydrate intake is not recommended because it will lead to

Ketosis

Oxidation of __________ contributes to plaque formation in the development of atherosclerosis.

LDL

Which of the following are types of lipoproteins?

LDL HDL VLDL

A __________ diet is a modified vegetarian diet that includes diary products and eggs.

Lactoovovegetarian

Name the disaccharide that is also known as "milk sugar."

Lactose

A __________ dietary pattern is primarily plant-based, but does include dairy products.

Lactovegetarian

One risk factor for cardiovascular disease is

Less than 40 mg/dl HDL

The Dietary Guidelines urge Americans to

Limit intake of added sugars Consume 3 or more ounces per day of whole grains

What are some of the diet and lifestyle recommendations from the American Heart Association?

Limit your intake of saturated fat Choose whole-grain foods Be physically active

The essential amino acid in lowest concentration in a food or diet relative to body needs is the

Limiting amino acid

Due to their high energy density (9 kcal per gram) __________ are the ideal form of energy storage for the body.

Lipids

Due to their high energy density (9 kcal per gram) are the ideal form of energy storage for the body.

Lipids

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?

Lipoprotein lipase

Oils rich in unsaturated fatty acids are typically __________ at room temperature.

Liquid

Once carbohydrates have been absorbed into the blood, where are they taken to first in the body?

Liver

When carbohydrates are in short supply, the __________ can make glucose from amino acids present in body tissues.

Liver

Which of the following are major storage sites for glycogen?

Liver and muscle

Hypoglycemia is a __________ blood glucose level.

Low

__________-density lipoprotein is considered the "bad" cholesterol.

Low

Which of the following conditions may be present in a person with metabolic syndrome?

Low HDL cholesterol Large waist circumference High blood pressure High fasting glucose High blood pressure

Which of the following are functions of protein.

Protein supplies nitrogen in a form we can readily use Protein is necessary for fluid balance Protein is necessary for the visual process

Which of the following are functions of protein?

Protein supplies nitrogen in a form we can readily use Protein is necessary for fluid balance Protein is necessary for the visual process

Which of the following are potential health benefits of consuming plant proteins in place of animal sources of protein?

Reduced risk for obesity Reduced risk for type 2 diabetes Reduced risk for cancer Lower blood pressure Reduced risk for cardiovascular disease

Which of the following are benefits of including some INSOLUBLE fiber in the diet?

Reduces transit time of feces Reduces constipation

Which of the following are possible fates of carbohydrate once it has been absorbed?

Released directly into the bloodstream for use by organs Producing glycogen Producing fat

Choose food sources of linoleic acid - the essential omega-6 fatty acid.

Safflower, sunflower, corn, and cottonseed oils Nuts and seeds

What are some examples of foods that are considered high in fat?

Salad oils Butter Avocado Whole milk

Butter is solid at room temperature. Butter contains mostly __________ fatty acids.

Saturated

Which of the following have the biggest impact on blood cholesterol levels?

Saturated fat intake TRANS fat intake

Which of the following has only carbon-carbon single bonds?

Saturated fatty acid

Which of the following has only one carbon-carbon single bond?

Saturated fatty acid

Foods with high glycemic index

Should be combined with foods that have a low GI

What are some of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

Smoking Family history of cardiovascular disease High blood cholesterol Hypertension

List the steps of fat digestion and absorption starting in the mouth (top of the list) and ending at the small intestine (bottom of the list)

Some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach Salivary lipase and gastric lipase begin digesting short-chain fatty acids in the stomach Bile emulsifies the fats Pancreatic lipase digests long-chain fatty acids and triglycerides Triglycerides are broken down and absorbed in the small intestine

Excessive consumption of this type of sugar may have a laxative effect.

Sugar alcohol

Amino acids can be converted into glucose to

Supply energy for the brain

Why can't fiber be absorbed in the small intestine?

The human GI tract the enzymes necessary to break down fiber

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

To provide structure to all of the cells in the body

__________ are most susceptible to rancidity because they contain many carbon-carbon double bonds.

Unsaturated fats

Many dairy products are rich sources of __________ a nutrient that is especially important for bone health.

Vitamin D