MAP Questions (Block 2)

The lateral bulge at your ankle is a projection from the

fibula

A ________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves.

foramen

Which foramen is the passageway for nerves to exit the cranium and innervate the jaw and its associated structures?

foramen ovale

The temporal bone DOES NOT __________.

form part of the medial wall of the cranium

The sarcomere shortens when the myosin heads of the thick filaments, in a cocked position, form cross bridges with the actin molecules in thin filaments. This activity will test your understanding of the steps that occur in one complete cross bridge cycle. Place the steps that occur during a single cross bridge cycle in the correct order from left to right.

1. The activated myosin head binds to actin, forming a cross bridge. 2. ADP is released and myosin slides the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere. 3. ATP binds to the myosin head and detaches it from actin. 4. ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi and the energy released re-cocks the myosin head.

The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification. 1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue. 3. Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers. 4. Mesenchymal cells aggregate. What is the correct order for these events?

4, 2, 1, 3

The region of the sarcomere containing the thick and thin filaments is the

A band

A triad is composed of a T-tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. How are these components connected?

A series of proteins that control calcium release.

________ free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels.

osteoclasts

Which muscle types are voluntary, and which are involuntary? (Module 9.1B)

skeletal muscle is voluntary, and cardiac and smooth muscles are involuntary

What supplies the articular cartilage of long bones with oxygen and nutrients?

synovial fluid

The external acoustic meatus is a foramen in which skull bone?

temporal

At each end of the muscle, the collagen fibers of the epimysium, and each perimysium and endomysium, come together to form a

tendon

What process is the insertion site for the temporalis muscle?

coronoid process

The hyoid bone is suspended by

ligaments

When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone,

long bones have reached their adult length

Wrinkles in elderly individuals are the result of

loss of elastic filaments in the reticular layer or the dermis

The Na+/K+ ion pump is responsible for

maintaining the sodium/potassium concentration gradients constant.

The part of the sternum that articulates with the clavicles is the

manubrium

The movement of rotating a limb toward the anterior surface of the body is called

medial (internal) rotation

________ subdivide synovial cavities, channel the flow of synovial fluid, and allow for variations in the shapes of the articular surfaces.

menisci

How do calcium ions (Ca2+) in the sarcomere affect the contraction cycle?

By binding to troponin, Ca2+ causes it to shift position and move tropomyosin, exposing the binding sites on actin.

The cross bridge cycle starts when _________.

Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to troponin

Excitation of the sarcolemma is coupled or linked to the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. What specific event initiates the contraction?

Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates the contraction.

Contrast fast fibers with slow fibers in terms of diameter, glycogen reserves, myoglobin content, and relative abundance of mitochondria. (Module 9.14A)

Compared with slow fibers, fast fibers have a larger diameter, larger glycogen reserves, less myoglobin, and relatively fewer mitochondria.

Excitation-contraction coupling is a series of events that occur after the events of the neuromuscular junction have transpired. The term excitation refers to which step in the process?

Excitation, in this case, refers to the propagation of action potentials along the sarcolemma.

Compare gigantism with acromegaly. (Module 6.9C)

Gigantism results from an overproduction of growth hormone before puberty, whereas acromegaly results from an overproduction of growth hormone after puberty.

The area in the center of the A band that contains no thin filaments is the

H band

Choose the correct statement regarding muscle contractions.

In an isometric contraction, the individual muscle fibers shorten as connective tissues stretch.

Define intramembranous ossification. (Module 6.8A)

Intramembranous ossification is bone formation within connective tissue without the prior development of a cartilage model.

What is the function of the annulus fibrosus?

Its collagen fibers attach the intervertebral disc to the bodies of adjacent vertebrae.

If the skin is able to repair itself so efficiently, why might incomplete healing and scarring result if Marcus irritates his pimples?

Marcus could permanently damage the dermis and accessory organs by irritating his pimples

Which condition, due to excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal cartilages, results in individuals who are very tall, with long, slender limbs?

Marfan syndrome

Define oxygen debt (excess postexercise oxygen consumption). (Module 9.13B)

Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen intake required to produce the ATP needed to restore the body after strenuous activity.

Describe the connective tissue layers associated with skeletal muscle tissue. (Module 9.2B)

The epimysium surrounds the entire muscle; the perimysium divides the skeletal muscle into fascicles; the endomysium surrounds individual muscle fibers.

Which of the following events must happen for the movement of the thin filament toward the M line (the center of the sarcomere)?

The myosin head binds to the active site on actin and pivots toward the M line.

