MAP Questions (Block 2)
The lateral bulge at your ankle is a projection from the
fibula
A ________ is a rounded passageway for passage of blood vessels and/or nerves.
foramen
Which foramen is the passageway for nerves to exit the cranium and innervate the jaw and its associated structures?
foramen ovale
The temporal bone DOES NOT __________.
form part of the medial wall of the cranium
The sarcomere shortens when the myosin heads of the thick filaments, in a cocked position, form cross bridges with the actin molecules in thin filaments. This activity will test your understanding of the steps that occur in one complete cross bridge cycle. Place the steps that occur during a single cross bridge cycle in the correct order from left to right.
1. The activated myosin head binds to actin, forming a cross bridge. 2. ADP is released and myosin slides the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere. 3. ATP binds to the myosin head and detaches it from actin. 4. ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and Pi and the energy released re-cocks the myosin head.
The following are major steps in the process of intramembranous ossification. 1. Clusters of osteoblasts form osteoid that becomes mineralized. 2. Osteoblasts differentiate within mesenchymal connective tissue. 3. Spicules of bone radiate out from the ossification centers. 4. Mesenchymal cells aggregate. What is the correct order for these events?
4, 2, 1, 3
The region of the sarcomere containing the thick and thin filaments is the
A band
A triad is composed of a T-tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. How are these components connected?
A series of proteins that control calcium release.
________ free calcium from bone to maintain blood calcium levels.
osteoclasts
Which muscle types are voluntary, and which are involuntary? (Module 9.1B)
skeletal muscle is voluntary, and cardiac and smooth muscles are involuntary
What supplies the articular cartilage of long bones with oxygen and nutrients?
synovial fluid
The external acoustic meatus is a foramen in which skull bone?
temporal
At each end of the muscle, the collagen fibers of the epimysium, and each perimysium and endomysium, come together to form a
tendon
What process is the insertion site for the temporalis muscle?
coronoid process
The hyoid bone is suspended by
ligaments
When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone,
long bones have reached their adult length
Wrinkles in elderly individuals are the result of
loss of elastic filaments in the reticular layer or the dermis
The Na+/K+ ion pump is responsible for
maintaining the sodium/potassium concentration gradients constant.
The part of the sternum that articulates with the clavicles is the
manubrium
The movement of rotating a limb toward the anterior surface of the body is called
medial (internal) rotation
________ subdivide synovial cavities, channel the flow of synovial fluid, and allow for variations in the shapes of the articular surfaces.
menisci
How do calcium ions (Ca2+) in the sarcomere affect the contraction cycle?
By binding to troponin, Ca2+ causes it to shift position and move tropomyosin, exposing the binding sites on actin.
The cross bridge cycle starts when _________.
Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to troponin
Excitation of the sarcolemma is coupled or linked to the contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber. What specific event initiates the contraction?
Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates the contraction.
Contrast fast fibers with slow fibers in terms of diameter, glycogen reserves, myoglobin content, and relative abundance of mitochondria. (Module 9.14A)
Compared with slow fibers, fast fibers have a larger diameter, larger glycogen reserves, less myoglobin, and relatively fewer mitochondria.
Excitation-contraction coupling is a series of events that occur after the events of the neuromuscular junction have transpired. The term excitation refers to which step in the process?
Excitation, in this case, refers to the propagation of action potentials along the sarcolemma.
Compare gigantism with acromegaly. (Module 6.9C)
Gigantism results from an overproduction of growth hormone before puberty, whereas acromegaly results from an overproduction of growth hormone after puberty.
The area in the center of the A band that contains no thin filaments is the
H band
Choose the correct statement regarding muscle contractions.
In an isometric contraction, the individual muscle fibers shorten as connective tissues stretch.
Define intramembranous ossification. (Module 6.8A)
Intramembranous ossification is bone formation within connective tissue without the prior development of a cartilage model.
What is the function of the annulus fibrosus?
Its collagen fibers attach the intervertebral disc to the bodies of adjacent vertebrae.
If the skin is able to repair itself so efficiently, why might incomplete healing and scarring result if Marcus irritates his pimples?
Marcus could permanently damage the dermis and accessory organs by irritating his pimples
Which condition, due to excessive cartilage formation at the epiphyseal cartilages, results in individuals who are very tall, with long, slender limbs?
Marfan syndrome
Define oxygen debt (excess postexercise oxygen consumption). (Module 9.13B)
Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen intake required to produce the ATP needed to restore the body after strenuous activity.
Describe the connective tissue layers associated with skeletal muscle tissue. (Module 9.2B)
The epimysium surrounds the entire muscle; the perimysium divides the skeletal muscle into fascicles; the endomysium surrounds individual muscle fibers.
Which of the following events must happen for the movement of the thin filament toward the M line (the center of the sarcomere)?
The myosin head binds to the active site on actin and pivots toward the M line.
