Marriage & Family Therapy Comprehensive Exam Study Guide
Ebonics
"Black language or Black English" it references as certain distinct pattern of speech used by some African Americans
Plurality
(See Multi-Partiality)
Reframing:
- Relabeling or changing the meaning of behavior.
Etiology of Sexual Dysfunctions:
1) Multiple Determinants - Causes of Sexual Problems 2) Three Temporal Categories (Predisposing factors; Precipitating or Triggering Factors; Maintaining Factors)
Shaping
A behavioral procedure in which successive approximations to a desired, often more complex, behavior are reinforced until the desired behavior is achieved.
Tarasoff v. Regents of university of California (Duty to Warn)
A court ruling, adopted by most jurisdictions, that states that when a therapist determines, or should determine, that his/her client presents a serious threat of harm to a specifically identified other person, he/she has an obligation to use reasonable care to protect the intended victim against such danger.
Object Relations Family Therapy
A model developed by Scharff & Scharff; based on principles in object relations theory that emphasize the internalization of experience as the developmental foundation on which humans form relationships and attachments.
Pattern
A sequence that repeats over time.
First order change occurs only when:
A specific behavior within a system changes
Conductor
A therapist whose stance is to be aggressive, confrontational, and charming
Initial Interview
A therapy format associated with Haley in which the therapist conducts a structured interview consisting of four stages: social stage, problem stage, interactional stage, and goal setting stage.
Solution focused therapy focuses primarily on:
A. COGNITION B. reinforcement history C. linguistics D. behavior
Change agents
Advocate, catalyst, collaborator, facilitator, teacher
Help family members recognize that it is not just their actions, but how they respond to other people's actions that cause the problems to persist. Clients recognize the own roles in system processes, and experience what it is like to act opposite to their usual automatic emotional responses.
Benefits of Relational Experiments
In Family System Therapy, gender impacts:
Boundaries and role expectations
Those unable to protect themselves are
Children, elders, & sometime adults
MFS must also carefully deal with
Client records
Strategic family therapy can be described as being primarily based on which theoretical model?
Communications
According to ET's parents try to regulate their children's actions by
Controlling their feelings
4 relationship mistakes
Criticizing Defensiveness Stonewalling Contempt
What is a "Cross-generational coalition"?
Cross-generational coalition: They are "perverse triangles" that occur when a parent and child collude in covert opposition to the other parent.
One example of Triangulation extending beyond an immediate family would be
Cross-generational coalitions
Sexual Disorder
Disorders of sexual functioning caused by psychological factors such as anxiety, beliefs, or perceptions.
Divorce is formally called
Dissolution of marriage
Gottman therapists encourage partners to reveal secrets, which will not be shared with their partner, in the Individual Relational Interview
False
The antidote for Criticism is to minimize the issue
False
Key points about Gregory Bateson:
Father of Cybernetic Received a grant from Rockefeller Foundation to study the paradoxes of abstraction in communication Received Macy Foundation Grant to head a research project on schizophrenic communication Studied communication among animals @ Oceanographic Institute in Hawaii Studied: • Communication @ all levels • Worked on synthesizing cybernetic ideas with anthropological data Hypothesized: • Family stability is achieved by feedback that regulates the behavior of the family and its members. • Communication is central to the organization of families. • Families are pathological because of pathological communication • Even unhealthy behavior may be adaptive in the family context. • Symptoms function to keep the family in equilibrium / homeostasis, (whenever a system is threatened it works to maintain homeostasis) Developed / Defined: • Report: Message • Command: Interpretation of message • Homeostasis: A balanced steady state of equilibrium (recognized as the defining metaphor for family therapy's first 3 decades) • Tendency of families to resist change in order to maintain a steady state • Double bind: • An interactional concept with 6 features 1. Two or more person in an important relationship 2. Repeated experience 3. Primary negative injunction - Don't do that or I will punish you 4. Secondary injunction enforced by punishment 5. Tertiary negative injunction prohibiting escape and demanding a response 6. Patient automatically sees the world in terms of double binds - features 1 thru 5 are no longer necessary o Families have multiple levels of communication o Destructive patterns of relationship are maintained by self-regulating interactions of the family group. Influenced by: o Milton Erickson, Hypnotherapist Worked with: • Margaret Mead in Bali & New Guinea • Jay Haley • John Weakland • Don Jackson: Founder of Mental Research Institute, 1959 • Worked with Bertlanffy and Wiener on merging General Systems Theory and Cybernetics together and fed directly into the Family Process Movement (From Family systems notes) Wrote: o Towards a Theory of Schizophrenia, 1956 o Naven: A Survey of the Problems suggested by a Composite Picture of the Culture of a New Guinea Tribe drawn from Three Points of View (1958) o Balinese Character: A Photographic Analysis (with Margaret Mead, 1942) o Communication: The Social Matrix of Psychiatry (with J.Ruesch, 1951) o Steps to an Ecology of Mind: Collected Essays in Anthropology, Psychiatry, Evolution, and Epistemology (1972) o Mind and Nature: A Necessary Unity (1979) o Angels Fear: Towards an Epistemology of the Sacred (1988) o A Sacred Unity: Further Steps to an Ecology of Mind (with Rodney Donaldson, 1991) o Wrote Communication: The Social Matrix of Society (1951). (From family systems notes)
Reciprocity
From behavioral family therapy, the likelihood that the members of a dyad will equitably reinforce one another over time.
Transactions
From contextual theory, the patterns of family organization - hierarchy, triangles, and transactional sequences.
Multi-Conductor Model
From network therapy, multiple therapists who share the group leadership as a team.
Time dimensions
How difference societies, culture & people view time can be divided into being past, present or future oriented
The outcome of good object relations in infancy is the emergence of:
Libidinal Object Constancy
MCT
Multicultural Counseling/Therapy
Externalizing is a technique used in
Narrative therapy
Epistemology
Philosophy that investigates the origin, nature, methods & limits of human knowledge. How we conceptualize, understand & interpret a human problem
______________ _______________ were a clever way Madanes used to help break control and rebel cycles
Pretend Techniques
Multi-problem poor families @ Wiltwyck School for Delinquent Boys in NY Attempt to understand & alter the structures that influence behavior & cause problems
Salvador Minuchin studied
Identified Patient (IP)
The family member who manifests the symptoms.
Positive Feedback Loop
The flow of information back into the system that works to amplify deviations which increases instability and facilitates change toward meeting new goals. Positive feedback is not homeostatic.
Privacy
The freedom of individuals to choose when their info can be shared
Object relations therapists focus on:
The need for secure attachment relationships
One important contemporary concept of the psychoanalytic view of families is:
The notion of families as a group of interlocking, intra-psychic systems
Sexual reproduction
The offspring carry a mixture of genes from two parents.
Conjoint
Therapy that involves two or more family members, introduced by MRI psychiatrist, Jackson in 1959 to describe marital therapy in which the spouses were seen together.
Multiple Family Therapy
Therapy with several families with similar problems.
Justice
Treating all fairly
Gentle Start Up is the antidote to criticism
True
Turning toward is related to how conflict is handled and also to romance in the relationship
True
Structural Therapy
Unbalancing is a process associated with:
Janice goes to see her Dr. because she has vaginal discomfort, itching and a thick white discharge. Based on what you have read . she probably has
Vaginosis
Males possess ____ & ____ chromosomes
X & Y
Unstoried Competencies
a Narrative concept describing those Competencies that the client possesses that are Not Part of his/her Dominant Story and therefor are not expressed until the dominant story is reconstructed.
FACES
see Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales
Taking a person stance by saying what you feel instead of what others are feeling/doing is called:
the I position
Crystallized intelligence (gc)
the ability to apply previously acquired knowledge to current problems Increases with age until age 60
A question that might be used in assessment in a solution-focused model
"How will you know when the problem is solved?"
Used to reflect one's own thoughts
"I" position
Give an example of a "Relative influence question" (p. 248)
"When Depression gets the better of Dad, how does that affect family life?"
Caring Days
(Behavioral Marital Therapy) each partner identifies behaviors that his/her partner finds enjoyable and makes a commitment to increasing those behaviors (see Love Days)
Behavioral Exchange Theory
(Behavioral family therapy) a way of describing relationships in terms of costs and benefits. Functional relationships have plentiful access to rewards and relatively few costs, while distressed relationships have a scarcity of rewards relative to costs.
HIPAA
(Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act) A law passed in 1996 which is also sometimes called the "Kassebaum-Kennedy" law. This law expands your health care coverage if you have lost your job, or if you move from one job to another, HIPAA protects you and your family if you have: pre-existing medical conditions, and/or problems getting health coverage, and you think it is based on past or present health.
Circular Questioning
(Milan) based on Bateson's idea that people learn by perceiving differences. In this technique, each family member comments on the behavior and interactions of two other members. It is hoped that beliefs will become less rigid when members are exposed to different perspectives.
Boundary
(Minuchin's Structural Family therapy) hypothetical dividers between or among subsystems within the family or between systems. They are defined spatially by the ways family members align with one another. They are set by the implicit or explicit rules concerning who participates in which subsystem and in what manner. Boundaries and the subsystems they define may change over time and with variable circumstances. In the structural model, these are described as either rigid, clear, or diffuse.
Antilibidinal System
(Object Relations Theory) a repressed system within the ego characterized by aggression, range, and contempt
Antilibidinal Ego
(Object Relations Theory) that part of the ego that is formed from interactions with the rejecting object
Central Ego
(Object relations theory) one of three parts of the ego. Conscious, adaptable, and free to deal with future experiences with attachment figures in reasonable ways. Maintains its own object, the ideal object (see Rejecting Ego and Exciting Ego).
Adaptability
(Olson's Circumplex Model) a measure of the family's ability to respond and adapt to changes in their lives. Also called "flexibility". Families are rated at four levels, rigid, structured, flexible, and chaotic
Blamer
(Satir's experiential family therapy) one of five communication styles, Judges and complains, often for the purpose of bullying others into accepting his/her preference.
Avoider
(Satir's experiential family therapy) one of five communication styles. Tends to distract others from potential conflict by acting helpless, weak, and lacking an understanding.
Curiosity
(See Neutrality)
As If Structure
(Symbolic-experiential therapy) family members are encouraged to freely experiment as if they were in the role off the other, so long as they understand that the role-play is symbolic. The process allows family members to alternately experiment and return to their secure roles.
Battle for Initiative
(Whitaker - Symbolic-experiential therapy) this follows the battle for structure, in this second battle, the family takes back from the therapist its authority to make choices about what is discussed and about decisions that affect their lives.
Cultural Consciousness
(aka Cultural Sensitivity) Therapist's sensitivity to the existence and impact of the family's cultural rules and values. Such awareness enables easier engagement, reduces misunderstanding and misinterpretation of family members' behavior, and facilitates the development of trust. Therapists should be aware of their biases regarding the cultural background of others and their own.
Communities of Concern
(see Leagues)
Family Mapping
(see Mapping the System)
Irreverence
(see Neutrality)
Good Faith Contract
(see Parallel contract)
Aversive Control
(see coercion)
Bilateral Pseudo-Therapy
(symbolic-experiential therapy) the tendency in some families for family members to be therapists to one another. Therapists demand that the therapy be turned over to them, asserting that the family has failed in its efforts at self-therapy.
Family Map Symbol: Open or Clear Boundary:
- - - - - - (separated line)
Family Map Symbol: Alliances Conflicted:
- -| |- (Two "T's" on their sides facing each other)
Family Map Symbol: Diffuse Boundary:
- .................(series of dots)
Family Map Symbol: Alliances Normal
- = Two solid lines on top of each other
Nuclear Family:
- A couple & their dependent children regarded as a basic social unit.
Supra-system:
- A larger system. A family is part of a supra-system of all families.
Paradox:
- A prescription the therapist expects the family to resist. - Double bind messages. - Prescribing the symptom is a form of paradox. - Behaviors were identified, but family was instructed not to change behavior. (Reverse psychology.) - Challenges a rigid or covert family rule.
Disengagement:
- A process of disengagement from social life that people experience as they age and become elderly
Enmeshment:
- A relationship between two or more people in which personal boundaries are permeable and unclear.
Complementary:
- A relationship in which members are using opposite behavior in an attempt to narrow down the # of possible next moves by the other. - Unilateral efforts to regulate
Symmetrical:
- A relationship in which the interaction between 2 people is characterized by high frequency of the same kinds of behavior.
Subsystem:
- A smaller system within a system.
Triangles:
- AKA: Coalition. When problems arise between 2 people, a third is drawn in to form a triangle as a means of solving a problem. - Defuse by inviting them to tell each family what every other family is telling you, the therapist, about them.
Family Life Cycle Stage 1 - Unattached Adult
- Accepting Parent - Offspring - Differentiation from Family of Origin. - Development of peer relations. - Initiation of career.
Stage 1: Unattached Adult:
- Accepting Parent Offspring
Stage 7: Launching Center:
- Accepting exits from & entries into the family
Family Life Cycle Stage 7 - Launching Center
- Accepting exits from & entries into the family. - Releasing young adult children into work, college, marriage. - Maintaining a supportive home base.
Stage 3: Childbearing:
- Accepting new member into the system
Family Life Cycle Stage 3 - Childbearing
- Accepting new members into the system. - Adjusting marriage to make room. - Taking on parenting roles. - Making room for grandparents.
Stage 4: Pre-school:
- Accepting new personality
Stage 9: Retirement:
- Accepting retirement
Family Life Cycle Stage 9 - Retirement
- Accepting retirement. - Adjusting to retirement / old age. - Coping with death of parents & spouse. - Closing or adapting family home. - Maintaining couple & individual functioning. - Supporting middle generation.
Family Life Cycle Stage 4 - Pre-school
- Accepting the new personality. - Adjusting family to needs of the child. - Coping with energy drain & lack of privacy.
Circumplex Model - Cohesion
- Across the top - Low on left, high on right - Disengaged - Separated - Connected - Enmeshed
Epistemology of Participation:
- All knowledge is subjective. - Reality in a family is a co-creation. - As the therapist, you do not drive, are not the expert & do not get to decide how the family should behave.
Boundaries:
- Allow the family system to accept useful information and screen out unacceptable information. - Open: No distinction made between systems - Rigid: Permits little contact with outside subsystems, resulting in disengagement - Diffused: Permeable and permit easy interaction/influence with other subsystems, but can result in enmeshment - Healthy families have clear boundaries to protect the separateness and autonomy and permeable enough to ensure mutual support and affection.
Family Life Cycle Stage 5 - School Age Child
- Allowing child to establish relationships out of the family. - Extending family interactions with society. - Encouraging educational achievement.
Stage 5: School-age:
- Allowing child to establish relationships outside of the family
Erickson's Developmental Tasks: 2nd - Early Childhood - Muscular - Anal
- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt. - Related to muscular maturation & ability to hold & let go. - Learns to exert control over self & others. - Shame is related to being caught with pants down. - Doubt is related to awareness of having a front & a back. - Virtue is Will.
Erickson's Developmental Tasks: 1st - Infancy - Oral Sensory
- Basic Trust vs. Mistrust. - child is total helpless. - Trust is developing. - Mother's trust in herself & her child is communicated to the infant. - Virtue is Hope which forms the foundation for faith.
Circumplex Model: Flexibility
- Chaotic - Flexible - Structured - Rigid
Context:
- Closely associated with Non-verbal Communication. - The context in which something was said. - A change in context indicated a change in the rules of a relationship. - To change behavior we try to facilitate change through a change in context.
Circumplex Model:
- Cohesion: Across the top. Low to high. Left to right. Ranges from Disengaged to Separated to Connected to Enmeshed. - Flexibility: On the side. High to Low. Top to Bottom. Ranges from Chaotic to Flexible to Structured to Rigid.
Foile a Deax:
- Collusion that makes it difficult to determine which person has psychosis. "Shared psychotic disorder."
Family Life Cycle Stage 2 - Newly Married Couple
- Commitment to the Marriage. - Formation of marital system. - Making room for spouse with family & friends.
