Marine Science: Sponges

what is another name for collar cells?

choanocytes

what are the two body layers of sponges?

epidermis and gastrodermis

are sponges prokaryotes or eukaryotes?

eukaryotes

what are the four reasons that sponges are dependent upon water flow through the body

feeding, respiration, waste removal, sexual reproduction

how do sponges get their food?

filter feed; strain the water for bits of food

what part of a collar cell helps pull in water?

flagella

what is the function of spicules in the sponge?

gives structure

what does dioecious mena

have separate sexes

what are gemmules

internal buds found in sponges that are the result of asexual reproduction and are a response to a hostile environment

what type of digestion takes place in individual sponge cells? where in the cell does this process take place

intracellular digestion, archaeocytes

why do organisms reproduce sexually if they can already reproduce asexually

it creates more diversity

what sponge shape is most efficient and why

leucon, bc it has an elaborate system of canals and a lot of unfolding of the walls helping to increase water-holding capacity and the efficiency of the sponge

which type of canal system do most sponges contain

leuconoid

in sexual reproduction where are the ova (eggs) fertilized

mesophyl

what is he jellylike layer called between the gastrodermis and epidermis?

mesophyll

are sponges multicellular or unicellular?

multicellular

what type of symbiotic relationship do sponges have with many larval forms

mutualistic

since sponges are hermaphrodites, do they fertilize their own eggs?

no

what is a hermaphrodite?

organisms that can produce sperm and egg

what is the name for he excurrent pore?

osculum

what is the name for the incurrent pore

ostia

what did early biologists think sponges were?

plants

what phylum are sponges?

porifora

what is the function of pinocytes

protect the exterior and some inner surfaces

glass sponges have spicules made from what type of material

silica

what are three types of spicules or support structures that are found in sponges

siliceous spicules, calcareous spicules, spongin fibers

what is simple diffusion

simple diffusion is the process by which food, oxygen, waste products move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

what support structures do amebocytes secrete?

spicules

what are synthetic sponges?

sponges that are made of petroleum beaded synthetic

what two substances give the sponge support?

spongin and spicules

how is the spongin compound different from spicules

spongin is a very flexible and absorbent material

what does monoecious mean

the ability to produce sperm and egg

what is mesophyl

the gelatinous connective tissue of sponges

what is the most important function of myocytes

the help to regulate the rate of water flow into and out of the sponge

what is the difference in size between the incurrent and excurrent pore of a sponge?

the incurrent pore is microscopic, while the excurrent pore is a large opening

what is the spongeocoel

the inner chambers of the sponge. this is where food and oxygen are extracted from the water

why are adult sponges said to be sessile animals?

they are attached to some surface

give two functions of collar cells

they are involved in digestion and reproduction

why don't divers normally see glass sponges

they live in very deep water

what are the two most important purposes of sponges

they serve as habitats for all types of larval forms and they filter and clean the water

how does water enter the sponge?

through its pores

what levels of organization are missing from sponges?

tissues, organs, and organ systems

what is the job of the amebocyte?

travel around distributing food and oxygen to the cells

what are two main functions of the choanocytes

water circulation, food gathering

describe the water circulation pattern in a sponge

water moves into the sponge through the incurrent pores. then cells lining the ostia can contract and close off the incurrent pores water system. once in the sponge water is circulated by the collar cells. after that the water leaves through the osculum

what is a myocyte

a contractile pinocyte

what is a gemmule?

a group of amebocytes covered by a hard outer covering

when do sponges release gemmules?

after the adult sponge dies

what do sponges eat?

algae, bacteria, protozoans

where do you find pores on a sponge?

all over it

what cells move around in the mesophyl delivering food and oxygen to other cells?

amebocytes

what does the division of labor mean

amebocytes can turn themselves into eggs to help with reproduction

how does the amebocyte take place of a circulatory system for the sponge?

amebocytes move within the mesenchyme, they pick up food from the collar cells and carry it to the pore and epidermis

what kingdom are sponges?

animalia

which cells are termed the workhorses of the cells

archaeocytes

name three types of sponge shape

ascon, sycon, leucon

what are three types of canal systems found in sponges

asconoid, syconoid, leiconoid

what's the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction

asexual is reproduction with out uniting sperm and egg. sexual is reproduction by uniting sperm and egg

what type of symmetry do sponges have?

asymmetrical

sponges are found on which area on the ocean?

attached to the bottom

what does sesslie mena

attached to the substratum

name two methods of asexual reproduction in sponges

budding and regeneration

what are tiny sponges growing from the main body of the sponge called?

buds