Managment

liaison role

, managers deal with people outside their units.

Fairness

- how can I act equitably and balance all interests?

Empathy

- how would I respond if I cared deeply about those involved?

Character

- what actions will help me become my ideal, virtuous self?

Outcomes

- what are the short-term and long-term outcomes of possible actions?

Authority

- what do legitimate authorities (e.g., experts, law) expect of me?

Responsibilities

- what duties and obligations apply?

Liberty

- what principles of freedom, self-determination and personal autonomy apply?

Rights

- what rights (e.g., innate, legal, social; legitimate entitlements) apply?

informational subroles

: monitor, disseminator, and spokesperson.

Decentralization

Allows employees closest to problems, production, and clients to make timely decisions

US Sentencing Commission Guidelines for Organizations

Companies can be prosecuted and punished for their unethical behavior Cover offenses defined by federal laws Encourage companies to take proactive steps that will discourage white-collar crime Give companies an incentive to cooperate and disclose illegal activities to federal authorities

Selective hiring

Companies need to hire the best talent due to the presence of employment security

Training and skill development

Companies need to invest resources in the training employees to ensure skill development

Practical Steps to Ethical Decision Making

Creating an ethical climate Managers should act ethically Top management should be active and committed to the company ethics program Establish a reporting system

Ethical intensity

Degree of concern people have about an ethical issue. (Flint's water supply decision vs. fire your assistant?)

How Does Being Good Pay Off?

Effect on Customers Effect on Employee's Work Effort Effect on Job Applicants & Employee Retention Effect on Sales Growth Effect on Company Efficiency Effect on Company Revenue Effect on Stock Price Effect on Profits (There is NO gurantee of higher profits, particularly in the short term)

Employment security

Employees can innovate and increase the profitability of an organization without the fear of losing their job

Competitive advantage through people

Employment security Selective hiring Self-managed teams Decentralization High wages contingent on organizational performance Training and skill development Reduction of status differences Sharing information

Practical Steps to Ethical Decision Making

Establishing a specific code of ethics

Factors Influence Ethical Decision Making

Ethical intensity

managment

Getting work done through others Efficiency Effectiveness

conventional((kohlberg stages of moral behaviour))

Good boy,girl; Law,order

Determining the Punishment

Guidelines impose smaller fines on companies that take proactive steps to encourage ethical behavior Base fine is computed by determining the level of offense Culpability score of the company is computed by a judge Total fine is calculated by multiplying the base fine by the culpability score

Sharing information

Helps employees participate in the decision making process

Linda Hill "Becoming a Manager: Mastery of a New Identity

Her study found that becoming a manager produced a profound psychological transition that changed the way these managers viewed themselves and others. Initially, the managers in Hill's study believed that their job was to exercise formal authority and to manage tasks—basically being the boss After six months, most of the new managers had concluded that their initial expectations about managerial work were wrong. Management wasn't just about being the boss, making decisions, and telling others what to do. After a year on the job, most of the managers thought of themselves as managers and no longer as doers. In making the transition, they finally realized that people management was the most important part of their job.

High wages contingent on organizational performance

High remuneration helps an organization attract talented employees and retain existing employees High wages indicates that the organization values its employees

The cost of no ethics:

Hundreds of migrant workers have died in Qatar since it was awarded the 2022 World Cup

Postconventional

Internalized principles

The function of management

Leading planning organizing controlling

Reduction of status differences

Leads to employees concentrating on work related issues rather than biases and prejudices of the management

Factors Influencing Ethical Decision Making

Long-term self-interest (you and the company) Religious injunctions (it's not about religion, it's abut kindness and community) Unkind and harmful actions are avoided Government requirements Individual rights Personal virtue (Are you o.k. if your mother reads what you did in the newspaper?) Distributive justice (watch out for the least fortunate and disadvantaged: poor, uneducated, unemployed) Utilitarian benefits (for the greater good of society)

stakeholder model

Management's most important responsibility is long-term survival Achieved by satisfying the interests of multiple corporate stakeholders

shareholder model

Organization's overriding goal should be profit maximization for the benefit of shareholders

What are the key questions used to evaluate the ethical dimensions of a problem?

Outcomes Fairness Authority Liberty Rights Responsibilities Empathy Character

The triple bottom line

People planet profit(how to max shareholder profit ethically and without sacrificing people and planet)

Self-managed teams

Produce high productivity through increased employee commitment and creativity

Utilitarianism

Seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people • Focuses on the consequences of our actions, not on how we achieve those consequences

Practical Steps to Ethical Decision Making

Selecting and hiring ethical employees Overt and personality-based integrity tests

Preconventinal

Self-interest

Postconventional((kohlberg stages of moral behaviour))

Social contact,universal principle

Conventional

Societal expectations

What company look for?

Technical skills, human skills,Conceptual skills,Motivation to manage

THE TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE

The concept of applying an acid test to each decision you make to ensure that the following three are considered: Planet (that how you conduct business will be as carbon footprint neutral as possible) People (that your ethics and corporate social responsibility enhances lives as opposed to hurt lives) Profit (your financial responsibility to make money for your company)

Practical Steps to Ethical Decision Making

Training employees to make ethical decisions

Three Ethical Principles

Utilitarianism Individual rights principle Distributive justice principle

Corporation Social responsibility (CSR)

Value: Doing Good Philanthropy, sustainability Discretionary or in response to external pressure Separate from profit maximization Agenda is determined by personal preferences Example: Fair Trade Purchasing

Corporation shared value

Value: economic and societal Joint company and community value Integral to competing & profit maximization A part of profit maximization Agenda is Company specific and internally generated Example: transforming procurement to increase quality and yield