Describe the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus of an intervertebral disc. (Module 8.7A)

The nucleus pulposus is a soft, elastic, gelatinous core and the annulus fibrosus is a tough outer ring of fibrocartilage.

The interaction between the contractile proteins repeats over and over during a single contraction of a muscle cell. Which of the following choices allows the repeated separation and reactivation of the myosin head?

The presence of ATP

Explain why the propagation of action potentials along electrically excitable membranes occurs in only one direction. (Module 9.5D)

The refractory period prevents it from propagating back in the direction from which it began.

Explain the function of sodium-potassium ion pumps. (Module 9.5A)

The sodium-potassium ion pump maintains the resting membrane potential of a cell by exporting three sodium ions out in exchange for two potassium ions entering the cell.

Which of the following accurately describes the pterygoid processes?

They are vertical, inferior projections that originate on either side of the sphenoidal body.

Define transverse tubules. (Module 9.3B)

Transverse tubules are tubular extensions of the sarcolemma that extend deep into the sarcoplasm contacting the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

What is the relationship between the number of motor neurons recruited and the number of skeletal muscle fibers innervated?

Typically, hundreds of skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by a single motor neuron.

The effects of aging on the skin include

a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands

The articular cartilage damaged by osteoarthritis is characterized by _________

a rough network of bristly collagen fibers

The intestinal response to PTH secretion when calcium ion levels are low is that calcium is

absorbed quickly

A rim of fibrocartilage in the joint cavity of the hip is called the

acetabular labrum

Creatine phosphate

acts as an energy reserve in muscle tissue.

A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by

aerobic metabolism of fatty acids.

Decreased blood flow to a muscle could result in all of the following except

an increase in intracellular glycogen.

Deodorants are used to mask the effects of secretions from which type of skin gland? (Module 5.8C)

apocrine sweat glands

All of the following are true of the sacrum except that it

articulates with the second and third lumbar vertebrae

Once a pimple on Marcus' face begins to heal, what skin cells will divide rapidly to heal any damaged epithelial tissue in the epidermis?

basal cells

Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone

calcitonin

Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of

calcium

The most abundant mineral in the human body is

calcium

In response to action potentials arriving along the transverse tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases

calcium ions

Which of the following is most directly responsible for the coupling of excitation to contraction of skeletal muscle fibers?

calcium ions

Which structure acts as a passageway for blood vessels that provide oxygen and nourishment to the brain?

carotid canal

The four curves of the adult spinal column are not all present at birth. Which of the following are the secondary curves, those that do not appear until several months later?

cervical and lumbar

Which substance is produced in the skin when exposed to UV radiation and subsequently converted to calcitriol?

cholecalciferol

In appositional growth, successive layers of what structure are added to the outer surface of the bone?

circumferential lamellae

Which of these constitutes the pectoral girdle?

clavicles and scapulae

Granulation tissue is composed of

clotted blood, an extensive capillary network, fibroblasts

The five vertebral regions are the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and

coccygeal

Which of the following is a not characteristic of the female pelvis?

coccyx points anteriorly

When a muscle is stimulated repeatedly at a high rate, eliminating a relaxation phase, the amount of tension gradually increases to a steady maximum tension. This is called

complete tetanus.

Muscle tissue, one of the four basic tissue groups, consists chiefly of cells that are highly specialized for

contraction

During which phase of a muscle twitch do cross-bridge interactions occur?

contraction phase

The ligaments that limit the anterior-posterior movement of the femur and maintain the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles are the ________ ligaments.

cruciate

Physical evidence that supports the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction includes

decreased width of the H band during contraction

A feely movable joint is a(n)

diarthrosis

The weight of the body is supported by the

distal metatarsals and calcaneus

The clavicle articulates with the scapula

distally with the acromion

The delicate connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal muscle fibers and ties adjacent muscle fibers together is the

endomysium

The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the

epimysium

What structure allows a bone to grow in length?

epiphyseal cartilages

Thoracic vertebrae can be distinguished from other vertebrae by the presence of

facets for articulation of ribs

________ are non-ossified fibrous attachments between cranial bones.

fontanelles

The shoulder joint, or ________ joint, permits the greatest range of motion of any joint.

glenohumeral

During the Cori cycle, in the liver,

glucose is produced from lactate.

List some hormones that are necessary for maintaining a healthy integument. (Module 5.11A)

growth hormone, sex hormone, growth factors, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones

Variations in hair color reflect differences in the pigment produced by melanocytes that are located at the __________.

hair matrix

Muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that muscle fibers

have many nuclei

The ligamentum nuchae

helps to hold the head in an upright position.

