Mangement - Chapter 14 (Understanding Individual Behavior)

Which principle of self management is this? First, if you're carrying too much around in your head, your mind can't be clear. If your mind isn't clear, you can't focus. If you can't focus, you can't get anything done. Thus, anything you consider unfinished needs to be placed in some kind of trusted system outside your head.

1. Clarity of mind

Follow these steps to get organized

1. Empty your head 2. Decide the next action 3. Get organized 4. Perform a weekly review 5. Do it

The Perception Process

1. Observe - Observing information via the senses 2. Screen -Screening the information and selecting what to process. 3. Organize - we organize the selected data into meaningful patterns for interpretation and response.

Which principle of self management is this? Next, you have to be clear about exactly what you need to do and decide the steps to take toward accomplishing it.

2. Clarity of objectives

Which principle of self management is this? Finally, once you've decided the actions that you need to take, you need to keep reminders in a well-organized system.

3. An organized system

Trust is an important component of organizational commitment.

A survey found that 32 percent of an employee's desire to stay with a company or leave depends on the employee's trust in management.

Which of the Big Five personality traits is this? The degree to which a person is able to get along with others by being good-natured, likable, cooperative, forgiving, understanding, and trusting

Agreeableness

A judgment about what caused a person's behavior—characteristics of either the person or the situation.

Attributions Among the assessments that people make as part of the perception process are attributions.

Which of the Attitudes and Behaviors Influenced by Personality is this? The belief that power and status differences should exist within an organization.

Authoritarianism A person high in authoritarianism is typically concerned with power and status, obeys established authority, and sticks to conventional values.

Dimensions that describe an individual's extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience.

Big Five personality factors

What kind of stress is this? Stress that challenges and helps increase focus

Challenge (Eustress) Stress

Basic Principles for Self-Management

Clarity of mind Clarity of objectives An organized system

Which of the Big Five personality traits is this? The degree to which a person is focused on a few goals, thus behaving in ways that are responsible, dependable, persistent, and achievement oriented.

Conscientiousness

Trust

Considering how important trust is in any relationship, it is surprising how little attention many managers devote to building and maintaining trust in the workplace. Trust can make all the difference between an employee who is emotionally committed to the organization and one who is not.

What Managers and Organizations Can Do to combat stress for employees

Create a psychologically healthy workplace Make sure people have some fun at work

Step two in getting organized Do it, delegate it or defer it

Decide the next action

Step five in getting organized Consider time and context, energy level and task priority

Do it

A mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort and is often accompanied by physiological changes.

Emotion

The tendency of people to absorb and express the emotions, moods, and attitudes of those around them.

Emotional contagion If we're around someone who is happy and enthusiastic, the positive emotions rub off on us. On the other hand, someone who is sad and angry can bring us down. Managers who express positive emotions such as happiness, enthusiasm, and appreciation trigger positive emotions and behavior in employees.

Step one in getting organized Collect all the things you need or want to do

Empty your head

The "Big Five" Personality Factors

Extroversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Emotional stability Openness to experience

Which of the Big Five personality traits is this? The degree to which a person is outgoing, sociable, assertive, and comfortable with interpersonal relationships

Extroversion.

What Kind of evaluating information type is this? individuals base their judgments more on personal feelings such as harmony and tend to make decisions that result in approval from others.

Feeling-type individuals

Potential attribution biases

Fundamental attribution error Self-serving bias

According to Jung, gathering and evaluating information are separate activities

Gathering information: -Sensation-type individuals -Intuitive-type individuals Evaluating information -Thinking-type individuals -Feeling-type individuals

Step three in getting organized Schedule appointments, tasks, set up calendars, action lists

Get organized

Occurs when a manager gives an employee the same rating on all dimensions of the job, even though performance may be good on some dimensions and poor on others.

Halo effect a halo blinds the perceiver to other characteristics that should be used in generating a more complete assessment.

According to Jung, only one of the four functions—sensation, intuition, thinking, or feeling—is dominant in an individual.

However, the dominant function usually is backed up by one of the functions from the other set of paired opposites.

Surveys suggest that less than half of employees in the United States are satisfied with their jobs.

In one global survey, people with managers who created a clear and inspiring vision were 70 percent more satisfied with their jobs, and those who felt respected at work were 55 percent more satisfied and engaged.

Two additional sets of paired opposites not directly related to problem solving are introversion-extroversion and judging-perceiving.

Introverts gain energy by focusing on personal thoughts and feelings, whereas extroverts gain energy from being around others and interacting with others. On the judging versus perceiving dimension, people with a judging preference favor certainty and closure and tend to make decisions quickly based on available data. Perceiving people, on the other hand, enjoy ambiguity, dislike deadlines, and may change their minds several times as they gather large amounts of data and information to make decisions.