Stage 2: Newly Married Couple:
- Commitment to the marriage
Positive & negative Feedback:
- Communication or information flow. - Feedback is responsive to & indicative of fluctuations within the system. - Service to increase the probability of system survival. - Negative feedback - reached max level, cut off input - Positive feedback - output is less than max
Family Map Symbol: Detouring:
- Detouring the conflict to a 3rd party, represented by a downward arrow
Digital / Verbal Communication:
- Digital = Words or labels used to transmit information.
Counter Paradox:
- Disrupting paradoxical behavior in a family. - "No change" is an example of this behavior. - Therapeutic double blinds used to warn against premature change which allow the family to feel more "acceptable" and un-blamed for how they behave. - Goal is to help family discover & counter paradoxical patterns, thereby interrupting their repetitive and unproductive habits/behaviors.
Erickson's Developmental Tasks: 8th - Old Age
- Ego Integrity vs. Despair. - Dealing with ultimate concerns. - Acceptance of a unique lifestyle with it's own success & failures. - Integrity involves acceptance of other worldviews & looks at world problems in a more comprehensive way. - Lack of self acceptance leads to despair. Virtue to Wisdom.
Erickson 8 - Old Age
- Ego vs. Despair
Joining:
- Entering & establishing rapport with the family.
Family Map Symbol: Alliances Enmenshed:
- Four solid lines on top of each other
Generational Boundary:
- Generational boundaries exist so that children in a family can be cared for by their parents. - Parents who have developed healthy boundaries do not allow their children to take on adult behaviors, roles or problems. - A family with healthy boundaries provides care and emotional support to their children in addition to discipline when needed. - Strong clearly defined generational boundaries help children feel secure.
Erickson 7 - Adulthood
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
Erickson's Developmental Tasks: 7th - Adulthood
- Generativity vs. Stagnation. - Spans most of adult years. - Tied to creativity. - Concern for guiding the following generation. - Virtue is Care (need to be needed. If not narcissism and self-absorption set it.)
Quid Pro Quo:
- Giving something in anticipation of receiving something in return.
Erickson 5 - Adolescence
- Identify vs. Identity Confusion
Erickson's Developmental Tasks: 5th - Adolescence
- Identity vs. Identity Confusion. - Integration of past experiences into new whole. - Try on new roles. - Crucial stage. - Doubts about sexual attractiveness or identity. - Over-identification. - Under-identification. - Virtue is Fidelity.
Information Processing:
- Includes verbal/digital & analog/non-verbal & context. - You cannot not behave & you cannot not communicate.
Stage 6: Teenage:
- Increasing flexibility of family boundaries to allow child's independence
Family Life Cycle Stage 6 - Teenage Child
- Increasing flexibility of family boundaries to allow child's independence. - Shifting parent-child relationship to balance freedom & limits. - Refocusing on mid-life career & marital issues.
Erickson's Developmental Tasks: 4th - School Age - Latency
- Industry vs. Inferiority. - Entrance into outside world & school. - New sense of evaluation of accomplishment. - Attitudes & opinions of accomplishment. - Inferiority is a result of failure to achieve the respect of parents of teachers. - Virtue is Competence.
Erickson's 8 Developmental Tasks
- Infancy - Oral Sensory, Basic Trust vs. Mistrust, Hope - Early Childhood - Muscular Anal, Autonomy vs. Guilt/Shame, Will - Play Age - Locomotor Genital, Initiative vs. Guilt, Purpose - School Age - Latency, Industry vs. Inferiority, Competence - Adolescence - Identity vs. Identity Confusion, Fidelity - Young Adulthood - Intimacy vs. Isolation, Love - Adulthood - Generativity vs. Stagnation, Care - Old Age - Ego Integrity vs. Despair, Wisdom
Erickson's Developmental Tasks: 3rd - Play Age Locomotor - Genital
- Initiative vs. Guilt. - Increased mobility, inquisitiveness & language. - Eager to learn & master. - Direction & purpose. - Conscience & self-regulation. - Virtue is Purpose.
Erickson 6 - Young Adulthood
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
Erickson's Developmental Tasks: 6th - Young Adulthood
- Intimacy vs. Isolation. - Sense of independence. - Connection with a mutually committed love partner. - Isolation results of inability to commit to relationships. - Virtue is Love.
Erickson 4 - School Age
- Latency - Industry vs. Inferiority
Circumples Model - Flexibity
- Left Side - High @ top, low @ bottom - Chaotic - Flexible - Structured - Rigid
Stage 8: Middle age parents:
- Letting go & facing each other again
Family Life Cycle Stage 8 - Middle-Age Parents
- Letting go & facing each other again. - Rebuilding marriage. - Realigning family to include spouses of children & grandchildren. - Dealing with aging of older generation.
Circular vs. Linear Causality:
- Linear: A influences B, but B does not influence A - Circular: Reciprocal. A & B are in dynamic interaction. Ex: "When I treat you like a child, you behave like a child."
Erickson 3 - Play Age:
- Locomotor Genital - Initiative vs. Guilt
Equi-finality:
- Many ways to get to the same place. - Systems therapy focuses on what is rather than how it came to be by examining the system patterns, communication & processes as they are. - The problem is maintained by attempting to resolve in in the same old unsuccessful way.
Erickson 2 - Early Childhood:
- Muscular Anal - Autonomy vs. Shame / Doubt
Consensual Domains:
- Mutual interactions that change the system. - The observer is part of the observed. (Second order) "When participants in a relationship interact with each other, a particular reality is created as a result of their interaction."
Over & under functioning positions:
- One person takes on too much responsibility while the other person is irresponsible.
Closed vs. Open Systems:
- Open and closed-ness refers to the boundaries a family established around & between the family systems & other systems. - Open: Allows for greater input from others. - Closed: Less input from others.
Erickson 1 - Infancy:
- Oral Sensory - Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
Family Roles:
- Patterns of behaviors by which individuals fulfill family functions & needs.
Perturbations:
- Poking the system.
Family Map Symbol: Closed or Rigid Boundary:
- Solid line
Morphostasis:
- Stability of the structure of the system in the context of change.
Isomorphism:
- Structural aspects of one system match those of another.
Family Map:
- Structural mapping is a visual tool that helps identify patterns & problems. - Describes the way the system is organized and associated problems. - Identifies: Boundaries. Alliances/affiliations. Detouring. Coalition. Relationships of the parts. Transitions.
Identified Patient:
- Symptom bearer.
Morphogenesis:
- Tendency of the system to evolve in order to grow, create, innovate & change. - A balance is healthy in the system.
Entropy:
- Tendency to move toward randomness or an undifferentiated state, which can lead to disorder & loss of distinction. Refers to the lack of energy & useful information in a system. - Conversely, NEGATIVE ENTROPY, describes a move away from disorder towards an appropriated state of order & balance.
Structural Coupling:
- The degree to which systems are able to mutually co-exist. - Also referred to compatibility or congruence between a particular organizational unity or system.
Family of Origin:
- The first social group a person belongs to. Often biological or adoptive.
Incongruous Power Differential:
- The person who shouldn't have the power, but has the power. (A child uses symptoms to change the behavior of the parent.) - Imbalance of power. - Symbolic vs. real power.
Double-Bind:
- Two conflicting messages being sent at the same time.
Family Map Symbol: Coalition:
- Two members joining together against another. {
Family Life Cycle Stages:
- Unattached Adult - Accepting Parent Offspring - Newly Married Couple - Commitment to the marriage - Childbearing - Accepting New Members into the System - Pre-school - Accepting the New Personality - School Age - Allowing Child to Establish Relationships Outside the Family - Teenage Child - Increasing Flexibility of Family Boundaries to Allow Child's Independence - Launching Center - Accepting Exits from & Entries into the Family - Middle-Age Parents - Letting go & Facing Each Other Again - Retirement - Accepting Retirement
Structural Determinism:
-Defines the potential range a system can tolerate without the loss of identity.
Change
1 (Structural family therapy) perspective change is the process by which elements of a system are transformed to new states or levels of organization 2 developmental system change refers to the family life cycle and the transition of the family from one stage of development to another. Strategic models see change as occurring suddenly and resulting from shifts in beliefs (discontinuous change); whereas the structural and transgenerational models see change as occurring through a gradual learning process (continuous change)
Separation
1) From a psychoanalytic perspective, the emotional transformation of the parent permitting the child to form significant bonds with others; 2) In family systems theory, the reduction of enmeshment by the clarification of diffuse boundaries; 3) A married couple's decision to live their lives in a more separate, disengaged way which may or may not involve legal arrangements and may be a step toward divorce.
When working through sexual issues with a client think in order of:
1) Intact Physiology and "typical" functioning; desire, arousal, and orgasm 2) Physiological, neurological, hormonal and vascular intact bodies. 3) The interpersonal context - respect, trust, communication and mutual commitment to all aspects of the relationship Is it life long? Is it acquired? Generalized? Specific? Situational?
Alliance
1. (Structural and Strategic) a bond or affiliation between two or more family members. Differ from coalitions in that they are generally within a subsystem and not hidden. 2. In the domestic violence literature, refers to the redemptive phase of the abuse cycle, in which the perpetrator promises never to act violently again and the victim agrees to participate in that goal.
4 characteristics of Formal Operations
1. Ability to mentally manipulate more than 2 categories of variables simultaneously 2. Ability to hypothesize logical sequences of events 3. Ability to foresee consequences of actions 4. Ability to detect consistency and inconsistency in a set of statements
What are 3 of the 4 listening skills suggested to retrace the other's path to action? (p. 174)
1. Ask. Start by simply expressing interest in the other person's views. 2. Mirror. Increase safety by respectfully acknowledging the emotions people appear to be feeling. 3. Paraphrase. As others begin to share part of their story, restate what you've heard to show not just that you understand, but also that it's safe for them to share what they're thinking. 4. Prime. If others continue to hold back, prime. Take your best guess at what they may be thinking and feeling.
3 barriers to relationship break up
1. Attachment contributes to feelings of safety & trust 2. Disclose information & take risks 3. Sense of predictability & empathy
Sexuality is being studied by multidisciplinary methods, including
1. Biomedical - investigating the multiple mechanisms of sex 2. Psychology - studying the mental processes & behavior in multiple overlapping sub-disciplines 3. Social Scientists - descriptive studies, experimental studies, qualitative & quantitative studies
What are 4 steps for processing a previous emotional injury? (p. 188-194)
1. Choose a specific incident to work through. 2. Decide who will speak first 3. Say out loud what you were feeling then 4. Share your subjective reality and what you needed 5. Identify and explore your triggers 6. Acknowledge your role in what happened 7. Looking ahead: Constructive plans
3 difficulties of single parenting
1. Lack of finances which leads to poverty 2. Suffer from isolation 3. Little relief from responsiblity
3 Design cues at the end of life according to BJ Miller
1. Making the system understand the difference between necessary and unnecessary suffering 2. Tending to dignity via the senses or body 3. Setting our sites on well-being (more wonderful vs. less horrible
What are the 3 strategies of Narrative therapy? (p. 256)
1. Recasting the problem as an affliction (externalizing) by focusing on its effects rather than its causes; 2. Finding exceptions, or partial triumphs, over the problem and instances of effective action; 3. Recruiting support.
5 things necessary for erection
1. Sensory Nerve ending that detect the stimulation 2. Nerves that convey the sensory info to the spinal cord 3. A processing center in the spinal cord 4. Nerves that carry an output signal to the penis or clitoris 5. Vascular elements that are responsible for the actual erection
What are the 5 steps in solving a solvable problem?
1. Soften your start-up. 2. Learn to make and receive repair attempts. 3. Soothe yourself and each other. 4. Compromise. 5. Process any grievances so that they don't linger.
What are 2 criticisms of solution-focused therapy? (p. 237)
1. To critics, solution-focused therapy seems simplistic, and its emphasis on solution talk instead of problem talk is seen as manipulative. 2. Its insistence on solution talk may cut off clients from empathy and understanding. It can make you believe that your feelings aren't valid, because you wouldn't have them if you would only look at the bright side of things.
What do happy couples have in common?
1. Value the characteristics of their partner 2. Appreciate the nature of their partner's interpersonal interactions 3. Evident their partner is committed to nurturing the future of the relationship 4. Work to preserve passion in the relationship
What are 3 crucial questions to ask regarding the principle of Starting with heart? (p. 214)
1. What am I acting like I want? 2. What do I really want? a. For Myself b. For Others c. For The Relationship 3. How would I behave if I really did want this? 4. What do I not want?
Central themes of Feminism's more recently
1. Women's entitlement to know their own bodies & to seek sexual pleasure 2. Right to terminate pregnancies 3. Right to be free from sexual assault & harassment 4. Differences between the sexes were established by learning & culture. Boys were socialized to be sexually aggressive & girls were socialized to be submissive 5. Deconstruction of gender through restructuring of society - Feminist scholars are committed to the deconstructing of gender 6. Carol Gilligan emphasized that men & women were fundamentally distinct & that women were superior to men in certain respects - such as being more caring
At 8 weeks, the fetus is about _____ inch long.
1/2
Mutations of the genes BRCA1 or BRCA2 account for about ___________ % of cases of breast cancer.
10
Richard von Kraft-Ebing, a German physician pulbished
1886 best seller Psychopathia Sexualis 237 case histories illustrating all kinds of sexual "deviations"
Minuchin's structural model has been the most influential approach to family therapy since the ___________
1970s
Piaget's 3 stages of moral development
1: Obedience, Moral Realism / Constraint 2: Mutuality / Cooperation 3: Intention, Autonomy / Complexity
Kidder
1st. End, care & rule based decision making
The process of fertilization takes about
24 hours Once a sperm has penetrated the egg, the egg surface changes, preventing entry of other sperm. Fertilization - completes the genetic makeup of the baby, including whether it will be a girl or boy.
Time frame for DE is:
25-30 minutes
Kitchner
2d. Interpreting situations, formulating plan, integrating personal & professional values, implement the plan
Kohlberg's 6 Stages of moral development
3 Levels 6 Stages Level 1: Pre-conventional morality Stage 1: Obedience & punishment. Behavior is driven by avoiding punishment Stage 2: Individual interest. Behavior driven by self-interest & rewards Level 2: Conventional morality Stage 3: Interpersonal. Behavior driven by social approval Stage 4: Authority. Behavior driven by obeying authority & conforming to social order Level 3: Post-conventional morality Stage 5: Social contract. Behavior driven by balance of social order & individual rights Stage 6: Universal ethics. Behavior driven by internal moral principles
Once the egg is fertilized, a rapid process of division begins. The fertilized egg leaves the Fallopian tube ad enters the uterus _____________ days after fertilization.
3 to 4
Moral exemplers
3 types with common traits of: Honesty Personal Agency Positive Communal Emotionality
Koocher & Keith-Spiegel
3rd. 8 stages. Describe, define, consult, evaluate, generate, enumerate, estimate, decide
When a man ejaculates
40 to 150 million sperm may be contained in the fluid. The sperm start swimming upstream in the women's reproductive tract toward the Fallopian tubes. The time it takes for sperm to reach an egg is very variable - some may reach their target in half an hour, while others may take days. Sperm can live for up to 48 to 72 hours.
It takes ______ Chromosomes to determine an embryo's sex
46
About 1 in ___________ biopsied breast lumps turns out to be cancerous.
5
The heartbeat begins during the _____ week of gestation.
5th.
At the ______ week the developing embryo is now called a fetus & is about ½ inch long & constantly growing.
8th
Approximately what % of Texas schools provide abstinence-only sexual health education?
94
Relationship Enhancement
A 10-session psychoeducational program for couples emphasizing empathy, genuineness, and positive regard (non-judgmental acceptance). Therapists teach clients to recognize and acknowledge feelings and to express them openly. The program is designed to create a context in which positive changes can occur. The therapist and client share treatment planning and decision-making.
Triangle
A Bowenian concept that refers to the smallest sttable emotional unit in a family and describes a process by which two people will recruit a third person into the system to mediate the level of conflict or tension between them.
Rituals
A Milan systemic intervention consisting of a series of actions that involve the whole family in a sequence of steps forming a "play" to be repeatedly enacted under prescribed circumstances. By engaging family members in a sequence in new ways, it is hoped that they will gain new perceptions which will result in changes in beliefs and behaviors.