Describe the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosus of an intervertebral disc. (Module 8.7A)
The nucleus pulposus is a soft, elastic, gelatinous core and the annulus fibrosus is a tough outer ring of fibrocartilage.
The interaction between the contractile proteins repeats over and over during a single contraction of a muscle cell. Which of the following choices allows the repeated separation and reactivation of the myosin head?
The presence of ATP
Explain why the propagation of action potentials along electrically excitable membranes occurs in only one direction. (Module 9.5D)
The refractory period prevents it from propagating back in the direction from which it began.
Explain the function of sodium-potassium ion pumps. (Module 9.5A)
The sodium-potassium ion pump maintains the resting membrane potential of a cell by exporting three sodium ions out in exchange for two potassium ions entering the cell.
Which of the following accurately describes the pterygoid processes?
They are vertical, inferior projections that originate on either side of the sphenoidal body.
Define transverse tubules. (Module 9.3B)
Transverse tubules are tubular extensions of the sarcolemma that extend deep into the sarcoplasm contacting the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
What is the relationship between the number of motor neurons recruited and the number of skeletal muscle fibers innervated?
Typically, hundreds of skeletal muscle fibers are innervated by a single motor neuron.
The effects of aging on the skin include
a decline in the activity of sebaceous glands
The articular cartilage damaged by osteoarthritis is characterized by _________
a rough network of bristly collagen fibers
The intestinal response to PTH secretion when calcium ion levels are low is that calcium is
absorbed quickly
A rim of fibrocartilage in the joint cavity of the hip is called the
acetabular labrum
Creatine phosphate
acts as an energy reserve in muscle tissue.
A resting muscle generates most of its ATP by
aerobic metabolism of fatty acids.
Decreased blood flow to a muscle could result in all of the following except
an increase in intracellular glycogen.
Deodorants are used to mask the effects of secretions from which type of skin gland? (Module 5.8C)
apocrine sweat glands
All of the following are true of the sacrum except that it
articulates with the second and third lumbar vertebrae
Once a pimple on Marcus' face begins to heal, what skin cells will divide rapidly to heal any damaged epithelial tissue in the epidermis?
basal cells
Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone
calcitonin
Bone plays a central role in the regulation of blood levels of
calcium
The most abundant mineral in the human body is
calcium
In response to action potentials arriving along the transverse tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases
calcium ions
Which of the following is most directly responsible for the coupling of excitation to contraction of skeletal muscle fibers?
calcium ions
Which structure acts as a passageway for blood vessels that provide oxygen and nourishment to the brain?
carotid canal
The four curves of the adult spinal column are not all present at birth. Which of the following are the secondary curves, those that do not appear until several months later?
cervical and lumbar
Which substance is produced in the skin when exposed to UV radiation and subsequently converted to calcitriol?
cholecalciferol
In appositional growth, successive layers of what structure are added to the outer surface of the bone?
circumferential lamellae
Which of these constitutes the pectoral girdle?
clavicles and scapulae
Granulation tissue is composed of
clotted blood, an extensive capillary network, fibroblasts
The five vertebral regions are the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and
coccygeal
Which of the following is a not characteristic of the female pelvis?
coccyx points anteriorly
When a muscle is stimulated repeatedly at a high rate, eliminating a relaxation phase, the amount of tension gradually increases to a steady maximum tension. This is called
complete tetanus.
Muscle tissue, one of the four basic tissue groups, consists chiefly of cells that are highly specialized for
contraction
During which phase of a muscle twitch do cross-bridge interactions occur?
contraction phase
The ligaments that limit the anterior-posterior movement of the femur and maintain the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles are the ________ ligaments.
cruciate
Physical evidence that supports the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction includes
decreased width of the H band during contraction
A feely movable joint is a(n)
diarthrosis
The weight of the body is supported by the
distal metatarsals and calcaneus
The clavicle articulates with the scapula
distally with the acromion
The delicate connective tissue that surrounds the skeletal muscle fibers and ties adjacent muscle fibers together is the
endomysium
The dense layer of connective tissue that surrounds an entire skeletal muscle is the
epimysium
What structure allows a bone to grow in length?
epiphyseal cartilages
Thoracic vertebrae can be distinguished from other vertebrae by the presence of
facets for articulation of ribs
________ are non-ossified fibrous attachments between cranial bones.
fontanelles
The shoulder joint, or ________ joint, permits the greatest range of motion of any joint.
glenohumeral
During the Cori cycle, in the liver,
glucose is produced from lactate.
List some hormones that are necessary for maintaining a healthy integument. (Module 5.11A)
growth hormone, sex hormone, growth factors, glucocorticoids, and thyroid hormones
Variations in hair color reflect differences in the pigment produced by melanocytes that are located at the __________.
hair matrix
Muscle fibers differ from "typical cells" in that muscle fibers
have many nuclei
The ligamentum nuchae
helps to hold the head in an upright position.