Effectiveness

accomplishing tasks that help fulfill organizational objectives

Conceptual skills

are the ability to see the organization as a whole, to understand how the different parts of the company affect each other, and to recognize how the company fits into or is affected by its external environment such as the local community, social and economic forces, customers, and the competition

proactive

company anticipate a problem before it occurs and does more than society expectations

defensive

company does at least to meet society expectations

reactive

company does less than society expects

what skills are most important for top and middle manager

conceptual, motivation to manage very important, human skills

Organizing

deciding where decisions will be made, who will do what jobs and tasks, and who will work for whom in the company

Planning

determining organizational goals and a means for achieving them

team leader

developed because of the widespread use of self-managing teams, which have no formal supervisor. leaders help their team members plan and schedule work, learn to solve problems, and work effectively with each other. help manage the relationship among team members, and relationships with groups outside of the team. Not responsible for performance

Social Responsibility of Organizations

economic legal(to obey society's law) ethical discretionary(social roles that compony fulfills beyond economic,legal,ethical responsibilities)

decisional subroles

entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator, and negotiator.

Interpersonal roles subroles

figurehead, leader, and liaison.

Efficiency

getting work done with a minimum of effort, waste, or expense

First line managers

include office managers, shift supervisors, and department managers, are responsible for managing the performance of entry-level employees. oversee the work of employees that are directly responsible for the company's goods or services.monitoring the performance of employees, teaching new employees how to do their jobs, and making schedules and operating plans.

middle managers

include plant manager, regional manager, or divisional manger. They are responsible for setting objectives consistent with top management's goals and for planning and implementing subunit strategies for achieving those objectives. responsibility is to plan and allocate resources to meet objectives. coordinating various groups with the company, and monitoring the performance of subunits

Top manager

include the overall direction of the organization, setting a context for change, creating employee buy-in, creating a positive organizational culture, and monitoring the business environment.

Leading

inspiring and motivating workers to work hard to achieve organizational goals

Mintzberg developed the idea that managers fulfill three major roles

interpersonal, informational, and decisional roles.

Patagonia

is an American clothing company

Phillip Morris

is an American global cigarette and tobacco company

Motivation to manage

is an assessment of how motivated employees are to interact with superiors, participate in competitive situations, behave assertively toward others, tell others what to do, reward good behavior and punish poor behavior, perform actions that are highly visible to others, and handle and organize administrative tasks. . Furthermore, managers with a stronger motivation to manage are promoted faster

Ethical decision making tree

is it proposed- yes. Does it max shareholder- yes. is it ethical- yes. Do it Does it max shareholder-No. Would it be not ethical to take action- Yes.Dont do it NO-do it. Sometimes we avoid the unpleasant task of making a hard decision, but that in itself could be unethical

Ethics

is the study of moral principles or values that determine whether actions are right or wrong and outcomes are good or bad

entrepreneur role

managers adapt themselves, their subordinates, and their units to change

resource allocator role

managers decide who will get what resources and how many resources they will get.

leader role

managers motivate and encourage workers to accomplish organizational objectives.

figurehead role

managers perform ceremonial duties like greeting company visitors, speaking at the opening of a new facility, or representing the company at a community luncheon to support local charities.

disturbance handler role

managers respond to pressures and problems so severe that they demand immediate attention and action.

monitor role

managers scan their environment for information, actively contact others for information, and, because of their personal contacts, receive a great deal of unsolicited information.

disseminator role

managers share the information they have collected with their subordinates and others in the company

Controlling

monitoring progress toward goal achievement and taking corrective action when progress isn't being made

conventional level

moral development make decisions that conform to societal expectations

Can we "guarantee" higher profits in the short term from being good?

not really

The ethical decision that a person makes is dependent

on the level of moral development.

the preconventional level

people decide based on selfish reasons.

types of workplace deviance

production deviance property deviance political deviance personal aggression

Preconventional(kohlberg stages of moral behaviour)

punichment and instrumental exchange

Responses to Demands for Social Responsibility

reactive strategy defensive accomodative proactive

spokesperson role

share information with people outside their departments and companies.

Social Responsibility of Organizations

shareholder model, stakeholder model

What kinds of skills do good team leader have?

technical skills are very important ,human skills, motivation to manage relatively important

What kinds of skills do good team first line manager have?

technical skills, human skills,motivation to manage relatively important

Human skills can be summarized as

the ability to work well with others.

Technical skills are

the specialized procedures, techniques, and knowledge required to get the job done.

In Stage 4, LAW

you again look for external guidance but do whatever the law permits

In Stage 6, the universal principle stage,

you may or may not do something unethical depending on your principles of right and wrong. Moreover, you will stick to your principles even if your decision conflicts with the law (Stage 4) or what others believe is best for society (Stage 5).

In Stage 3, the good boy, nice girl stage

you normally do what the other "good boys" and "nice girls" are doing. In the law and order stage,

In Stage 5, the social contract stage

you will refuse to do something unethical because, as a whole, society is better off when the rights of others are not violated.

In Stage 2, the instrumental exchange stage

you worry less about punishment and more about doing things that directly advance your wants and needs.

If you are in Stage 1, the punishment and obedience stage

your primary concern will be to avoid trouble for yourself.

Distributive justice principle

• People who are similar should receive similar benefits and burdens e.g. two employees who contribute equally in their work • Inequalities are acceptable when they benefit the least well off

Individual rights principle

• Reflects the belief that everyone has entitlements that let her or him act in a certain way e.g. freedom of speech, fair trial • Problem of conflicting rights e.g. right to privacy conflicts with another's right to know