Functional Analysis
A behavioral assessment technique used to determine the interpersonal or environmental contingencies that maintain the problem.
Operant Conditioning
A behavioral learning paradigm in which a naturally occurring response is reinforced, increasing the probability that it will be repeated (see Positive Reinforcement, Negative Reinforcement, & Punishment).
Token Economy
A behavioral program in which tokens (secondary reinforcers) are dispensed for desirable behaviors. The tokens can later be redeemed for desired items.
De-catastrophizing
A behavioral technique in which the therapist teaches the client to challenge his/her tendency to have catastrophic expectations.
Time Out (Time Out From Reinforcement)
A behavioral technique used to extinguish (eliminate) undesirable behavioors by removing the person from a situation in which the behavior is unlikely to be reinforced.
Human Sexuality is influenced by
A biopsychosocial-spiritual influcences
System
A bounded set of interrelated elements with coherent and patterned behavior. Open systems exchange information and resources with their environment, while closed systems restrict such exchanges.
Dysfunction
A breakdown in the ability of a structure to achieve its goals.
Family Systems Theory
A broad range of theories and therapeutic models that view the family as an open system that functions in relation to its larger environment and define individual problems in the context of family dynamics.
MRI/Mental Research Institute
A center for the study of families in Palo Alto, CA whose researchers and practitioners - Bateson, Satir, and Haley - studied schizophrenia and family interactions, communication, and cybernetic theory. They emphasized process and interactional sequences rather than structure, and distinguished between first-order change and second-order change. They developed a version of brief family therapy baseed on the notion that the "problem" or treatment focus, stems from the failed solution previously attempted by the family. Later MRI practitioners include Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fisch.
Loyalty
A central concept in contextual theory, the internalized set of expectations, injunctions, and obligations deriving from interactions with one's family of origin.
Secular Growth Trend
A change over time in the average age at which physical maturation takes place
Feedback Loops
A circular mechanism whereby feedback is reintroduced into the system, in a looping chain of events that influence one another (see Negative Feedback Loops & Positive Feedback Loops).
Sacrifice Intervention
A closing statement in a Milan systemic (early Milan) session that includes a statement of paradox. The person with the symptom is characterized as being in the service of the homeostasis. This intervention tends to overcome resistance by causing a rebellion against the symptom.
Psychodrama
A combination of group therapy and theatrical techniques created by Moreno. Participants engage in lively enactments of troubling events, exploring family relations in the process. The goal is for clients and families to experience themselves and their histories in new ways. Many of Moreno's role-playing techniques have been adapted by family therapists.
Stereotype
A common but inaccurate belief & perception about a cultural group
Countertransference
A concept from analytic theory that relates to the therapist's unconscious emotional reactions to the client which derive from the therapist's own history
Personal Map
A conception of interpersonal reality that a person uses to make sense of the world.
Metaframeworks Model
A conceptually wide-ranging integrative model that addresses six core domains of human experience: organization, sequences, development, culture, gender, and internal processes. Each person and family has the capacity to interact positively and harmoniously unless they are being constrained. The therapist considers the contributions of gender, ethnicity, class, religion, education, or regional background in the development of constraints. The goal is to release constraints, not to focus on deficits.
Equifinality
A cybernetic principle, which states that a similar outcome may result from many different initial events. For example, depression may be caused either by biochemical imbalances or traumatic life experiences.
Sexual Orientation
A description of the gender or genders of people to whom one is sexually attracted.
Qualitative Analysis
A descriptive analysis of the elements of an interaction.
1. Testable explanation for a problem 2. Testable & falsifiable 3. Explain observations & make predictions 4. Provides direction for treatment
A developing hypothesis should
Logical Connotation
A development in the Milan systemic model that grew as the use of paradox declined. The therapist communicates that the development of a symptom is understandable, given the context. There is no implication that a problem is useful, beneficent, or functional (Positive Connotation), only that people have gotten used to it and that habits are hard to change.
Spectatoring
A disorder of sexual functioning caused by monitoring one's performance. It contributes to performance anxiety.
Multigenerational Family Therapy
A diverse grouping of theories and therapy models based on psychodynamic principles developed by Ackerman, Bowen, Nagy, Framo, Paul, and others, which identify family patterns that repeat across generations.
Patriarchal roles
A division of roles where makes are given greater status, prestige & influence the family * society
A coalition could be best defined as
A family structure that may be covert
Collusion
A family system defense mechanism in which members cooperate by unconsciously sharing thoughts and feelings. The defense is used to protect family members from threatening outside forces. For example, both spouses and children may collude to perceive an alcoholic member who induces friends and family to drink with him, as simply a light-hearted partygoer.
The process by which a system gets the information necessary to maintain a steady course. Each element has an effect on the other.
A feedback loop is
Single cell organisms
A form of asexual reproduction
Quid-Pro-Quo Contract
A form of behavioral contingency contract in which one family member agrees to change a behavior or engage in a desired behavior after the other partner in the contract has made a desired change. The behaviors are, thus, mutually positively reinforced (see Parallel Contract).
Aversive racism
A form of subtle & unintentional racism
Expertness
A function of reputation, evident of specialized training & behavioral evidence of proficiency/competency
Insight
A generic characteristics of counseling that values the attainment of insight in mental health & treatment
Insight
A goal of psychodynamic therapy, to have clients gain an understanding of the underlying, unconscious dynamic issues that affect their relationships.
Interactional Insight
A goal of symbolic-experiential therapy occurring as a result of expanded emotional interactions within the session resulting in less inhibition. Insight can be a by-product of change, but is not a curative factor.
Circumplex Model
A graphic model for observing and assessing families designed by Olson, which measures the family's levels of cohesion and adaptability. Families with too much cohesion tend to function as enmeshed, and those with too little can be disengaged. Too much adaptability can result in excessive and unpredictable change, while too little can result in rigidity and failure to transition through the life cycle. Healthy families will be balanced, having neither too much nor too little of either quality. Olson's evaluation tool, FACES is used to apply the Circumplex Model to family assessment.
Social Constructivist Family Therapy
A group of postmodern therapeutic approaches based on the concept that reality is an intersubjective phenomenon that is constructed in conversation. The theories have been referred to as: postmodern, collaborative, constructivist, narrative, reflexive, and second-order cybernetic.
Experiential Family Therapy
A group of therapy models, developed principally by Satir (human validation process model) and Whitaker (symbolic-experiential), that have in common certain tenets such as: experience is more important than intellectual thought; the importance of experiencing a full range of affect; the stance of the therapist as a real person' the importance of spontaneity and creativity; the belief in the freedom of choice; the focus on the here-and-now; the belief in the inherent ability off families to heal themselves; and the description of general rather than specific therapy goals.
Multicultural counseling
A helping role that uses modalities & defines goals consistent with he life experience & cultural values of diverse clients
Which of the following is not a risk factor for breast cancer?
A high-protein diet
Suprasystem
A higher-level system, such as a community, in which other systems are components.
Introjects
A hypothetical construct from object relations theory referring to the internalized images and memories from past relationships, particularly parents, who continue to exert an influence on current thoughts, feelings, and/or behaviors.
Mimesis
A joining technique used primarly by structural therapists in which the therapist gains acceptance by mimicking the gestures, communication, and behavioral patterns of family members.
In self psychology, parental expression of appreciation for a child is:
A key element in a strong and self-confident personality
The five metabolic risk factors are:
A large waistline High triglyceride levels Low HDL level High blood pressure High fasting blood sugar
Classical Conditioning
A learning paradigm studied and practiced in a laboratory or other controlled environment in which a stimulus called the unconditioned stimulus (US) which naturally elicits and unconditioned response (UCR), is paired with a neutral stimulus that does not initially elicit a response. Through the repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus (now the conditioned stimulus - CS) begins to elicit the desired response (now the conditioned response - CR)
Privilege
A legal right that state law gives to clients stating that communications between therapist and client are protected by the law from forced disclosure. That is, only the client, no the therapist, has the legal right to disclose communications that take place within such a relationship.
I Bowens model, performing an assessment by interviewing one partner at a time is:
A method for preventing marital conflict from interfering with the assessment process
Stop-Start Technique (Squeeze Technique)
A method of sex therapy developed by Semans for the treatment of premature ejaculation. The client's partner is asked to stimulate his penis until he begins to feel premonitory sensations of orgasm. He then instructs his partner to stop and the cycle is repeated. The method helps the client concentrate on preorgasmic sensations rather than suppressing them.
MANOVA - Multiple Analysis of Variance
A method of statistical analysis used by researchers for determining which independent variables have a causal relationship with the dependent variable (see ANOVA).
Analysis of Variance - ANOVA
A method of statistical analysis which enables researchers to determine the likelihood that a variable being measured (dependent variable) is associated with a second variable (independent variable) by chance alone. If the deviation (variance) from the norm (frequency of association expected by chance alone) is sufficiently large, the variables are likely to be causally related.
Network Therapy
A model associated with Speck, Attneave, and Ruevini in which the treatment includes people from a client's social network (often a large group, including family, friends, neighbors) as well as a team of therapists that come together to solve the client or family problem. Treatment consists of six phases: retribalization, polarizatioon, mobilazation, depression, breakthrough, and exhaustion-elation.
Integrative Problem-Centered Therapy (IPCT)
A model developed by Pinsof in which various family and individual approaches are used in sequence, progressing from the simplest here-and-now interventions from structural, strategic, cognitive-behavioral, solution-focused models or pharmacological agents. if those interventions are unsuccessful, the therapist moves deeper into intergenerational issues or object relations. the therapy may use a team approach, bringing in experts in the various techniques or assigning family members individual therapists.
Functional Family Therapy (Originally Systems Behavioral Therapy)
A model of cognitive-behavioral marital therapy developed by Alexander which integrates systems theory, behaviorism, and cognitive therapy. The two-step therapy includes cognitive work and psychoeducation and is most often applied to adolescents and their families.
Family Group Therapy
A model of early family therapy created by Bell in which the therapist stimulates open discussions, leaving the family to solve its own problems. Like other groups, Bell found that families in therapy proceed through stages, and he structured his work to concentrate on those stages.
Conjoint Marital Therapy
A model of marital therapy developed by Satir in which both partners are seen together by one or two therapists. The treatment is designed for married couples without children and in which one or both of the partners has either a psychiatric disorder or a social diagnosis e.g., alcoholism, gambling, extramarital affair.
Brief Family Therapy
A model of problem-focused and time-limited therapy developed by the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto, CA. Milton Erickson and others.
Gestalt Family Therapy
A model of therapy that focuses on the anxiety inherent in the contact between people and which uses techniques to heighten self-awareness and personal choice.
Genogram
A multigenerational schematic diagram of the family system used by Bowenian and other transgenerational therapists to depict individual and relationship characteristics and behavioral patterns
Externalizing the Problem
A narrative therapy technique described by White, in which a problem or symptom is conceptualized and discussed as though it originated outside the family or person. The problem is personified, and its powers and designs for the person or family are explored. For example, therapists might then ask questions about the problem, such as, "When did Schizophrenia come in to your family, and what do you think its plans are for your future?"
Schizophrenogenic Mother
A now-discredited notion by Fromm-Reichmann regarding the origin of schizophrenia, in which she describes a domineering rejecting mother whose behavior was thought to contribute to her child's mental illness.
Mons Veneris
A pad of fatty tissue covered by skin & pubic hair Serves as cushion for the female pubic area during sex. Serves as a sexual trigger of arousal for a woman's partner.
Prescribing the Symptom
A paradoxical strategic family therapy technique in which the therapist attempts to unbalance the family structure by instructing the members to continue or increase the problem or symptomatic behavior in or to bring the behavior under conscious control or lessen the behavior as the family rebels against the instruction. For example, a client who is unable to complete a work project is encouraged to set times each day in which the project would not be worked on.
Demand-withdraw pattern
A pattern of communication in which one party makes demands and the other party withdraws to avoid confrontation Leads to: relationship dissatifcation Seen in distressed marriages Difficult pattern to change
A primary therapeutic goal of SFT is
A perceptual shirt from talking about problems to talking bout solutions
Transsexual
A person who identifies with the other sex & who seeks to transition to the other sex by means of hormone treatment and sex reassignment surgery
Stepparent
A person who marries someone with children from a prior relationship.
Narrative therapy seeks to personify problems as unwelcome invaders that try to dominate:
A person's life
Isomorphism
A phenomena in which two r more systems or subsystems exhibit similar or parallel characteristics, especially in supervision when roles and interactions between therapist and supervisor mimic those of the family being discussed. For example, a therapist seeing a family that rejects all suggestions for change becomes similarly rejecting of his/her supervisor's suggestions.
Gender-Sensitive Family Therapy
A philosophical position that can be applied to any model of family therapy in which the therapist examines the impact of gender roles on family members in order to help clients make choices that are not limited by internalized gender biases or external pressure based on gender.
Postmodernism
A philosophical view held by an eclectic group of family therapy models in which the practitioners consider reality to be subjective, and attend to social and political norms within the client's culture. Constructivist, narrative, and solution-focused are examples of postmodern models.
Second-Order Cybernetics
A postmodern model that conceives of the therapist and family as one unit. Objectivity is not possible. The treatment unit is a meaning system to which the treating professional is an equal and active contributor. The system does not create a problem; the problem creates a system.
Narrative Therapy
A postmodern therapeutic model developed by White and Epston, which centers on the narrative metaphor. The family member's sense of reality is organized around the stories (personal narratives) he/she tells about him/herself and the world. Each culture forms dominant narratives, which influence personal narratives, and therapists and clients discuss their impact. Problems, symptoms, and dominant narratives are externalized in the therapy conversations. Narrative therapists encourage their clients to tell "stories" about themselves and respond by exploring alternative perceptions of reality, leading to new options for solutions to problems and in the process, "re-story" their lives. For example, the therapist might explore what the family thinks Depression or The Feminine Ideal have in store for them. In this way, the therapy helps people reexamine their stories and re-story their lives to fit the outcome they prefer.
The power of the therapist
A primary means to generating change
Sensate Focus
A procedure developed by Masters and Johnson to minimize performance anxiety and spectatoring. A couple may be encouraged to engage in pleasurable body exploration and massage, with each partner giving feedback to the other as to what feels good, but without the expectation of sexual performance or orgasm.
Introjection
A process of normal development in which parts of caretakers are split off and internalized into the child's developing personality. Expectations of self and other are based on these internal representations.
Behavioral Parent Training
A program for training parents in the use of contingency management to modify or extinguish unwanted behaviors and reinforce desirable behaviors in children.
Gender and Violence Project
A project at the Ackerman Institute started during the mid-1980s, the goal of which was to describe the relationship betwteen gender and violence using both the feminist and systemic perspectives. An important question considered was whether family therapy could be successful in cases of domestic violence.
Transference
A psychoanalytic term to describe the client's unconscious tendency to attribute to the therapist unresolved drives, attitudes, feelings, and fantasies from previous (often parental) relationships (see Countertransference).
Sculpting
A psychodramatic technique used by Duhl, Kantor, Satir, and others. One member, acting as 'director," places the family in a tableau or enactment of an event, feeling, or family structure in a therapy session. The process reveals patterns of emotional closeness and distance.
Medical Family Therapy
A psychoeducational model in which clients with medical problems and their families are treated by a team including physicians, allied health care professionals, and mental health professionals.
Survival Skills Workshops
A psychoeducational program for families coping with mental illness in a member. In these workshops, groups of families learn about the etiology, prognosis, psychobiology, and treatment of the illness and learn ways the family can deal with its special demands.
Parent Management Training (PMT)
A psychoeducational program in which parents learn behavior management techniques to reduce the prevalence of troublesome behaviors and increase the frequency of more desired behaviors. A goal is to reduce distress and conflict and increase cohesiveness and expressiveness.
Marriage Encounter
A psychoeducational weekend couple's retreat for improved communication, problem solving, sexual intimacy, and spiritual health. Originally for Catholic married couples and later adapted for Protestant and Jewish couples.