Movement in the anterior-posterior plane that increases the angle between articulating elements past the anatomical position is called __________.
hyperextension
The free edge of the nail extends over an area of thickened stratum corneum called the __________.
hyponychium
The sacrum articulates with the
ilium
Which of the following is not a function of synovial fluid?
increasing osmotic pressure within joint
The ________ passes through the ________.
internal jugular vein: jugular foramen
All the following are characteristics of periosteum EXCEPT __________.
it is an incomplete cellular layer that lines the medullary cavity
The anterior fontanelle __________.
lies at the intersection of the frontal, sagittal, and coronal sutures
________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas.
merocrine; sebaceous, apocrine
The region of a long bone between the end and the shaft is known as the
metaphysis
Neurons and ________ have electrically excitable membranes that propagate action potentials.
muscle cells
In an isotonic contraction,
muscle tension exceeds the load and the muscle lifts the load.
The superior and inferior temporal lines mark the points of attachment for
muscles that close the mouth
Each skeletal muscle fiber is controlled by a motor neuron at a single
neuromuscular junction
Which structures are the joint surfaces that allow the cranium to articulate with the vertebral column?
occipital condyles
To pinch with a thumb and finger involves a movement called
opposition
________ is also known as degenerative joint disease.
osteoarthritis
The lacunae of osseous tissue contain
osteocytes
________ is the organic component of the matrix in developing or repairing bone.
osteoid
The structural units of mature compact bone are called
osteons
In relationship to the diaphysis of a long bone, the osteons are
parallel
The nasal complex includes the bones that enclose the nasal cavity and the ________ sinuses.
paranasal
Which of the following is not part of the axial division of the skeletal system?
pectoral girdle
Which structure DOES NOT contribute to the boundaries of the pelvic outlet?
pelvic brim
Nerves and blood vessels that service the muscle fibers are located in the connective tissues of the
perimysium
Which bone-associated structure is continuous with the capsule of the joint, adding strength and helping to stabilize the joint?
periosteum
The bumpy bone on the medial side of your wrist is actually the ________ bone.
pisiform
Which type of joint is found between the carpal bones?
plane
The ability of smooth muscle to contract over a wide range of lengths is called ________, while its normal background level of activity is known as ________.
plasticity; tone
The weakening of which primary vertebral ligament may result in the condition called a bulging disc?
posterior longitudinal ligament
Which of the following is not a function of the axial skeleton?
provides attachment for calf muscles
The smooth but steady increase in muscular tension that is produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called __________.
recruitment
After death, muscle fibers run out of ATP and calcium begins to leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. This results in a condition known as
rigor mortis.
Nail production occurs at the nail
root
Which regions of the vertebral column do not consist of individual vertebrae? (Module 7.13B)
sacral and coccygeal
Which of the following bones is not part of the appendicular skeleton?
sacrum
The repeating contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is the
sarcomere
Given that acne relates to "oils" on Marcus' skin, what accessory skin part do you think is most directly related to acne?
sebaceous glands
The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones.
short
Which three organ systems coordinate to maintain normal blood calcium level? (Module 6.10B)
skeletal system, digestive system, urinary system
Which bone acts as a uniting bridge between the cranial and facial portions of the skull? (Module 7.6D)
sphenoid
Which joint attaches the pectoral girdle and upper limb to the axial skeleton? (Module 8.6C)
sternoclavicular joint
Which exocrine glands are in the integument? (Module 5.6B)
sweat and sebaceous glands
An immovable joint is a(n)
synarthrosis
Secondary ossification centers occur in
the epiphyses
What happens when an arrector pili muscle contracts? (Module 5.7B)
the hair follicle become erect, producing "goose bumps"
Identify the facial bones. (Module 7.3A)
the paired nasal, lacrimal, palatine, zygomatic, maxillae, and inferior nasal conchae, and the unpaired vomer and mandible
The elbow joint is extremely stable because
the ulna and humerus interlock
The medial surface of the knee joint is reinforced by the ________ ligament.
tibial collateral
What is name given to the regularly spaced infoldings of the sarcolemma?
transverse or T tubules
The complex of a transverse tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae is known as a(n)
triad
At rest, active sites on the actin are blocked by
tropomyosin molecules
When calcium ion binds to troponin,
tropomyosin moves into the groove between the helical actin strands.
What type of muscle cells are arranged in sheets or layers, with adjacent muscle cells electrically connected by gap junctions and mechanically connected by dense bodies?
visceral smooth muscles
Of the following bones, which is unpaired?
vomer
The paranasal sinuses are located in all of the following bones except the
vomer
Which of the following best describes the term "Z line"?
where thin filaments are anchored
Inside the sarcoplasm, T tubules encircle each sarcomere at which point?
zones of overlap