Which of the Problem-Solving Styles is this? Avoids specifics Is charismatic, participative, people oriented, and helpful Focuses on general views, broad themes, and feelings Decentralizes decision making, develops few rules and regulations

Intuitive-Feeling Occupations Public relations Advertising Human Resources Politics Customer service

Which of the Problem-Solving Styles is this? Prefers dealing with theoretical or technical problems Is a creative, progressive, perceptive thinker Focuses on possibilities using impersonal analysis Is able to consider a number of options and problems simultaneously

Intuitive-Thinking Occupations Systems design Internet security Law Middle/top management Teaching business, economics

What Kind of gathering information type is this? people would rather look for possibilities than work with facts and prefer solving new problems and using abstract concepts.

Intuitive-type

reflects the degree to which a person finds fulfillment in his or her job.

Job Satisfaction In general, people experience job satisfaction when their work matches their needs and interests, when working conditions and rewards (such as pay) are satisfactory, when they like their coworkers, and when they have positive relationships with supervisors.

Which of the Attitudes and Behaviors Influenced by Personality is this? Defines whether an individual places the primary responsibility for his successes and failures within himself or on outside forces.

Locus of control internal locus of control - people believe that their own actions strongly influence what happens to them. external locus of control. - people believe that events in their lives occur because of chance, luck, or outside people and events.

Which of the Attitudes and Behaviors Influenced by Personality is this? A tendency to direct one's behavior toward the acquisition of power and the manipulation of other people for personal gain; based on the ideas of Niccolò Machiavelli, a sixteenth-century Italian political philosopher.

Machiavellianism Research shows that high Machs are predisposed to being pragmatic, capable of lying to achieve personal goals, more likely to win in win-lose situations, and more likely to persuade than be persuaded.

An assessment that measures a person's preferences for introversion versus extroversion, sensation versus intuition, thinking versus feeling, and judging versus perceiving.

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI™)

Which of the Big Five personality traits is this? The degree to which a person has a broad range of interests and is imaginative, creative, artistically sensitive, and willing to consider new ideas.

Openness to experience

Trust _________ refers to an employee's loyalty to and engagement with the organization.

Organizational commitment

Evaluating information involves making judgments about the information that a person has gathered.

People evaluate information by thinking or feeling.

What is the cognitive process that people use to make sense out of the environment by selecting, organizing, and interpreting information.

Perception

Step four in getting organized Update calendars, action lists, process new items

Perform a weekly review

Emotional intelligence includes four basic components:

Personal competence -Self-awareness -Self-management Social competence -Social awareness -Relationship management

top causes of harmful workplace stress.

Poor compensation and unreasonable workloads

Which component to emotional intelligence is this? The ability to connect to others, build positive relationships, respond to the emotions of others, and influence others.

Relationship management Social competence

Interpersonal demands Stressors associated with relationships in the organization

Role conflict Incompatible demands of different roles, such as the demands of a manager's superiors conflicting with those of the manager's subordinates.

Ways to manage stress

Seek and destroy key sources of stress. Find meaning and support Meditate and manage your energy Find a work-life balance

Which Approach to enhancing self-awareness is this? uses self-inquiry and reflection to gain insights into oneself from the results of scores on self-assessment instruments

Self-Assessment Self-assessment also means regularly reflecting on our thoughts and feelings. Introspection—reflecting on our experiences, examining the effects of our actions and behavior, looking at the consequences for ourselves and others, and asking, "What can I learn?" is a valuable use of time that too many managers overlook.

Which component to emotional intelligence is this? Being aware of what you are feeling; the basis for all the other components. People who are in touch with their feelings are better able to guide their own lives and actions.

Self-awareness -Personal competence

Workplace Attitudes an individual's strong belief that he or she can successfully accomplish a specific task or outcome.

Self-efficacy More specific attitude than one's self-esteem J. K. Rowling demonstrated self-efficacy with her belief that she could publish her first book about Harry Potter despite repeated rejections. Self-efficacy is related to self-confidence, which means general assurance in one's own ideas, judgment, and capabilities.

The ability to engage in self-regulating thoughts and behavior to accomplish all your tasks and handle difficult or challenging situations.

Self-management

Which component to emotional intelligence is this? The ability to control disruptive or harmful emotions and balance one's moods so that worry, anxiety, fear, and anger do not cloud thinking and get in the way of what needs to be done.

Self-management -Personal competence People who are skilled at self-management remain optimistic and hopeful despite setbacks and obstacles.

What Kind of gathering information type is this? people would rather work with known facts and hard data and prefer routine and order in gathering information.