The economic set
A psychological orientation most concerned with the perceived rewards & punishments that a source is able to deliver
The authority set
A psychological orientation that attribute higher credibility to people who occupy a particular legitimate position
The identity set
A psychological orientation that makes information credible if it is consistent with one's group identity
The consistency set
A psychological orientation toward accepting or rejecting information based upon whether it is consistent with other options,, beliefs, or behaviors
The problem-solving set
A psychological orientation toward obtaining correct information that has adaptive values in the real world
Health Care Clearinghouse
A public or private entity, such as a billing service, that : (1) translates information received from anothe entity in a non-standar format or containing non-standard data into standard data elements or a standard transaction; and (2) receives a standard transaction from another entity and translated it into nonstandard format or nonstandard data content for a receiving entity.
Preventive Intervention and Relationship Enhancement Program - PREPARE
A pyschoeducational program for married couples to improve their relationships before problems set in. Participants learn communication and conflict resolution skills and discuss their expectations for marriage. The program can be held weekly for groups off 4-10 couples or in a weekend marathon session for 20-60 couples.
Activity dimension
A reference to how different cultural groups lie in their action orientation from one of "doing" & influencing the world, to one of "being" or living in harmony with nature
Nature of people dimension
A reference to how different culture groups view human nature
Minority standard time
A reference to how people from situations of poverty often perceive time, &the resultant effects it has on behavior
Longitudinal Studies
A research design in which subjects are followed across time, which often allows for greater certainty in causal inference than Cross-Sectional Studies.
Cross-Sectional Studies
A research design which examines subjects at a single point in time.
Qualitative Research
A research method that is exploratory, open-ended, and directed more at discovery than at evaluation or justifying a set of hypotheses. Its methods are intended to expand and enhance quantitative research techniques, and to provide a context for better understanding the meaning of the quantitative data. Qualitative research is often used to generate, rather than test, hypotheses (exploratory research).
Subjective Units of Discomfort (SUDS)
A scale used by behavioral therapists on which the client's rate their level of anxiety to a stimulus or situation.
Differentiation of Self Scale
A scale, developed by Bowen, to measure the degree of emotional fusion with others. the scale ranges from 0, or no self, to 100, a hypothetical ideal of fully differentiated.
Closed System
A self-contained system with impermeable boundaries which resists change and operates with minimal interactions with its outside environment, thereby increasing its dysfunction.
Managed Care
A service delivery system in which the third-party payer controls the cost, quality, quantity, and terms of treatment.
Ethics
A set of commonly agreed upon rules and standards for proper professional conduct. Distinguished from law in which a governmental body legislates criteria for professional behavior, the violation of which may result in criminal or financial penalties.
Institutional racism
A set of institutional policies, practices & priorities designed to subjugate, oppress & force dependence of individuals & groups on the larger society
Sexual monogamy
A sexually exclusive pair-bond manifested in marriage between two people.
Double Bind
A six-step concept described by Bateson in which an individual receives contradictory commands within an important emotional relationship. The recipient of the information can neither comment nor escape, a "damned if you do, damned if you don't" situation. Researchers originally hypothesized that the double bind was a disordered family communication style that led to the development of schizophrenic symptoms.
One of the assumptions borrowed rom the MRI model and used b SFT is that ______ ________ ________ is usually l that's needed because then it can snowball throughout the family system
A small change
Model minority
A socially marginalized group that is deemed to have been successful in US society such as Asians
Miracle Question
A solution-focused technique used to clarify goals. Clients are asked, "Suppose one night, while you were asleep, there was a miracle and this problem was solved. How would you know? what would be different when you wake up?"
Exception Question
A solution-focused technique used to offset family members' tendency to focus on what is wrong in their lives. Therapists ask clients to recall the times when they did not have the problem when they ordinarily would or times they had the problem, but solved it.
Scaling Questions
A solution-focused therapy intervention used when presenting problems are vague and goals are difficult to specify. The therapist asks clients to rate on a scale of zero to ten, how they are currently feeling compared to an earlier time. If they report feeling better, the therapist asks them how they achieved the improvement. They might also be asked to rate how confident they are that they will be able to maintain their resolve to change a behavior and to identify what they might do to improve their chances of making progress toward their goals.
Paradoxical Intervention
A strategic intervention that is built around a statement containing messages at different logical levels which contradict one another. This subtle contradiction is used to perturb the system and to generate change. The symptomatic family member might be asked to keep or intensify his/her depression. If he/she rebels, the symptom must be given up. If he/she complies, the symptom has come under his/her conscious control.
Pretending (Pretending Techniques)
A strategic, paradoxical technique designed by Madanes. Clients are instructed to pretend to have the symptom. By pretending to have the symptom, it becomes voluntary, unreal, and subject to being changed.
Intensity
A structural family therapeutic stance and technique in which the therapist regulates the degree of impact of his/her messages. Intensity can be regulated, for example, by increasing the length of a transaction or repeating the message. Tone, pacing and volume are the tools of intensity.
Mapping the System (See Family Mapping)
A structural family therapy assessment tool (structural map) used to depict a family's organization and gain an understanding of its complex structure and sequences (e.g., triangles, coalitions, emotional cut-offs).
Joining
A structural family therapy engagement technique in which the therapist accepts and accommodates to the family and engages with each family member. The goal of joining is to establish a trusting and familiar connection with the family so that the therapist can effect changes from within the system.
Unbalancing
A structural technique designed to disrupt a dysfunctional sequence by lending greater support to one side of a conflict than the other.
Probing
A structural technique in which the therapist asks questions and/or makes provocative comments designed to evoke responses which help to obtain information about how the family operates. Even failure to obtain the family's cooperation provides information about their boundaries.
Enactment
A structural therapy technique used both in the assessment and treatment of families. Members are instructed to demonstrate their problem during the therapy session, allowing the therapist to observe the problem and develop strategies to change it.
The splitting of the ego is defined in Fairbairn's view as:
A structure that contains part of the ego, part of the object and the affect associated with the relationship
The splitting of the ego is defined in Fairbairn's view as:
A structure that contains part of the ego, part of the object, and the affect associated with the relationship
1. A system is more than the sum of its parts Different forms of systems: Physical/TV, Biological/Animal, Psychological/Personality, Sociological/Labor Union, Symbolic/Set of Laws 2. Emphasis on interaction within & among systems vs. reductionism 3. Human systems as ecological organisms vs. mechanism 4. Concept of equi-finality: The ability to reach a final goal in a variety of ways 5. Homeostatic reactivity vs. spontaneous activity 6. Importance of ecologically sound beliefs
A summary of General Systems Theory is
Playing it cool
A survival mechanism to appear serene while concealing one's rue feelings of anger & frustration toward oppressors
Uncle Tom Syndrome
A survival mechanism used by people of color to appear docile, nonassertive, and happy-go-lucky
Metaphor
A symbolic representation of an experience that captures both its basic and essential features by using a description of a completely different category of objects or events. Often used to shift a family's perspective.
Autopoiesis:
A system capable of reproducing and maintaining itself.
Morphostasis
A system's tendency to maintain its basic organization and structure.
Morphogenesis
A systems' tendency to change its basic organization or structure.
Hypothesizing
A technique used by Milan systemic therapists. A trail and error process by which the therapist makes initial suppositions about the presenting problem, then tests the supposition by asking questions or making an intervention based on that hypothesis. The original supposition is then revised according to the new information. This cybernetic process makes use of information resulting from completed feedback loops.
Co-therapy
A technique, introduced by Whitaker, in which two therapists work together as a team.
Dyad
A temporary or permanent connection between two persons.
Which of the following best defines homeostasis?
A term that addresses the tendency for all systems to gravitate toward remaining the same over time
Content
A term that describes the topics that people in therapy are discussing
Fixation of Triangles
A term used by Whitaker (symbolic-experiential therapy) to describe a clash of family of origin cultures (a man from a family of isolates marries into a family of social activists). The weakest family members is vulnerable to pathology arising out of family mythology.
Process
A term used to describe the dynamics of a system, often contrasted with content. For example, in a couple's argument about which movie to see, the content is the activity and choices to be made; whereas, the process includes who initiates the conversation, the interaction between them, the meanings each attaches to the disagreement, and the feelings each has about it.
Symbolic-Experiential Family Therapy
A theory and therapeutic approach developed by Whitaker in which the therapist uses his/her own experience and craziness, to influence family members' internal meanings, thereby changing dysfunctional patterns.
Contextual Family Therapy
A theory and therapeutic model developed by Boszormenyi-Nagy based on the ethical dimension of family relationships. The family maintains invisible, intergenerational loyalties, which members hold in their personal ledgers. Problems in relationships are thought to result either from an attempt to maintain or change the balance sheet of what members owe to one another.
Strategic Family Therapy
A theory and therapeutic model developed by Haley and Madanes, with interventions that focus directly on changing the presenting problem. Therapy typically begins with the therapist first assessing disorders in the system's hierarchies and/or the dysfunctional coalitions that maintain the symptom. Interventions, given as directives, may be straightforward or paradoxical. Therapy is not growth-oriented, but change-oriented, and the therapist takes responsibility for the success or failure of the outcome.
Behavioral Family Therapy
A theory and therapeutic model developed by Patterson, Reid, and others, based on principles of learning and behavior change. All family members are seen as part of the problem and symptoms are reformulated into concrete observable behaviors, each of which will either be rewarded or extinguished.
Milan Systemic Family Therapy
A theory and therapeutic model influenced by Bateson and the MRI Group, originally developed in Italy by Selvini Palazzoli, Boscolo, Cecchin, and Prata. The primary techniques associated with the early Milan group were rituals and positive connotations. The Milan Group split in the early 1980s with Selvini Palazzoli and Prata forming one group, adhering to the strategic model and developing a ritualistic technique, invariant prescription, to counteract the dirty game, or power struggle between the parents and their child. Boscolo and Cecchin moved away from the strategic approach, developing a collaborative style of therapy. In this model, problems are maintained when the family holds to an old epistemology that does not fit its current circumstance. The therapist introduces new information indirectly by asking questions and the family solves problems themselves as they develop a new epistemology. The therapist/client interactions within the session are the treatment. In their interviews they displayed a curious attitude about the family and the meanings they derived from their experiences and interchanges.
Self-Theory
A theory that links the child's understanding of the nature of the world, the nature of self and the meaning of interactions between the two
The Intervention
A therapeutic process used to confront a substance abuser's denial of his/her substance abuse. Friends and family members organize a confrontation meeting, led by the therapist, in which they each proclaim their commitment to, and concern for, the alcoholic. The goals are to have the substance abuser feel supported, acknowledge the problems the abuse is causing, and enter a treatment program.
Reactor
A therapeutic stance in which the therapist would be more likely to respond to others than to direct them (see Conductors).
Unconditional Positive Regard
A therapeutic stance originated by Humanist, Carl Rogers, and used by therapists in emotionally focused couples therapy in order to create a safe environment where primary feelings can be revealed.
Parts Party
A therapeutic technique from Satir to help clients experience the different parts of their personalities and enable them to see how they operate as an integrated whole. The family member directs others to act out the specific parts, fostering new personal experience, and insight.
Temperature Reading
A therapeutic technique of Satir, in which family members express their hopes and wishes each day between sessions to show their appreciation of one another and discuss complaints and solutions.
Case-Specific Symptom Prescription
A therapeutic technique of the strategic model, in which symptomatic or other undesirable behaviors are paradoxically encouraged in order to lessen such behavior or bring it under conscious control.
Reflecting Team
A therapy technique or process involving a team of therapists using a one-way mirror to observe the family and the therapist. The team then discusses the family while being observed by the family and the therapist. The therapist and family then discuss the team's observations.
Feminist Family Therapy
A treatment philosophy with a nonsexist, egalitarian view in which the social and familial gender roles of women and men are actively considered, including the perspective that social and cultural structures often give men a greater amount off power and control over political and economic resources.
Therapeutic Double Bind
A type of paradoxical technique in which clients are instructed to continue to have the symptom. They are then caught in a bind since to continue the symptom willfully demonstrates that they have control over a symptom that they previously experienced as involuntary.
Constructivist Family Therapy
A variety of therapeutic models based on postmodern philosophy, which emphasizes the concept that a person's knowledge of the world is based on his/her perception and internal construction of the "truth" and the belief that reality can never really be known
Family Typologies
A way of classifying families which illustrates members' similarities and differences,f and which may quickly enable the therapist to identify therapeutic goals. For example, the Beavers-Timberlawn model classifies families as centripetal or centrifugal.
Substance Abuse
A wide range of inappropriate and usually excessive ingestion of mind altering (psychoactive) chemicals such as alcohol or drugs (prescription, over the counter, or illicit).
The narrative technique of _____ enables family members to distance from their problem by externalizing it, and thus experiencing their control over the problem:
A. Creating self-leadership B. Family rituals C. REAUTHORING D. the invariant prescription
This question, used by solution focused therapists, is intended to circumvent clients' global and unremitting perceptions of the problems and directs their attention to times in the past of present when they didn't have the problem:
A. EXCEPTION QUESTIONS B. miracle question C. Scaling question D. none of these choices
Narrative therapy consists of a series of questions designed to:
A. Identify the locus of the problem B. Assess the function the problem serves for the family C. CLARIFY THE FAMILY'S POWER OVER THE PROBLEM D. all of these choices
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder: Diagnostic Criteria
A. Severe recurrent temper outbursts - verbal or behavioral that are grossly out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation or provocation. B. The temper outbursts are inconsistent with developmental level. C. The temper outbursts occur, on average, three or more times per week. D. The mood between tempter outbursts is persistently irritable or angry most of he day, nearly every day, and is observable by others. E. Criteria A - D have been present for 12 or more months. Throughout that time, the individual has not had a period lasting 3 or more consecutive months without all of the symptoms in Criteria A - D. F. Criteria A & D are present in at least 2 or 3 settings and are severe in at least 1 setting. G. The diagnosis should ot be made for the first time before age 6 or after age 18. H. By history or observation, the age of onset of Criteria A - E is before age 10. I. There has never been a distinct period lasting more than 1 day during which the full symptom criteria, except duration, for a manic or hypomanic episode have been met. J. The behaviors do not occur exclusively during an episode of major depressive disorder and are not better explained by another mental disorder. The diagnosis CANNOT coexist with oppositional defiant disorder, intermittent explosive disorder or bipolar disorder, though it can coexists with others, including major depressive disorder, ADHD, conduct disorder & substance use disorders. Individuals whose symptoms meet criteria for both disruptive mood dysregulation disorder & oppositional defiant disorder should only be given the diagnosis of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. If an individual has ever experienced a manic or hypomanic episode, the diagnosis of disruptive mod dysregulation disorder should not be assigned. K. The symptoms are not attributable to the physiological effects of a substance or to another medical or neurological condition.
According to narrative therapy by maintaining a dominant story of their problems, family members fail to see ____ their problems:
A. The paradox in B. their contributions to C. EXCEPTIONS TO D. underlying causes of
The concept of _____ describes how when two people are in conflict, the one who experiences the most anxiety will triangle in another person:
A. cross-generational coalitions B. pathological need complementarity C. pathological triangles D. ALL OF THESE CHOICES
The goal setting process in solution focused therapy emphasizes:
A. defining problems concretely B. Defining simple problems C. NOT WHAT CLIENTS WANT TO STOP DOING BUT WHAT THEY WANT TO START DOING
Solution focused therapy was adapted from:
A. narrative therapy B. narrative solutions therapy C. emotionally focused therapy D. THE MRI MODEL
Solution focused therapists use "scaling questions" to:
A. quantify outcomes B. evaluate the success of sessions C. break changes into small steps D. compare clients E. ALL OF THE ABOVE EXCEPT D!
Solution focused therapy draws heavily on:
A. systems theory B. CONSTRUCTIVISM C. SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVISM D. social learning theory
Solution focused therapists engage in problem talk:
A.LONG ENOUGH TO MAKE CLIENTS FEEL UNDERSTOOD B. Not at all C. Long enough to define specific problems to be resolved D. As long as clients want to
Jacobsen and Christensen's integrative couples therapy adds what element to traditional behavioral couples therapy?
