Marine Biology Chapter 5

pseudopodia

A temporary footlike extension of a one-celled organism, such as an amoeba, used for moving about and for surrounding and taking in food

plankton

Microscopic organisms that live in aquatic environments; includes both phytoplankton and zooplankton

symbiotic relationship

a close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. ... Some of these relationships are obligatory, which means that one or both of the symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival.ex. coral provides shelter, dinoflagellate photosynthesizes to provide coral with glucose

zooxanthellae

a group of round, golden brown, eukaryotic dinoflagellates that live in a symbiotic relationship with corals, sea anemones, and other organisms (many cannot grow without symbiotic partners)

foraminiferan ooze

a type of calcareous ooze created by shells of foraminiferans that sink to bottom of ocean floor producing lime and chalk beds like found on Cliffs of Dover (England)

diatomaceous ooze

a type of siliceous ooze/ biogenies sediment- which are glassy frustules of dad atoms that seettle on bottom of sea floor; eventually produces fossilized deposits called diatomaceous earth (used in pool filters, clarifier in beer making, and abrasives in toothpaste

protozoans

a very diverse group of eukaryotes, of the kingdom Protista, are animal-like, primarily unicellular, existing singly or aggregating into colonies, are usually nonphotosynthetic, and are often classified further into phyla according to their capacity for and means of motility, as by pseudopods, flagella, or cilia.

cyanobacteria

"blue-green algae"; a group of photosynthetic bacteria that form stromalites, massive calcareous mounds; they have chlorophyll and bluish pigment called phycocyanin and reddish pigment called phycoerythrin; can live on surface of seaweeds, sea grasses, even hair of polar bear

protista

"the earliest ones"; 1st kingdom of organisms, including unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes with no specialized tissues; autotropic or heterotrophic, free living or internal association, BUT multicellular seaweeds also called protista

coccolithophores

(eukaryotic) a single spherical cells covered with button like ornamented structures (coccoliths) made of calcium carbonate; marine flagellate that secretes a calcareous shell, forming an important constituent of the phytoplankton

silicoflagellates

(eukaryotic) photosynthetic plankton; star shaped internal skeleton of silica, 2 flagella of varying lengths

dinoflagellates

(eukaryotic) planktonic, unicellular organism; most photosynthesize, unique shape due to cellulose plates, two flagella, cellular division, some bioluminescent, some lack chloroplasts and live as parasites, some produce "red tide", some produce harmful toxins; a few are parasites of seaweed or marine animals

dissolved organic matter (DOM)

bursting cells of bacteria and phytoplankton that are infected by viruses make up this cell debris/molecules; this is eaten by bacteria and other microbes-- which are eaten by small zooplankton---which are eaten by larger zooplankton--which are available to be eaten up the food chain in the ocean (Microbial Loop)

photoautotrophic

contains chlorophyll to trap light energy to manufacture organic compounds from CO₂; Ex. cyanobacteria- releases oxygen in process

nitrogen fixation

converting gaseous nitrogen (N₂) into ammonium (NH₄⁺¹); many cyanobacteria do this; it requires energy (provided by ATP generated from photosynthesis or other reactions)

chemoautotrophic

derives energy not from light but from chemical compounds like H₂S (hydrogen sulfide); Ex methanogens produce methane (near hydrothermal vents)

cellular division

diatom mode of reproduction, asexual, diatoms get smaller each time they reproduce

cryptophytes

eukaryote, have two flagella, no skeleton, has a chloroplast that lives symbiotically inside

foraminiferans (forams)

eukaryotic marine protozoans, found on sandy or rocky ocean bottoms, have test (shell) made of CaCO₃, have pseudopodia that retract/extend from cytoplasm to catch food

radiolarians

eukaryotic, unicellular marine protozoans that live in open water, planktonic, mostly microscopic- but some form sausage shaped colonies; they secrete elaborate and delicate shells made of glass and other materials (silica), use pseudopodia to get food, remains of their shells sink and make radiolarian ooze (type of siliceous ooze)

ciliates

eukaryotic, unicellular, planktonic and bottom dwelling protozoans having many hairlike projections (cilia) used for locomotion and feeding; marine variety found creeping over seaweed or in bottom sediment; most in freshwater; Ex. Tintinnids- drift in water and build vase-like cases (loricas) as loose-fitting shells

blooms

favorable environmental conditions which allow for rapid reproduction of diatoms (which get progressively smaller); Ex. in algae

lichens

fungi that live in symbiosis with cyanobacteria, often live in wave-splashed areas of rocky shorelines and other hard substrate

chloroplasts

green, brown or red organelles with layers of internal membranes that contain photosynthetic pigments, where phyosynthesis takes place in algae; the color of the algae is a result of the pigment concentration.