Sensation Type

Which of the Problem-Solving Styles is this? Shows concern for current, real-life human problems Is pragmatic, analytical, methodical, and conscientious Emphasizes detailed facts about people rather than tasks Focuses on structuring organizations for the benefit of people

Sensation-Feeling Occupations Directing supervisor Counseling Negotiating Selling Interviewing

Which of the Problem-Solving Styles is this? Emphasizes details, facts, certainty Is a decisive, applied thinker Focuses on short-term, realistic goals Develops rules and regulations for judging performance

Sensation-Thinking Occupations Accounting Production Software engineers Market research Engineering

Which component to emotional intelligence is this? The ability to understand others and practice empathy, which means being able to put yourself in someone else's shoes, to recognize what others are feeling without them needing to tell you.

Social awareness Social competence

Which Approach to enhancing self-awareness is this? Just as we use a mirror in the mornings to shave or fix our hair, we can use other people as a mirror to see ourselves more clearly.

Soliciting Feedback An attribute about a person that he or she is not aware of or doesn't recognize as a problem; this limits effectiveness and hinders career success. We all have illusions about ourselves, so we need help from others to get a clear picture of who we are.

What Kind of evaluating information type is this? base their judgments on impersonal analysis, using reason and logic rather than personal values or emotional aspects of the situation.

Thinking-type individuals

What kind of stress is this? Stress that is negative and counterproductive

Threat (distress) stress Turnover - when the stress is no longer challenging but exhausting absenteeism - missing work because of stress presenteeism -refers to people who go to work but are too stressed and distracted to be productive.

Most managers strive to develop and reinforce positive attitudes among all employees, because people are healthier and more effective when they have positive feelings about their jobs, their coworkers, the company, and the work environment

Two important elements of happy and productive employees are job satisfaction and trust.

What type behavior is this? Pattern characterized by extreme competitiveness, impatience, aggressiveness, and devotion to work

Type A Behavior Type A people tend to experience more stress-related illness than Type B people.

What type behavior is this? Pattern that includes more balanced, relaxed lifestyle

Type B Behavior

Stress isn't always negative. Without a certain amount of stress, we would be complacent and accomplish little. Psychologists have long noted this "dual face of stress," and they distinguish between

challenge stress and threat stress

In recent years, research in the area of emotional intelligence has shown that managers who are in touch with their own feelings and the feelings of others can

enhance employee and organizational performance.

What kind of attribution is this? places the cause on aspects of the situation.

external attribution

Which Potential attribution biases is this? A tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors on another person's accomplishments and to overestimate the influence of internal factors.

fundamental attribution error

Individual differences among people, including personality traits, emotions, and characteristics such as self-confidence and self-efficacy:

influence how people relate to others and behave at work.

What kind of attribution is this? says that characteristics of the individual caused the person to behave in a certain way

internal attribution

Four areas related to personality that are of particular interest to managers are

locus of control, authoritarianism, Machiavellianism, and problem-solving styles.

Other critical aspects of understanding behavior are

perception and attributions

An error in perceptual judgment that results from inaccuracies in any part of the perception process.

perceptual distortions -concern in the work environment Stereotyping Halo Effect

The set of characteristics that underlie a relatively stable pattern of behavior in response to ideas, objects, or people in the environment.

personality In recent years, many employers have shown a heightened interest in matching people's personalities to the needs of the job and the organization.

Tasks Demands stressors arising from the tasks required of a person holding a particular job

role ambiguity -Uncertainty about what behaviors are expected of a person in a particular role. Role Overload

Which Potential attribution biases is this? The tendency to overestimate the contribution of internal factors to one's successes and the contribution of external factors to one's failures.

self-serving bias means that people give themselves too much credit when they do well and give external forces too much blame when they fail.

People gather information either by

sensation or intuition, but not by both simultaneously.

Two important approaches to enhancing self-awareness

soliciting feedback from others and using self-assessments.

One common perceptual error is ____________ the tendency to assign an individual to a group or broad category (e.g., female, black, elderly; or male, white, disabled) and then to attribute widely held generalizations about the group to the individual.

stereotyping

A physiological and emotional response to stimuli that place physical or psychological demands on an individual and create uncertainty and lack of personal control when important outcomes are at stake.

stress

Based on the limited research that has been done, the two preferences that seem to be most strongly associated with effective management in a variety of organizations and industries are thinking and judging.

thinking and judging.

the most important capability for leaders

to develop: self-awareness.

the first requirement for being a good manager is

understanding oneself.

People bring their individual differences to work each day, and these differences influence how they interpret assignments,

whether they like to be told what to do, how they handle challenges, and how they interact with others.