ACCEPTANCE
Metabolic Syndrome is characterized by:
Abdominal obesity Dyslipidemia Hypertension
Fluid intelligence (gf)
Ability to organize information and generate new hypotheses Commons sense Deductive reasoning Vulnerable to aging as it depends on neurons available
Boundaries and coalitions that make up a family's structure are:
Abstractions
Adjusting to each other's needs & styles of interaction
Accommodating
Individuality Togetherness
According to Bowen, human relationships driven by two counterbalancing life forces. What are they?
Differentiation of the therapist
According to Bowen, the most important quality of a successful therapist is the
Communication styles
Acknowledgement that race, culture & gender influence how people communicate
Individual level of identify
Acknowledges that no two individuals are alike
QUOID
Acronym for clients less preferred by mental health professionals & stand for Quiet, Ugly, Old, Indigent & Dissimilar culturally
YAVIS syndrome
Acronym meant to indicate counselor preference for clients who are Young, Attractive, Verbal, Intelligent & Successful
Social justice
Active engagement & action in fighting injustice for all peple
The "Me"
Active, physical, psychological and social self Your characteristics
When first starting out in family therapy, it is important to:
Adjust your style to the family's, paying close attention to both verbal & nonverbal cues
_______________ and __________________ identified and synthesized steroid sex hormones - led to the invention or oral contractive (the pill) in the laste1950s. This invention led to the separation of sexual activity from reproduction as a result Sexual Freedom was enhanced.
Adulf Leopold
Antiracist
Advocates & actively intervenes when injustice makes its presence felt at any level
Often ovarian cancer is diagnosed
After it has spread
Risk factors that contribute to MHSDD are:
Age Hormone Illness & medications Development & cognitive affective risk factors Relational risk factors Sociocultural factors
Expression of one's sexuality is a fundamental mental health need of all individuals, regardless of
Age & gender
The "I"
Agency, continuity, distinctiveness What makes your different from others
What are 3 listening skills in the ABC model (p. 170-2)?
Agree, compare, build (answered in class)
________________ maybe the most famous pioneering American sex-researcher from Indiana University. Training as a Zoologist. Kinsey and colleagues engaged in large scale sex surveys in the USA during the mid 20th century. He published the results of the surveys in 2 length volumes named "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male" and "Sexual Behavior of the Human Female."
Alfred Kinsey
St. Augustine in the 5th century noted
All Sexual Behavior was sinful because it was driven by passion & not by the will Established the sex-negative tradition within the Catholic Church
Child-Centered Family:
All revolves around the child.
An alliance between 2 persons against a 3rd person
Alliance / Coalition
Structural family therapy is directed a _________ so the family can solve its problems
Altering the family structure
Defense Mechanism
An analytic concept describing the unconscious process by which the ego protects the person from conscious awareness of anxiety provoking, threatening thoughts and memories.
Ego
An analytic concept referring to a hypothetical internal mental structure that both contains the individual's perception of him/herself and is also the rational mediator between the instinctual demands of the id and the internalized social prohibitions of the super-ego.
Marital Adjustment Scale
An assessment inventory used to determine the relative strengths and weaknesses of a marriage, e.g., communications skills, the manner and availability of rewards versus punishments, and sexual satisfaction.
Global Assessment of Relational Functioning (GARF)
An assessment tool used to rate family functioning along a continuum in three areas: problem solving (decision making and communication); organization (roles and boundaries); and emotional climate (empathy, respect, regard). Originally designed by family thearpist Lyman Wynne, the GARF is included as an appendix in the DSM-IV.
Linear Causality
An assumption of cause and effect in which one event is thought to cause the next. For example, in a classical conditioning paradigm, a particular stimulus elicits a specific response (see Circularity)
In structural therapy, suggesting to parents that they are doing something wrong in the initial stage of counseling is considered:
An attempt to prove competence by an inexperienced therapists
"People are always communicating" is an example of an:
An axiom of human communication
Values
An enduring belief
Paradigm
An example, model, or concept that contains an interrelated set of assumptions.
Human Validation Process Model
An experiential model developed by Satir, in which the therapist and family work together to promote open communication and authentic emotional experiences.
Emotionally Focused Couples Therapy
An experiential/humanistic couples therapy model from Greenberg and Johnson which posits that problems often stem from an attempt to hide primary emotions such as fear and need for attachment and instead use defensive and coercive reactions known as secondary reactive emotions. The relationship is characterized by negative interactions such as pursuer/distancer or blame. The negative interactions lead to greater suspicion, more fear, and more negative reactions. In therapy the couple accesses the primary emotions so that they are able to reframe their relationship and alter their negative interactions and simultaneously strengthen their emotional bond.
Sexual Dysfunction
An impaired physiological response preventing a person from full sexual functioning.
Integrative Couples Therapy
An integrated approach using support and empathy to help couples accept differences and disappointments and break the cycle of mutual blame. Treatment begins with a formulation consisting of: a theme that defines the conflict and a polarization process describing the dysfunctional patter off interaction. The problem is externalized and the couple unites against a common enemy. The couple uses behavioral exchange processes such as quid pro quo and good faith contracts, but is also taught to make I-statements, to listen, and to express themselves in direct but non-blaming ways.
Internal Family Systems (IFS)
An integrated, collaborative family or individual therapy model created by Richard Schwartz, applying systems concepts and techniques (Gestalt, structural, strategic, experiential) to intrapsychic processes. Therapists and clients co-create changes in life stories. The goal of individual therapy is to help the client differentiate his/her core Self and heal the parts. In family therapy the goal is to elicit the family members' Selves and collaboratively deal with the parts of each that are involved in the problem. Family members can then have Self-to-Self interactions and begin to see one another as people who have a problem with some of their parts rather than being defined by the symptom.
Complementarity
An interactional pattern in which members of an intimate relationship establish roles and take on behavioral patterns which fulfill the unconscious needs and demands of the other.
Projective Identification
An interactive and dysfunctional defense mechanism, defined by the object relations model, in which unwanted characteristics of the self are unconsciously projected onto (attributed to) another person who colludes by behaving as if these projections are true of them. For example, a father has an impulse to engage in deviant or illegal behavior, but the impulse causes him anxiety. He unconsciously projects the impulse onto his son and subtly reinforces his son's acting-out behaviors.
Directive
An intervention developed primarily by Haley and Madanes in which the therapist gives the family a task with the intent of changing stuck sequences. There are two types of directives: straightforward and indirect. Straightforward directives are not paradoxical, and the therapist expects the family to carry out the task as given (parents are asked to take control of their misbehaving child). Indirect directives are paradoxical and the therapist expects the family to resist the task (the parents are asked to act as if it were impossible to take control of their child). With all directives, the process of negotiating relationships and behavior is more important than whether they are carried out.
Pertrubation
An intervention which introduces a small change or ripple without altering the system's basic organization in an attempt to magnify the change later.
Homophobia
An irrational dislike, disregard, or fear of homosexual people.
Gonad
An organ that produces gametes (a testes in males- an ovary in females).
Eukaryote
An organism whose cells contain nuclei. Nucleated cells Eukaryotic cells divide by mitosis. This is a cell division in which the chromosome number is preserved
____________ is the consequence if a child's need for attachment is dened
Anaclitic Depression
Marriage can be ended 3 ways
Annulment, death, divorce
Breast cancer immunotherapy involves the use of __________ to block __________
Antibodies Growth Factor Receptors
External Genitalia
Are the sexual structures outside of the body.
Bio-psycho-social Assessment includes:
As a means of determining if their views are sex-negative or sex-positive: 1) Demographic Overview 2) Sociocultural - family origin issues, physical and emotional development issues and history 3) Sexual experience history - wanted & unwanted 4) Details of relationship history 5) Motivations and lac k of motivations 6) Incentives and disincentives to engage sexually 7) Interview with separate and together
A structural ______ is based on the assumption that a family's difficulties often reflect problems in the way the family is organized
Assessment
The processes of ____________ & _______________ for various racial/ethnic minority groups in the US are powerful forces in the development of identity
Assimilation & acculturation
The concept of homeostatic and changing families in therapy
Assumes that families may have failed to adapt to changing circumstances
Annulment
At the time of marriage, marriage was invalid as a result of bigamy, duress, fraud, immaturity, incest or insanity
Bublospongiosus muscle
Attaches to the base of the clitoris
A person most in need of ___________ may, by being afraid to expose that need, push away the loved ones he longs to get close to
Attachment
Greenberg and Johnson's emotionally focused couples therapy draws on:
Attachment theory
Close physical proximity and __________ are necessary preconditions from healthy object relations in childhood and adulthood
Attachment to a single maternal object
Close physical proximity and _____________ are necessary preconditions for healthy object relations in childhood and adulthood
Attachment to a single maternal object
Homogamy
Attracted to others who share important area of similarity: race, religion, education leve
Attractiveness
Attractiveness based upon how similar the client is to the counselor
_______________ and __________ are two church fathers whose views are woven into the fabric of mainstream Catholicism. They advocated very sex-negative views.
Augustine Aquinas
Foundational principles
Autonomy, beneficence, fidelity, justice, non-maleficence
Men and women have the same
Autosomes
44 or the 46 Chromosomes are known as
Autosomes & come in 22 homologous pairs, regardless of a person's gender.
Wherever possible, structural therapists __________ doing things for family members when new structure is involved
Avoid
Non-maleficence
Avoid causing harm
Legal layperson
Aware of administrative, case, common, constitutional, criminal & statutory laws
Responsible behavior includes
Awareness of law, avoiding malpractice issues, professional relationship with client, maintaining standard of care, attentive to codes
Death anxiety
Awareness of the finality of the material Related to the process or consequences of dying
Cultural competence
Awareness, knowledge & skills needed to function effectively with culturally diverse populations
Kristin goes to see her Dr. because she has noticed a large cyst on her labia minora. Based on what you have read it is most likely a
Bartholin's cyst
Gender: Impacts boundaries and role expectations Culture: Understanding distinction between culture (common patterns of behavior & experience) & ethnicity (common ancestry) As a therapist, be sure not to pathologize cultural differences. Don't assume you're the cultural expert. Don't assume that everything from another culture is a cultural norm Resistance: Families should resist change until they are certain the proposed changes are safe and the therapist is trustworthy (without trust therapist are identified as the expert and families always seek the therapist for advice, direction, etc.) Family Narratives: Make sense & organize our experience Behavioral events are perceived & organized in narrative form: this narrative shapes expectations that influence future behavior Families interactions and narratives of event are related in circular fashion Michael White: Narrative Therapy
Be able to discuss the importance of such issues as gender, culture, resistance, and family narratives to family Therapy.
Identity Capital
Be who you want to be next Fake it until you make it
The "not knowing" stance used by Goolishian and Anderson was used to help clients:
Become experts in their own lives
The "not knowing" stance used by Goolishian and Anderson was used to help clients
Become experts on their own lives
Families and individuals respond to stress by:
Becoming stuck in rigid and dysfunctional patterns
Families as well as individuals respond to stress by
Becoming stuck in rigid and dysfunctional patterns
Practitioners of what model do not believe that the family must change its belief system in order to achieve second-order change
Behavioral
Coercion (Aversive Control)
Behavioral Family Therapy, one person uses aversive stimuli to control the behavior of another.
Micro-insult
Behavioral or verbal comments that convey rudeness or insensitivity or demean a person's group identify heritage
Ethnocentric mono-culturalism
Belief in the superiority of one's groups' cultural heritage over another & the imposition of those standards up the less powerful group
Culturally diverse model
Belief that all cultures are valued & that diversity should not indicate whether one group's cultural heritage is better than another's
Culturally deficient model
Belief that people of color are inferior because they were culturally disadvantaged, deficient or deprived of a white middle-class upbringing
Genetically deficient model
Belief that people of color are inferior by virtue of their biological makeup
1. Conflicting inner voices are personified as sub-personality or parts 2. Allows family members to acknowledge thought about themselves without being defined by them 3. Therapist helps the client recognize how one part interacts with the other parts 4. Therapist helps the client visualize dominant parts & helps them calm them down
Benefits of Internal Family Systems Therapy
When problems are too difficult to solve they bring in a third person: for sympathy, or help Triangles spread anxiety over more people reducing it in the lives of the couple
Benefits of Triangles are:
Picking your Family
Best time to pick is now - prior to marriage
Interracial / interethnic bias
Biased harbored by individuals that can cause cognitive dissonance or denial by the holder of the bias
Because theories suggest ways to look at clinical data, they have a _____________ effect on observation
Biasing
Because theories suggest ways to look at clinical data, thy have a ___________ effect on observation
Biasing
Intake information should include:
Bio-Psycho-Social-Spiritual Medical History, medications - including vitamin & drug use Mental health History Demographics Family History Sexual History Socio-economic info Spiritual Beliefs
Biobehavioral
Biological factors that influence behavior, e.g. depression, that is caused, in part, by faulty neurochemistry
Magnus Hirschfeld, a German physician and gay rights activist promoted
Biological ideas about sexuality, especially homosexuality His theoretical approach was contrasted with Freud's He was considered the pioneer of LGBT rights work which he started in Germany He came up against the Nazis He died in exile in France in 1935
When assessing a client consider:
Biopsychosocialspiritual Lifelong Acquired Generalized Situational
Racism
Blatant & over acts of discrimination that are epitomized by White supremacy, that denies people of color their equal rights & opportunities & can include having hate crimes perpetuated against
Overt sexism
Blatant unequal & unfair treatment of women
Micro-assault
Blatant verbal, nonverbal or environmental attacks intended to convey discriminatory & biased sentiments
Collaborative Family Health Care
Bloch and his followers use teams with other medical care providers - nurses, physicians, or rehabilitation specialists - to help families cope more effectively with the consequences of medical illnesses.
Women & Men are different n both
Bodies & minds
Methods to stop violence
Bold stance, apply external pressure, threat, group sessions
Solution Focus therapists hold that if __________ _________ & _________ can be reoriented into the direction of strengths, therapy can be quite brief
Both couples and therapists
Structural Therapy
Boundary Making is a process associated with:
Strengthening boundaries in enmeshed families, creating flexible boundaries in disengaged families, moves family from linear to circular perspectives
Boundary making
(No Techniques) • Assessment • Genograms • Extensive histories • Process Questions • Relationship Experiments • Analysis of structure (Haley)
Bowen Techniques
Bowen Family Systems Therapy Emotional Divorce: Cool distance between parents. Relationships vacillated between over-closeness & over-distance. Formulated the concept of Differentiation of Self / Undifferentiated Ego Mass / Triangulation Worked with families on modulating the intensity of their emotional reactivity Saw couples in groups. (Helped couples differentiate from their families of origin) Emotional Reactivity: Feeling overwhelmed thinking & drowned out individuality in the chaos of the group.
Bowen developed / designed
That the family was the unit of disorder & began treating the family members together Identity is transferred across generations & how individuals separate from their families Togetherness and closeness achieved through large group therapy sessions & open communication would be helpful for all involved Schizophrenia took 3 generations to develop The most important quality of a successful therapist was differentiation of the therapist The ability to remain neutral & attentive to the process, rather than the content of family discussion is what distinguishes a therapist from a participant in a family's drama Unfinished emotional business stays with us, making us vulnerable to repeat conflicts we never got around to working out with our families (Personal experience for Bowen as well which he solved via detriangulating)
Bowen hypothesized
Schizophrenic patients & their families Mother child symbiosis, which led to self-differentiation
Bowen studied
Menninger Clinic, 1946-1954 NIMH, 1954 - 1959 Georgetown University Medical School, 1959-1990, studied schizophrenic patients and their families Wiltwyck School for Delinquent Boys in NY
Bowen worked at
Bowenian Family Therapy
Bowen's theory and therapeutic model is based on the family's emotional system, the differentiation of self within one's family, and the multi-generational transmission of emotions and family patterns.
Coaching
Bowenian (used by other models as well), the use of an objective person, such as the therapist, to guide a family member to interact with other members in new ways and prevent the family from seducing the person back into older, dysfunctional behaviors. The therapist takes an educative role, rather than an emotional one.
2nd type of moral exempler
Brave: Dominance / Extra-version MLK George Washington Esther
A synthesizing effort to integrate theories must strike a balance between
Breadth and focus
Adele is 42. She drinks a couple of glasses on wine a day, started her period at he age of 10. She's never had children, although she would like to someday. What type of reproductive pathology is she at an increased risk of developing?