viruses

is a particle not made up of a cell that consists of only a short chain of genetic material (nucleic acid), few genes, protected by an outer protein coat (capsid); are the most abundant life-like particles found in the ocean

fungi

kingdom of eukaryotic, mostly multicellular (mold and yeast are unicellular), heterotrophic, lack chloroplasts, chlorophyll, cannot photosynthesize; form long filaments called hyphae, use cilia, break down dead organic matter; some lichens, some parasites

autotrophic bacteria and archaea

make their own organic compounds, are primary producers; Ex. cyanobacteria; obtains carbon from CO₂

stromatolites

massive calcareous mounds formed by cyanobacteria; some date back 3 billion years, but some are still being formed today in tropical seas;

heterotroph

obtains carbon from organic molecules (most marine bacteria) by respiration; many are decomposers- with oxygen (aerobic bacteria or archaea) or without oxygen, using sulfate (anaerobic species)- can be chemoheterotoph or photoheterotroph

archaea

one of two prokaryotic domains including organisms of metabolic variety that live in variety of extreme environments and tolerate wide ranges of temperature and salinity; Ex some have been found in hot sulfur springs, saline lakes, highly acidic environments, extreme depths,very hot hydrothermal vents, so have been called "extremophiles" (lover of extremes)--BUT have also been found all over

bacteria

one of two prokaryotic domains, has simple structure but a great range of metabolic abilities, abundant in ocean; has many shape varieties, rigid but permeable cell wall structure, microscopic, break down dead organic matter (DOM); can be found as whitish hairs on rotting seaweed or pink patches on the surface of stagnant pools in mudflats-- in environments with detritus (decay)

endophytes

organisms that live inside algae (some cyanobacteria)

epiphytes

photosynthetic organism that live on algae or plants (some cyanobacteria)

capsid

protein shell of a virus., encloses the genetic material of the virus.

lysogenic virus

reproduce by inserting their DNA/nucleic acid into the DNA of the host cell and directs the production of new viruses, not proteins, which are released eventually destroying the cell.

auxospores

resistent stages that develop in diatoms and allow them to get larger in favorable environmental conditions

prokaryotes

smallest and structurally simplest true living organisms and oldest form of life on earth; unlike virus'- they are made up of cells (with cell walls, but lack nucleus and organelles)

retrovirus

store genetic info in single stranded RNA, responsible for deadly human diseases like AIDS; can reproduce by attaching into a living cell and injecting their nucleic acid into the cell and replicating it.

diatoms

subset of kindom protista, Eukaryotic, photosynthetic, yellow-brown color, silica shell (frustule), most important primary producer on earth, solitary and unicellular algae, may form colonies, form diatomaceous ooze, phytoplanktonic, store excess energy as oil, tiny pores in shell for gas/nutrient exchange; reproduce through cell division (asexual)

microorganisms

the most important primary producer in many marine environments; directly or indirectly fed most marine animals

domoic acid

toxin produced by some diatoms that can accumulate in tissues or organisms that will eat diatoms such as shellfish and small fish, can infect, cause illness or kill larger organisms that eat infected shellfish or small fish

endolithic

type of cyanobacteria that burrows into calcareous rocks and coral skeletons

lysis

viral infected cells spill contents and release large amounts of organic matter that can be utilized by other organisms

plant viruses

viruses that affect plants. Like all other viruses, plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that do not have the molecular machinery to replicate without a host. Plant viruses are pathogenic to higher plants., tobacco mosaic virus

animal viruses

viruses that infect animals. Viruses infect all cellular life and although viruses infect every animal, plant and protist species, each has their own specific range of viruses that often infect only that species, chicken pox, influenza, HIV causes AIDS is a retovirus

bacteriophages

viruses that infect target and destroy bacteria