Movement in the anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between articulating elements past the anatomical position is called __________.

hyperextension

The free edge of the nail extends over an area of thickened stratum corneum called the __________.

hyponychium

The sacrum articulates with the

ilium

Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid?

increasing osmotic pressure within joint

The ________ passes through the ________.

internal jugular vein: jugular foramen

All the following are characteristics of periosteum EXCEPT __________.

it is an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity

The anterior fontanelle __________.

lies at the intersection of the frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures

________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas.

merocrine; sebaceous, apocrine

The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the

metaphysis

Neurons and ________ have electrically excitable membranes that propagate action potentials.

muscle cells

In an isotonic contraction,

muscle tension exceeds the load and the muscle lifts the load.

The superior and inferior temporal lines mark the points of attachment for

muscles that close the mouth

Each skeletal muscle fiber is controlled by a motor neuron at a single

neuromuscular junction

Which structures are the joint surfaces that allow the cranium to articulate with the vertebral column?

occipital condyles

To pinch with a thumb and finger involves a movement called

opposition

________ is also known as degenerative joint disease.

osteoarthritis

The lacunae of osseous tissue contain

osteocytes

________ is the organic component of the matrix in developing or repairing bone.

osteoid

The structural units of mature compact bone are called

osteons

In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are

parallel

The nasal complex includes the bones that enclose the nasal cavity and the ________ sinuses.

paranasal

Which of the following is not part of the axial division of the skeletal system?

pectoral girdle

Which structure DOES NOT contribute to the boundaries of the pelvic outlet?

pelvic brim

Nerves and blood vessels that service the muscle fibers are located in the connective tissues of the

perimysium

Which bone-associated structure is continuous with the capsule of the joint, adding strength and helping to stabilize the joint?

periosteum

The bumpy bone on the medial side of your wrist is actually the ________ bone.

pisiform

Which type of joint is found between the carpal bones?

plane

The ability of smooth muscle to contract over a wide range of lengths is called ________, while its normal background level of activity is known as ________.

plasticity; tone

The weakening of which primary vertebral ligament may result in the condition called a bulging disc?

posterior longitudinal ligament

Which of the following is not a function of the axial skeleton?

provides attachment for calf muscles

The smooth but steady increase in muscular tension that is produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called __________.

recruitment

After death, muscle fibers run out of ATP and calcium begins to leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. This results in a condition known as

rigor mortis.

Nail production occurs at the nail

root

Which regions of the vertebral column do not consist of individual vertebrae? (Module 7.13B)

sacral and coccygeal

Which of the following bones is not part of the appendicular skeleton?

sacrum

The repeating contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the

sarcomere

Given that acne relates to "oils" on Marcus' skin, what accessory skin part do you think is most directly related to acne?

sebaceous glands

The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones.

short

Which three organ systems coordinate to maintain normal blood calcium level? (Module 6.10B)

skeletal system, digestive system, urinary system

Which bone acts as a uniting bridge between the cranial and facial portions of the skull? (Module 7.6D)

sphenoid

Which joint attaches the pectoral girdle and upper limb to the axial skeleton? (Module 8.6C)

sternoclavicular joint

Which exocrine glands are in the integument? (Module 5.6B)

sweat and sebaceous glands

An immovable joint is a(n)

synarthrosis

Secondary ossification centers occur in

the epiphyses

What happens when an arrector pili muscle contracts? (Module 5.7B)

the hair follicle become erect, producing "goose bumps"

Identify the facial bones. (Module 7.3A)

the paired nasal, lacrimal, palatine, zygomatic, maxillae, and inferior nasal conchae, and the unpaired vomer and mandible

The elbow joint is extremely stable because

the ulna and humerus interlock

The medial surface of the knee joint is reinforced by the ________ ligament.

tibial collateral

What is name given to the regularly spaced infoldings of the sarcolemma?

transverse or T tubules

The complex of a transverse tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae is known as a(n)

triad

At rest, active sites on the actin are blocked by

tropomyosin molecules

When calcium ion binds to troponin,

tropomyosin moves into the groove between the helical actin strands.

What type of muscle cells are arranged in sheets or layers, with adjacent muscle cells electrically connected by gap junctions and mechanically connected by dense bodies?

visceral smooth muscles

Of the following bones, which is unpaired?

vomer

The paranasal sinuses are located in all of the following bones except the

vomer

Which of the following best describes the term "Z line"?

where thin filaments are anchored

Inside the sarcoplasm, T tubules encircle each sarcomere at which point?

zones of overlap