Breast cancer
Stever De Shazer and Insoo Berg formed a center in Milwaukee, WI called:
Brief Family Therapy Center
The experientialists see the goals of therapy as:
Broad and implicit
__________________________ did human sexuality research in which he immersed himself in research in the Trobriand Islands off the coast of New Guinea. This researcher found, among other things, a Matrilineal society in which kinship and descent were reckoned only through the female line.
Bronishlaw Malinowski
In structural family therapy, interference with a subsystem's functioning:
Can result in symptomatic behaviors
You live in a country where your federal government supports comprehensive sexual health programs and sexual equality. You are most likely living in
Canada
Illness conditions that impact Sexuality are:
Cardiovascular Metabolic: Obesity / Diabetes Cancers & Cancer treatments
Medical conditions that can impact sexuality include
Cardiovascular Disease Metabolic Syndrome Cancers & treatments: Prostrate
3rd type of moral exempler
Caring: Nurturance / Agreeableness Mother Teresa Princess Di Mr. Rogers
No techniques 1. Family sculpting 2. Use of Touch 3. Outlandish behavior 4. Battle for Structure 5. Family Puppet Interviews 6. Art Therapy & Family drawings
Carl Whitaker Experiential Therapy Techniques include
1. Increase personal integrity 2. Increase experience 3. Heightened sense of competence, well-being and self-esteem 4. Breakdown rigid expectancies and unblock awareness 5. Symptom relief is secondary
Carl Whitaker Experiential Therapy goals include
1. Powerful interventions - lead to powerful experiences 2. Vitality of therapist & encounter 3. Existential encounters are key 4. Caring & acceptance are crucial 5. Families will accept a great deal from the therapist once they are convinced he or she genuinely cares about them • Little interest in solving problems • Limited attention to the presenting problem • Little assessment of the structure
Carl Whitaker Experiential Therapy process includes
Gender and ethnicity inequalities in Bowen's framework were addressed by:
Carter and McGoldrick
According to our lecture & textbook, which of the following religions hold the most sex-negative doctrines proposed by their early medieval theologians?
Catholic
The research conducted by Neil Malamuth and others has provided significant evidence that movies containing sexual violence
Cause males viewers to express more accepting attitudes towards sexual violence
Jennifer is about to have a Pap test. Her Dr. explains that the sample he takes from her will be evaluated by a microscopic examination of ________________ from the ___________
Cell Cervix
Meiosis
Cell division in which the number of chromosomes is halved. Thus the ova (from the female) receives 22 autosomes and one X chromosome. Sperm, however receive 22 autosomes and one X or one Y chromosome.
Diploid
Cells contain the full complement of chromosomes for the species.
Structural Therapy
Challenging Unproductive Assumptions is a process associated with:
Families were sometimes subjected to elaborate ordeals in der to experience __________ in the family system:
Change
The strategic approached focused on problem-solving and used strategies that could be designed to out-whit family resistance and provoke families into _____________
Changing
Communication styles
Characteristics of communication associated with race, gender, & other group identities - manifested verbally & on-verbally
Advances in combining psychoanalytic an family dynamics were achieved by _________ psychiatrists who began to analyze mothers and children concurrently
Child
Advances in combining psychoanalytic psychology and family dynamics were achieved by __________ psychiatrists who began to analyze mothers and children concurrently
Child
The sex of human Embryo is determined by the _____________ embryo possesses, 46 for human beings. 44 of the 46 _________ are known as autosomes.
Chromosomes Chromosomes
Two ____________ are known as the sex _________________. Females have two __________ and males have one ______________ __________ and one smaller ___________ ____________
Chromosomes Chromosomes XX X Chromosome Y Chromosome
Define domestic violence
Chronic or episodic violence within the family. Emotional, physical & or sexual
Asking about relationship patterns so that the family could become aware of their repetition was done through a process called:
Circular questioning
Method of interviewing, developed by Milan, - members are asked questions that highlight difference among family members
Circular questioning
Guiding principle for a therapist
Client's best interest
Within the Vestibule are
Clitoris Urethral Opening Vaginal Opening Two Bartholin's Glands
External factors that impact counseling practice
Codes of ethics, consultation, continuing education, laws, supervision, system policies
he necessity for attitude change to promote & maintain behavior change are beliefs of:
Cognitive-behavior therapists
Meanings arrived at in a therapeutic conversation are developed through
Collaboratively constructing the family's worldview
What are the four methods of decision making? (p. 181-182)
Command Consult Vote Consensus
Fidelity
Commitment to keep promises, uphold the truth & maintain loyality
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder: Prevalence
Common among children presenting to pediatric mental health clinics.
Metacommunication
Communication messages, usually nonverbal, that qualify or clarify another communication (communication about communication). The nonverbal message may be congruent with the message (A pat on the back that accompanies, "Job well done, son") or incongruent ("Nothing's wrong," said through clenched teeth.) With incongruent metacommunication, usually the nonverbal message settles the discrepancy.
Ramon Rojano integrates structural therapy with
Community empowerment and connections
What are 3 suggestions to ensure that your start-up is soft (p. 167-8)
Complain but don't blame. Remember: "I feel ..."; about what? ... ; and "I need ..." Make statements that start with "I" instead of "You." Describe what is happening. Don't evaluate or judge. Be clear about your positive need (partner is not a mind reader) Be polite Be appreciative Don't store things up
In SFT a client who describes a problem, but is not willing to working on solving it is called a:
Complainant
Based on differences that fit together, where qualities of one make up for lacks in the other; one is one-up while the other is one-down
Complementary relationships
Ethical reasoning, judgments & decision making involves
Complex mix of morals, values & principles
__________ are an important part of solution-focused therapy and invite client's to describe their success and thus help foster more self-confidence
Compliments
Worldview
Composition of attitudes, values & beliefs that affect how people think, define events, make decision & behave
Intersexuality
Condition marked by ambiguous or incomplete sexual differentiation (disorder of sex development)
Interracial / interethnic conflict
Conflict that's infrequently publicly aired because of possible political l ramifications for the group unity
Which personality dimension is associated with the reduction of health problems?
Conscientiousness (more likely to follow rules of care)
Awareness
Conscious & mindful of ones worldview, & the possible difference between culturally diverse clients & other group identities
Characteristics of Concrete Operations
Conservation: Change the shape Reversibility: Spread things out Classification: Group things together Computation: Add or subtract things
Playing the dozens
Considered by Blacks to be the highest form of verbal provocation & impromptu speaking
The solution-focused therapists expressed reservations about the model's injunction to remain _________
Constantly upbeat
We are the product of the way our imaginations are organized Personal construct theory: Make sense of the world by creating our own constructs of the environment Introduced technique of Reframing - relabeling behavior to shift how family members respond to it experience
Constructivism
Balancing the counseling process: Left side
Consultation, supervision, continued professional development
What families talk about
Content
The concept of balance of fairness is synonymous with which theory?
Contextual
Key points about Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
Contextual Therapy Multigenerational Ethical Accountability Relational Ethics Ledger of Accountability Ledger of Indebtedness Multidirectional partiality Son of a judge Psychoanalytically trained In his system, the therapist must exemplify ethical Timeline: 1957 Founded a psychiatric center in Philadelphia Studied: Father's legal legacy regarding concepts of justice and fairness influenced his model of Contextual Therapy Hypothesized: Family members are bound across generations by legacy and trust Developed / Designed: Contextual Therapy Multigenerational Ethical Accountability Relational Ethics Ledger of Accountability Ledger of Indebtedness Multidirectional partiality Worked with: James Framo David Rubenstein Geraldine Spark Ross Speck Carolyn Attneave
Gametes
Contribute chromosomes to the new organism. Usually haploid - that is they contain half the number of chromosomes contained in the regular diploid cells of the same species.
Kohlberg's Level 2, stages 3 & 4
Conventional morality Interpersonal. Behavior driven by social approval Authority. Behavior driven by obeying authority & conforming to social order
"What keeps you going under such difficult circumstances?" Is an example of ____________ questioning
Coping
Sexuality is a ____ dimension of life
Core
Confidentiality is
Cornerstone of ethics
Negative Feedback Loops
Corrective information that flows back into the family system which serves to minimize deviation, keep the system functioning within prescribed limits, and discourage change. Negative feedback is homeostatic.
Social justice counseling
Counseling that operates from an active philosophy & approach to producing conditions that allow for equal access & opportunity
Freudians, Self Psychologists and Object Relations Therapists all share the belief that:
Couples and families can be helped to get along better if their individual family members understand and begin to resolve their own personal conflicts
Concurrent Couples Therapy
Couples therapy in which one therapist works with both spouses at different times.
Collaborative Couples Therapy
Couples treatment in which each partner is seen by his/her own therapist
Internal factors that influence counseling practice are
Courage of convictions, decision making skills, knowledge of ethics & law, moral principles
Balancing the counseling process: Triangle
Courage of our convictions, decision makings skills & models, knowledge of ethics, moral principles of the helping profession & intentionality
Clitoral hood
Covers the clitoris
Subsystems could be used to describe ________ ________ in a family
Covert coalitions
Sound Relationship House Goals
Create Trust & Commitment Love Maps Fondness & Admiration Turning Toward Positive Perspectives Manage Conflict Make Life Dreams Come True Create Shared Meaning
Invariant Prescription
Created by the Milan systemic group, this unchanging prescription, given to all families with symptomatic children, requests that parents spend time together away from the children and is intended to break the pattern of destructive "games" and create clearer generational boundaries.
Four Horsemen of Gottman
Criticism Defensiveness Contempt Stonewalling
One example of Triangulation extending beyond an immediate family would be ________
Cross-generational coalitions
Individual centered
Cultural bound value in metal heath practice in which the individual is the psychosocial unit of operation & independence & autonomy are the primary goals to treatment
Heterosexism
Cultural ideology that assumes heterosexuality to be the societal norm & distinctively superior to homosexuality
Emic
Cultural relativism The belief that cultural differences must be considered in the diagnosis & treatment of culturally diverse groups
Etic
Cultural universality The belief that human beings share overwhelming commonalities & that the manifestations & treatment of disorders are similar across all cultures & societies
In addition to the foundational principles, MFTs' must be
Culturally & values sensitive
Emic
Culture without comparison to others
The study of how system are controlled by information & feedback loops & the means by which they work
Cybernetics
The study of feedback systems in self-regulating families
Cybernetics is
Letter-writing to clients and support leagues were put into practice by:
David Epston
The use o letter-writing to clients and support leagues were put into practice by:
David Epston
Briefly describe Deconstruction, and Reconstruction in narrative therapy? (p. 244).
Deconstruction entails questioning assumptions. Reconstruction involves creating new and more optimistic accounts of experience. Externalizing helps separate the persons from the problems. Effect questions are asked, such as "How does the problem affect you?" Unique outcomes are used: experience would not be predicted by a telling of the problem story, times when they resisted the problem's influence. Shift family member perceptions of each other from totalizing views (teenager seen by their parent as "irresponsible" and in return the parent is then seen as "unfair")
Briefly define and give an example of each of the following narrative questions: deconstruction questions, open space questions, story development questions, and meaning questions (p. 256).
Deconstruction: Externalizes problem. Example: "What does depression whisper in your ear?" "What conclusions about your relationship have you drawn because of this problem?" Opening space: Discovers unique outcomes. Example: "Has there ever been a time when arguing could have taken control of your relationship but didn't?" Preference: To make sure unique outcomes represent preferred experiences. Example: "Was this was of handling things better or worse?" "Was that a positive or negative development?" Story Development: Develop a new story from the seeds of (preferred) unique outcomes. Example: "How is this different from what you would have done before?" "Who played a part in this way of doing things?" "Who will be the first to notice these positive changes in your? Meaning: To challenge negative images of self and emphasize positive agency. Example: "What does it say about you that you were able to do that?
Openness to expereinces
Decreases with age
Emotional resistance
Defensive maneuver that entails emotions such as guilt, anger, defensiveness or helplessness that block self-exploration
Centrifugal
Defined by Beavers as part of the Beavers-Timberlawn Model, a family system dynamic in which members are expelled or encouraged to operate at the outer periphery and seek gratification outside the family.
Centripetal
Defined by Beavers as part of the Beavers-Timberlawn Model, a family system dynamic in which members are tightly bound to one another emotionally and encouraged to seek gratification from one another.
The philosopher Foucault exposed how various discourses within a society are:
Dehumanized, objectified, and marginalized by various social groups who are in power over the other groups
The philosopher Foucault exposed how various discourses within a society are:
Dehumanizing, objectified and marginalized by various social groups who are in power over the other groups
______________ is the term Zinner and Shapiro coined to describe parental communications of their fantasies to their children
Delineations
_______________ is the term Zinner and Shapiro coined to describe parental communications of their fantasies to their children
Delineations
The experiential model of family therapy was more like a _________ __________ than a structured organization
Democratic group
Satir stressed the role of ____ communication in smothering feelings
Destructive
MFT should use legitimate & expert power to stop
Destructive behavior, suicidal behavior, abuse
"External Invaders" is a narrative term for
Destructive internalized emotional states and beleifs
Scapegoating is a means of _____________ conflict
Detouring
Abnormality
Deviation from some standard or norm considered to be desirable
Metabolic syndrome is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk for heart disease and other health problems, such as
Diabetes & stroke
MFTS role in the legal system
Diagnostician, expert, interventionist, mediator, treatment specialist
A ________ person is able to balance thinking and feeling - capable of strong emotion and spontaneity, but also capable o objectivity that comes with the ability to resist the pull of emotional impulses.
Differentiated
Bowen's scale: 0 = no self to 100 = highest level of differentiation as a way to evaluate the degree of emotional fusion with others Both an intrapsychic (in the mind) and interpersonal concept
Differentiation of Self
Bowen's term for psychological separation of intellect and emotions and independence of self from others; opposite of fusion
Differentiation of self
The capacity for autonomous function in Bowen Family Systems Therapy is called:
Differentiation of self
Little or no limit to information into or out of the subsystem or system leads to enmeshment
Diffuse
The encounter paradigm calls attention to
Direct engagement between the therapists personality and that of the client
Homework assignments designed to help members interrupt homeostatic patterns of problem-maintaining behavior
Directives
__________________ are thoughtful suggestions targeted to the specific requirements of the case
Directives
Religious discrimination
Discrimination against individuals or certain religious affiliations, usually non-Christians
Interracial / interethnic discrimination
Discrimination that extended to the racial / ethnic group member
Assessment by experiential therapists was ______________
Disdained
Psychological isolation that results from overly rigid boundaries around individuals and subsystems in a family
Disengaged
Psychological isolation results from overly rigid boundaries around individual & subsystems
Disengagement
Conflict created when a person receives contradictory messages on different levels of abstraction in an important relationship and cannot leave or comment
Double bind
Interactional concept with six features
Double bind is an
Paradoxical communications can take the form ______________ where two contradictory messages are on different levels of abstraction and there is an implicit injunction against commenting on the discrepancy.
Double binds
Describe what a dream is and its significance (p. 238).
Dreams include hopes, aspirations, and wishes that are part of your identity and give purpose and meaning to your life. Dreams can operate on many levels: some are practical, some profound. Our deepest dreams are usually rooted in childhood experiences--we are either recreating warm memories from childhood or trying to distance ourselves from painful memories
Ethical problems occur when
Dual relationships, sexual relationships, different industry speak, failure to prioritize consent, duty and welfare, receiving gifts, counseling someone you're teaching, being an evaluator or someone who is a client
Most frequent reasons MFT's appear in court
Duty to protect & reporting abuse or neglect
Tatasoff Case
Duty to protect the public over client confidentiality
Family ____________ results from a combination of stress and failure to realign itself to cope with new challenges
Dysfunction
In __________ families, change is treated not as an opportunity for growth, but as a threat.
Dysfunctional
Cognitive behavioral and strategic therapists tend to emphasize the technical role of the therapist, while _______and _____ therapists stress the artistic side of the person:
EXPERIENTIAL; CONSTRUCTIVIST
_______________ draws from a variety of models and methods talking a little bit from each as it seems useful
Eclecticism
in the 1950=s, American psychoanalysis was dominated by ______________ which focused on intra-psychic structures
Ego Psychology
1950's American psychoanalysis was dominated by _________ which focused on intra-psychic structures
Ego psychology
IPV and domestic violence decision making model
Elimination of violence, contingency for non-violence, understanding violence breaks down the family, ensure the family is willing to take responsibility for it's members
Differentiation
Emotional maturity and a healthy emergence of individuality
Experiential family therapy is founded on the premise that cause and effect of family problems is the result of
Emotional suppression
Five forms of child abuse are
Emotional, physical, neglect, sexual, sexual exploitation
Sructural family therapy technique designed to observe & then change transactions that make up family structure
Enactments
Structural therapists use ____________ to observe and modify problematic family patterns
Enactments
The technique of ______________ is the family showing in the session how the have tried to handle a problem in the past
Enactments
A structural assessment would in large part be based on
Enactments in which the therapist could observe patterns of enmeshment and disengagement
________________ refers to a powerfully personal experience thought to help establish caring relationship among family members
Encounter
The therapists in Existential Family Therapy cannot hid behind a professional role, and instead must participate fully in the ____________
Encounter with the family
Emotional expressiveness
Encouraging clients to express their feelings & verbalize tier emotional reactions
Attitudes
Enduring system within us that has cognitive & effective components as well as a predisposition to act & behavioral components
Loss of autonomy due to blurred and psychological boundaries
Enmeshed
Loss of autonomy due to a blurring of psychological boundaries
Enmeshed:
During assessment, when a structural therapist notes that boundaries are very weak and that there is excessive proximity among members, the therapist suggests:
Enmeshment
The word vulva refers to the
Entire external genitalia of the female
Male Reproductive System - Middle Diagram
Epidiymis Testic Scrotum
Balancing power
Equalizing access to power in a couple which is overly organized by a hierarchy.
DSM-5 Sexual Disorders include:
Erectile Disorder (DE) Female Orgasmic Disorder (FOD) Delayed Ejaculation (DE) Premature (early) Ejaculation (PE) Female Sexual Interest / Arousal Disorder (FSIAD) Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder (MHSDD) Genito Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder (GPPD) Substance Medication Induced Sexual Dysfunction (SMISD)
1998 Invention of Sildenafil (Viagra) led to a treatment for
Erectile Dysfunction
Corpora Cavernosa
Erectile tissue that lie next to each other within the clitoris shaft
Corpus Spongiosum
Erectile tissue within the clitoris glans - spongy
Narrative Solutions Approach was developed by
Eron and Lund in the 1990s
The penis combines
Erotic, reproductive & excretory functions Developmentally is equivalent to the clitoris. Functionally, it corresponds with the clitoris, urethra & vagina.
Self-regulating professions
Establish standards, policies & ethical codes
4 elements of mal-practice
Established relationship, below acceptable standards of care, conduct was the cause of injury, actual injury was sustained
Discretional actions
Ethical principles, both personal & professional
Ethnicity
Ethnic origin off a family which incorporates a value system, conscious and unconscious processes, and from which members often derive a sense of identity and belonging.
Social Evolutionary Theory
Evaluation of desirable partner in regards to: Reproductive potential Reproductive investment
Give an example of each of the following: an exception question, a miracle question, a scaling question, and a coping question:
Exception question: What's different about those times when the problem doesn't happen? Miracle question: Suppose a miracle happened, and the problem that brought you here is solved. What would be different about your life? Scaling question: On a scale of 1-10, with 1 being how depressed you felt when you called me and 10 being how you feel the day after the miracle, how do you feel right now? Coping question: What keeps you going under such difficult circumstances?
______________ and ___________________, ___________ and _______________ are all part of the Human Sexual Response Cycle, a four stage model of physiological responses to sexual stimulation. (Noted in order of their occurrence). It was first proposed by American researchers.
Excitement Plateau Organism Resolution
The experientialists in therapy emphasize the value of:
Experience for its own sake
A therapy that relies on the therapists own affect & intuition is:
Experiential
The theory that sees the therapists use of self as central to the assessment process is:
Experiential
Forms of power
Expert, legitimate, referent
Victim blaming
Explanations that attribute blame to marginalized group members for their status in life when the cause is due to external barriers such as bias & discrimination
What are 3 of the 4 steps to overcoming gridlock? (p. 255-9)
Explore the dreams Soothe Reach a temporary compromise Say 'thank you'
Whitaker frequently invited ________________ as consultants to sessions
Extended family members
Extended Family:
Extends beyond the nuclear family.
Narrative therapists ____ problems in order to free the family and individual family members from blame:
Externalize
White regards problems as something operating on a person,vs. something they're doing. He calls this
Externalizing
"Softened Start-up" doesn't help with perpetual problem discussions
False
A study done by the California Mediation Project discovered that the major cause of divorce (80% of the time) is severe and intense fighting.
False
Assessment is aimed at determining whether partners are compatible
False
Because the Dreams Within Conflict intervention involves intense emotions, the partners speak mainly to the therapist in order to better hear what is said.
False
Bids are competitive attempts at manipulation and control
False
Couples therapy is contra-indicated when there is ongoing alcohol or drug addiction.
False
Dan Wile's approach to conflict is to use soft, nerf-type bats so that couples can get their aggression out in a safe manner
False
During conflict discussions, the ration of positive to negative interactions in stable relationships is 7:1, not 0.8:1 as it is in couples headed for divorce.
False
Emotion focused therapy is fundamentally incompatible with the Gottman Method
False
Gender differences are one of the major causes of relationship dissolution
False
Gottman Method Therapy should be completed in 14 sessions or less
False
Gottman Method therapy is based on a strictly behavioral model
False
Helping couples with "Love Maps" involved couples drawing a map of their partner's most romantic places
False
Implantation of the process by which the fertilized off attaches to the endometrium (lining of the uterus). As the cells continue to multiply a hormone called human chorionic gonadotrophin (HGC) is produced by the cells that will eventually form the placenta. IT is very difficult for this hormone to be detected. It can only be found in the mother's blood about three months after conception.
False
In order to be effective, compromise involved each partner yielding on at least one of their core beliefs
False
Marital therapy is always contra-indicated whenever there has been any violence in the relationship
False
Masters of relationships tend to take a strong, direct, confrontational and fair-fighting approach to issues.
False
Situational violence is typically extreme and is used by the perpetrator to control and intimidate the victim
False
The "Anatomy of Bids and Turning" is an intervention designed to help each person see the pathology in their past history that needs to be worked out in individual therapy
False
The "Dreams Within Conflict" intervention is a method of nighttime dream interpretation that brings unconscious conflicts out in the open
False
The Stress Reducing conversation is designed to help partners better solve their problems
False
The antidote to Contempt is to use a softened start up
False
The best way to be supportive during a stress-reducing conversation is to problem solve for the partner
False
The goal in working with a gridlocked perpetual problem is to solve the issue.
False
The presence of the "Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse" is an indication that the relationship is beyond repair and that therapy will not be helpful
False
The therapist must ask all the interview questions on the list of Oral History Questions.
False
The vestublar bulbs are two other curved masses of erectile tissue that surround the vestibule and underlie the labia minora. These vestibular bulbs are internal portions of the clitoris. However, during normal sexual arousal there is NO erection of the vestibular bulbs which could help to lengthen and stiffen the vagina.
False
Therapy to help with the "Fondness and Admiration System" mostly involves sex therapy.
False
There are three types of functional relationships: Avoiders, Asserters and Active Listeners.
False
Video tapes of therapy sessions are sent home with clients for them to watch between sessions to gain more from their therapy experience.
False
When a man ejaculates, 40 to 150 million sperm may be contained in the fluid. The sperm start swimming upstream in the women's reproductive tract toward the Fallopian tubes. These sperm can live for up to 180 hours.
False
Programs that teach abstinence only and do not teach contraception have: Reduced HIV infection rates in California Are the standard federal sexual education policy in Canada
False / none of the above.
Binuclear Family
Families in which the parents are divorced, have remarried, and formed two intact nuclear families
In Family Therapy, Resistance should be viewed as:
Families should resist change until they are certain the proposed changes are safe and the therapist is trustworthy (without trust therapist are identified as the expert and families always seek the therapist for advice, direction, etc.)
Change occurs through
Family & restructuring
An experiential therapy technique - members draw their ideas about how the family is organized
Family Drawing
The process of expansion, contraction, and realignment of the family relationship system is called the:
Family Life Cycle
The _____________ ___________ was a concept devised by Ferreira in 1963
Family Myth
In Family Therapy, Family Narratives help:
Family Narratives: o Make sense & organize our experience o Behavioral events are perceived & organized in narrative form: this narrative shapes expectations that influence future behavior o Families interactions and narratives of event are related in circular fashion o Michael White: Narrative Therapy
Process by which parents transmit their lack of differentiation to their children o Emotional fusion → tension → conflict, emotional distance, or reciprocal over- and under-functioning o The child the mother lives through the most achieves the least differentiation of self and becomes the most vulnerable to problems
Family Protection Process
Experiential Therapy
Family Sculpting is a process associated with:
Structural Family Therapy / Minuchin
Family boundaries are an important component of?
Experiential Therapy
Family drawing is a process associated with
Tendency of families to resist change in order to maintain a steady state
Family homeostasis
A set of beliefs based on a distortion of historical reality & shared by all
Family myths
When parent transmit their unresolved emotional problems onto their children Bowen calls this:
Family projection process
A descriptive term for redundant behavioral patterns
Family rules
Nonverbal experiential technique - members position themselves in a sculpture that reveals significant aspects of their perceptions & feelings
Family sculpting
Nuclear families
Family unit composed of only the husband, wife & biological children
Which Family-Focused interventions was found to be most effective with eating disorders (p. 281)?
Family-based treatment, aka the Maudsley method.
Gregory Bateson
Father of Cybernetics is:
1. Two or more person in an important relationship 2. Repeated experience 3. Primary negative injunction - Don't do that or I will punish you 4. Secondary injunction enforced by punishment 5. Tertiary negative injunction prohibiting escape and demanding a response 6. Patient automatically sees the world in terms of double binds - features 1 thru 5 are no longer necessary
Features necessary for double bind to exists are
If an X is received from the sperm the resulting Zygote will develop as a
Female (XX).
The Vulva is the scientific term that refers to the
Female external genitalia.
___________ is the belief that women are entitled to the same social, economic and political rights as men and there should be an organized pursuit of such goals. __________________ was an early pioneer of ______________ an campaigned relentlessly for women's rights to learn about and use contraceptives. She helped develop new contraceptive technologies, helped open birth control clinics. Her movement was a pre-cursor to Planned Parenthood.
Feminism Margaret Sanger Feminism
The process of _______________ takes about 24 hours. The process completes the genetic makeup of the baby, including whether it will b a girl or boy.
Fertilization.
Strategies of narrative therapy fall into 3 stages: 1 problem narrative state 2 ________ and 3 the recruitment of support stage
Finding exceptions
1. Make contact with each member of the family & acknowledge his or her point of view about the problem & feelings concerning participating in therapy. 2. Establish leadership by controlling the instruct & pace of the interview 3. Develop a working alliance with the family by balancing warmth & professionalism 4. Compliment clients on positive actions & family strengths 5. Maintain empathy with individuals & respect for the family's way of doing things 6. Focus on specific problem & attempted solutions 7. Develop hypotheses about unhelpful interactions around the presenting problem. Be curious about why these have persisted 8. Don't overlook the possible involve of family members, friends, or helpers who aren't present 9. Negotiate a treatment contract that acknowledges the family's goals and specifies the therapists framework for structuring treatment 10. Invite questions
First session checklist should include
Legitimate power
Found in hierarchical structures
To borrow selectively from other theories, you need a solid ___________ in one paradigm
Foundation
Key points about Murray Bowen:
Founder of Family Therapy Psychiatrist Menninger Clinic, 1946-1954 NIMH, 1954 - 1959 Georgetown University Medical School, 1959-1990, studied schizophrenic patients and their families Concluded that the family was the unit of disorder & began treating the family members together • First to invent family therapy • Starting holding large group therapy sessions Left MIMH for Georgetown Medical School - Prof of Psychiatry 1964: Formulated the concept of Differentiation of Self / Undifferentiated Ego Mass / Triangulation Studied: • Schizophrenic patients & their families • Mother child symbiosis, which led to self-differentiation Hypothesized: Family was the unit of disorder & began treating the family members together Identity is transferred across generations & how individuals separate from their families Togetherness and closeness achieved through large group therapy sessions & open communication would be helpful for all involved Schizophrenia took 3 generations to develop The most important quality of a successful therapist was differentiation of the therapist The ability to remain neutral & attentive to the process, rather than the content of family discussion is what distinguishes a therapist from a participant in a family's drama Unfinished emotional business stays with us, making us vulnerable to repeat conflicts we never got around to working out with our families (Personal experience for Bowen as well which he solved via de-triangulating) Developed / Designed: Emotional Divorce: Cool distance between parents. Relationships vacillated between over-closeness & over-distance. Differentiation of Self: Autonomy from one's family, Differentiate between one's thoughts & feelings, Psychological separation of intellect & emotions & independence of self from others; opposite of fusion Undifferentiated Ego Mass: Emotional Stuck-togetherness or fusion Triangulation: Two people in conflict, try to divert conflict onto a third person De-triangulating: Emotional Reactivity: Feeling overwhelmed thinking & drowned out individuality in the chaos of the group. • To control emotion, Bowen encouraged client's to talk to him vs. each other during session Worked with families on modulating the intensity of their emotional reactivity Saw couples in groups. (Helped couples differentiate from their families of origin)
Key points about Salvador Munichin:
Founder of Structural Family Therapy Model Argentina Resistance Fighters again the Person Regime, Physician, Israeli Army Studied: • Multi-problem poor families @ Wiltwyck School for Delinquent Boys in NY • Attempt to understand & alter the structures that influence behavior & cause problems. Hypothesized: Structural = Hypothetical structures that both influence how the families operate and make them resistant to change Developed / Designed: Family Boundaries: Suppositional lines between family subsystems & also between the family & the wider community (Subsystem / Supersystem) • Diffuse: Little or no limit to information into or out of the system - leads to enmeshment • Rigid: Little or no information into or out of the system - leads to disengagement Two types of families: • Enmeshed Families: Chaotic & tightly connected with overly diffused boundaries. Parents are too involved with their children to take executive control of their family • Disengaged Families: Parents are uninvolved & distant to provide adequate encouragement, direction, & leadership Techniques: • Joining as a means of being sufficiently accepted by family members in order to change the dysfunction Influenced by: Trained by Nathan Ackerman in NY Influenced by Harry Stack Sullivan
The sexual response cycle is a
Four-stage model, designed by Masters & Johnson, of physiological responses to sexual stimulation & includes the following phases: Excitement Plateau Orgasmic Resolution
Bi-modal Feedback Mechanism
From Ashby, the rule-bound mechanism by which a system remains unchanged so long as the internal or external environment is stable, but when unchanged so long as the internal or external environment is stable, but when the fluctuation exceeds the range of stability the system must respond in some new way. The system either breaks down or it makes a leap into new levels of functioning. The change results in a new set of patterns which, like the old pattern, is also bound by rules, and it, too, remains unchanged, so long as the environment is stable.
Emotional Divorce
From Bowen's family therapy, the cool distance between the parents whose relationships vacillated between overcloseness and overdistance
Nuclear Family Emotional System
From Bowen, a fused family that is unstable and unable to cope with stress. Characterized by conflict and dysfunction which are transmitted across generations.
Fusion
From Bowen, fusion refers to the blurring of intellectual and emotional features or boundaries between family members. The opposite of differentiation, it results in a lack of a separate self and high levels of reactivity among family members.
Triangulation
From Bowenian family therapy, a dysfunctional process in which an unresolved conflict between two people (often parents) is extended to include a third person (often their child), whose loyalty is fought over.
Undifferentiated Family Ego Mass
From Bowenian family therapy, a phenomenon in which family members are emotionally fused, highly reactive, and structurally chaotic. Emotions overwhelm the intellect and interfere with individual functioning in family members. (see Differentiation of Self).
Highly Differentiated
From Bowenian theory, a person who is able to react to the world rationally and enter into relationships while balancing competing needs for belonging and individuality (see Poorly Differentiated).
Pseudo Self
From Bowenian theory, a person who is not differentiated may be fused with another person. As a result he/she does not reason from his/her own values, but instead borrows the values of the person with whom he/she is fused and commonly makes emotionally reactive choices (see Solid Self).
Solid Self
From Bowenian theory, a person who is well differentiated and is able to function based upon a personally defined set of values, beliefs, convictions, and life principles (see Pseudo Self).
Poorly Differentiated
From Bowenian theory, a person with a pseudo-self who is ruled by his/her emotions. He/She adopts the values and attitudes of significant others in order to be accepted and loved (see Highly Differentiated).
Person-to Person Interactions
From Bowenian therapy, interactions that characterize differentiated relationships in which individuals talk rationally to one another without blaming the other and handle conflict without attempting to triangulate a third person.
I-Position
From Bowenian therapy, statements that reflect the speaker's own thoughts and feelings, instead of attempting to blame others.
Rational Emotive Family Therapy
From Ellis, a cognitive-behavioral model with the goal of helping family members realize that illogical beliefs and distortions cause their emotional distress (linear causality). They are taught to recognize the problem-causing patter: A-B-C, in which events in the family (A) are influenced by irrational beliefs (B) and result in a problem (C). The goal is to identify and modify the irrational beliefs.
Dirty Middle (The)
From Framo's couples therapy, an impasse in treatment when couples have gained some insight about the nature of the problems and the irrationality of their demands on one another, but they still have differences as to what each want from one another and from the marriage.
Displacement Story
From Guerin a follower of Bowen, a technique to help family members gain emotional distance from their problems and to become more self-reflective and less blaming. Rather than have a couple discuss their specific problems, the therapist might discuss another couple with similar problems or use films to illustrate an issue.
Dysfunctional Hierarchy
From Haley's strategic model, the primary focus of treatment. Family decision-making structures that do not allow the family to accomplish goals and meet the needs of family members, for example, parents who have abdicated their executive function to their children.
Simple Bind
From Hoffman, a mechanism for change in which a message or request is given and the recipient's new behavior is rewarded. Distinguished from a double bind in which the nature of the message insures that no response will be rewarded. A double bind is a simple bind that is continually imposed and then continually lifted.
Sweat Boxes
From Hoffman, a mild or severe threat to the continuity of the relationship and the system, a possible precondition to morphogenesis.
Crisis of Accession - Crisis of Desmemberment
From Hoffman, discontinuous changes in families, like symptom development, often occur at times of stress. Changes in the family composition are particularly demanding. There are __ when someone joins the family (marriage, birth) and ___ when members leave (divorce, death).
Symmetrical
From Jackson and the MRI Group, the opposite of Complementarity, a relationship in which there is a relatively equal distribution of control and power, often resulting in rapid escalation of conflict.
Field Theory
From Lewin, the theory that the individual's field or "life-space" is psychologically and emotionally constructed of objects which are perceived to have either positive or negative valence. Positively valued objects are approached, while negatively valued ones are avoided. Closely related t Gestalt psychology in its interest in how attention to objects is determined.
Marital Schism
From Lidz, a dysfunctional marriage in which each partner is centered on him/herself, undermines the other, and makes frequent threats of divorce.
Marital Skew
From Lidz, a dysfunctional marriage in which one partner is dominant and the other submissive. The couple presents the situation as "normal," leading to a distortion of reality by family members in order to maintain the marriage.
Positioning
From MRI strategic therapy, a paradoxical intervention in which the therapist amplifies or exaggerates the family's explanation of the problem to such a point that the family will disagree.
Symptom Prescription
From MRI strategic therapy, a treatment technique in which the therapist asks the family to continue to perform or even expand a symptom. The intervention may be compliance based if the therapist wants the family to do as suggested or defiance based when he/she wants the family to defy the directive.
Restraining Techniques
From MRI strategic, a paradoxical therapeutic technique used when the family seems ambivalent about changing. The therapist warns the family of the dangers of change, restrains them from trying to change, or asks them to change slowly. Thus, the therapist aligns with the side of the ambivalence that resists change so that the family will align with the side that wishes to change.
Incongruous Hierarchy
From Madanes, a dysfunctional structure in which children use symptoms to try to change their parents.
Dramatizations
From Madanes, a therapeutic technique in which a parent is directed to request that the child intentionally perform the problem behavior. In this way the symptom will not draw as much parental attention, and if it no longer serves a purpose, it can be dropped.
Make Believe Play
From Madanes, a therapeutic technique in which parents are asked to make-believe they need the child's help and the child is to make-believe helping them. Since the parents explicitly ask for help and the child overtly helps them, there is no need for the covert symptomatic behavior. Additionally, when parents are put in this inferior position overtly, they may feel at odds with what is appropriate and reassert a superior position.
Dirty Games
From Milan systemic family therapy, the unacknowledged power struggle between parents and the symptomatic child.
Odd Day/Even Day Ritual
From Milan systemic, a technique to encourage irreverence or a more flexible view of the family. The family is given a directive that on odd days one set of opinions would be true, but on even days, false. On the seventh day, the family should act spontaneously.
Parentified Child
From Minuchin's structural model, a role set of behaviors, and placement in a family sequence which stems from the functional removal of a child from the sibling subsystem. A parentified child differs from a child with healthy responsibilities when that child's parental responsibilities are poorly defined and, therefore, unlimited and are beyond the child's developmental capabilities. Such children become symptomatic when they are given responsibilities they cannot handle or are not given the authority to perform a responsibility they are given. For example, a 17 year old girl functions as the family's head when her mother sits uninvolved in the corner of the room.
Multidirectional Partiality
From Nagy's contextual family therapy, the clinical stance of the therapist in which the therapist is accountable to, and supportive of, every relevant member, even when it necessitates accepting contradictory positions within a conflict. The therapist strives for neutrality, joins with each family member, and keeps communication open with all members.
Destructive Entitlement
From Nagy's contextual family therapy, the development of symptomatic behaviors in the pursuit of self-justifying and harmful means to satisfy the perception of what is due as a result of deficient caring and responsibility in parenting. For example, a child who was forced into the role of "adult" by his/her parents may feel entitled to engage in irresponsible, adolescent behaviors as an adult
Parentification
From Nagy's contextual model, parentification is the subjective distortion of a relationship that induces one's spouse or child to assume parental responsibilities for that person. These distortions can be achieved either by "wishful fantasy" or by the use of dramatic dependent behavior. Parentification is part of the loyalty system of the family. For example, a parent's fear of seeing blood lead the oldest child to clean other family member's wounds before the phobic parent might see them. According to Nagy, a modest amount of parentification is a necessary part of helping children eventually assume responsible adult roles. But when the parentificaion of a child is extreme and reinforced by excessive guilt or obligation, as if the parent wouldn't survive, a psychological bind is created, trapping the child. When an adult parentifies another adult, it is usually done through unconscious regressive fantasy.
Invisible Loyalties
From Nagy's contextual therapy, unconscious obligations that children take on in order to help their families, sacrificing their own interests and well being in the process.
Constitutionalist Self
From Narrative therapy, the view of self is plastic and continuously deconstructed and reconstructed through interactions. The sense of self derives from experiences that fit into the dominant narrative. The therapist and client co-construct a new self that is more congruent with the client's preferred outcome.
Cohesion
From Olson's Circumplex Model, a measure of the strength of the emotional bonds between and among family members.
Placater
From Satir's experiential family therapy, one of five communication styles. The placater attempts to pacify and smooth over conflict by being "nice," defending and covering up for others.
Leveler
From Satir's experiential family therapy, one of five communications styles. The leveler reacts appropriately to the situation in a flowing and authentic manner.
Computer
From Satir's experiential family therapy, one of the five communication styles. The computer is rational, but often attempts to sway others by referring to outside "authorities".
Role Function Discrepancies
From Satir, role-inappropriate relationships between the husband and wife who are not only marriage partners, but also form parent/child or sibling/sibling relationships as well (see Model Integration Analysis).
Model Integration Analysis
From Satir, the child's method for making sense of his/her parents' differences and selecting those aspects of parental male/female role models that become a blueprint for his/her behavior and expectations in other relationships. As marital partners, individuals project onto their spouses an image off how they expect them to be, rather than how they are. Inevitable, each is disappointed. In treatment, Satir refers to the assessment of these images as Model Integration Analysis (see Role Functioon Discrepancies).
Utopian Syndrome
From Watzlawick's book Change, the myth sometimes brought with clients to therapy that suggests that a single intervention might somehow solves all the client systems problems, that notion that one can mishandle problems by embracing a single, all encompassing solution. This can lead to clients therapist or solution shopping to fulfill the fantasy.
Craziness
From Whitaker's symbolic-experiential family therapy, a concept in which healthy functioning for both therapists and families includes a high proportion of non-rational, creative, right-brain activity. Therapists need to be able to be irreverent, to use fantasy freely, to function at a regressed level when it serves the therapy, and to be mature enough to be immature.
Systematic Desensitization
From Wolpe, a behavioral therapy technique for reducing the capacity of conditioned stimuli or activities to evoke anxiety. The therapist first instructs the client to arrange various anxiety-provoking stimuli or activities on a hierarchy rated according to a Subjective Units or Discomfort Scale (SUDS) (e.g., planning a trip that requires crossing a bridge; driving toward the bridge; driving on the bridge; walking onto the bridge). The therapist teaches the client to induce a state of relaxation, then pairs the relaxation response with the anxiety-provoking stimuli, working progressively up the hierarchy.
Pseudomutuality
From Wynne, a collusive family maneuver for the purpose of maintaining homeostasis, in which family members present a falsely harmonious picture, masking dysfunction.
Parallel (or Good Faith) Contract
From behavioral marital therapy, a contract in which the behavior of each partner is not contingent on the other (The husband agrees to take out the garbage even if his wife does not make the bed.) (see Quid Pro Quo Contract).
Love Days
From behavioral marital therapy, on specific days one partner non-contingently increases those behaviors the other partner finds pleasurable (see Caring Days)
Premack Principle
From behavioral therapy, a technique in which a high probability behavior i.e., one that the subject would voluntarily tend to engage in frequently, is used to reinforce a low probability target behavior in order to increase the frequency of the target behavior.
Not knowing
From collaborative language systems, a stance in which therapists do not use diagnoses, give directives, or make hypotheses. They may offer tentative opinions or ideas, but assert that to take a more "expert" or directive stance would limit the solutions the family and therapist might discover through their conversations. The therapist and client engage in conversation and inquiry as partners. The therapist is not separate from the problem system.
Streptic Communication
From communication theory, communicating through sounds such as whistles, claps.
Paralinguistic Communication
From communication theory, communicating through tone, pace, and inflexion.
Kinesthetic communication
From communication theory, communication through body motion.
Haptic (or symbolic) Communication
From communication theory, communication through touch
Proxemics
From communication theory, interpersonal spatial relations, including body language, stance, and preferred physical distance.
Ledger
From contextual theory, an internal system in which the relative balance of debts and entitlements is kept. Ideally, there should be a balance between the repayment of the person's debt to the family of origin and self-fulfillment.
Split Filial Loaytly
From contextual theory, if parents require the child to choose between them, the child must be loyal to one at the expense of his/her loyalty to the other. The child becomes symptomatic as he/she attempts to bring the parents together.
Rejunctive Moves
From contextual theory, mmves toward trustworthy relatedness (see Disjunctive Moves).
Disjunctive Moves
From contextual theory, move away from trustworthy relatedness.
Facts
From contextual theory, the attributes that people are born with (gender, ethnicity, birth defects) and their life experiences (parental divorce, abuse).
Relational Ethics
From contextual theory, the fundamental dynamic force that holds families and communities together through reliability and trustworthiness.
Revolving Slate (of Injustice)
From contextual theory, the generational perpetuation of destgructive entitlement where one generation damages the next innocent generation. The process is reinforced by earned destructive entitlement and is the chief factor in family and marital dysfunction.
Filial Loyalty
From contextual theory, the loyalty inherent in children toward parents. The care and concern given to children, in turn, results in Filial Responsibility toward parents (see Split Filial Loyalty).
Equitable Asymmetry
From contextual theory, the unequal, but healthy, degree of care and consideration given by parents toward children.
Entitlements
From contextual theory, what each person is inherently and fairly due and what each accrues based on his/her behavior toward others and other's behavior toward him/her.
Psychology
From contextual theory, what happens within a person such as thoughts, fantasies, emotions, and the meanings that he/she ascribes to the Facts of his/her life.
Merit
From contextual theory, what is earned through the accumulation of care and concern toward others.
Exoneration
From contextual therapy, the goal of treatment in which the therapist attempts to help the client see the positive intent and intergenerational loyalty issues behind even the destructive behaviors of previous generations. Also thought of as forgiveness based upon understanding the past. If the behavior can be seen in a human context, the hold of the past is loosened.
Redundancy (Behavioral Redundancy)
From cybernetics, rule-determined repetitive patterns of interaction.
Unfinished Business
From experiential therapy, originally a concept of Gestalt therapist Fritz Perls, referring to unresolved feelings or disowned parts of the self.
Open System
From general systems theory, a living system (including families) with functionally porous or flexible boundaries, permitting the free exchange of information and resources with other systems.
Emergents
From general systems theory, distinct entities of the whole family or group, not present in the parts.
Entropy
From general systems theory, the measure of disorder in a system that occurs without imposed controls and inputs. A family functioning randomly might be considered highly entropic.
Negentropy
From general systems theory, the measure of organization in a system. A well-organized system would have high levels of negentropy. (see Entropy).
Neutrality (Curiosity, Irreverence)
From later Milan systemic, a technique and stance with the family in which the therapist withholds judgment, either positive or negative, in an effort to avoid becoming part of the family's struggles. The therapist is indifferent to treatment outcome, recognizing that his/her role is simply to perturb (or have an impact on) the system.
Therapeutic Letters
From narrative therapy, a procedure created by Epston, used to extend the therapy in which the therapist summarizes in writing the client's competencies with respect to overcoming the problem and acknowledges the sparkling events.
Therapeutic Certificates
From narrative therapy, certificates given to the client or family announcing the client's victory over the problem, which he/she shows to others and reviews, if he/she again feels the effects of the problem.
Problem Saturated Stories
From narrative therapy, constructing a story about oneself by emphasizing problematic experiences and ignoring competencies. Individuals and families then function under the influence of such problem filled stories.
Leagues (Communities of Concern)
From narrative therapy, groups of clients who are working on similar problems meet in order to continue to construct and maintain new narratives and to support each other's preferred outcomes.
Unique Outcomes
From narrative therapy, instances in which the client did not experience the problem for which he/she seeks therapy. These exceptions to the problem (Sparkling Events) are highlighted in the therapy to counteract a problem-saturated outlook.
Landscape of Action Questions
From narrative therapy, questions the therapist asks to gather information about the times in clients' lives that they were able to resist the effects of the problem.
Landscape of Meaning Questions
From narrative therapy, questions to help clients consider a new, more heroic self view.
Dominant Cultural Discourses
From narrative therapy, sociocultural norms that can become internalized and have a controlling effect on one's story of oneself. In treatment these norms are personfiied (e.g., "Expectations of Men, Women, or African-Americans") and their impact is discussed.
Subjugated Stories
From narrative therapy, stories about the client that are obscured by the dominant story. Some subjugated stories are helpful and others are not. Narrative therapists help clients construct a new, more helpful story, which includes unstoried competencies.
Mapping the Relative Influence
From narrative therapy, the therapeutic technique of asking about the effect of the problem on relationships and the effect of the relationships on the problem. As family members identify their influence on the problem a second, alternative description of the problem is generated. This alternative description, in turn, is a source for new responses.
Unstoried Competencies
From narrative therapy, those competencies that the client possesses which are not part of his/her dominant story and therefore are not expressed until the dominant story is reconstructed (see Subjugated Stories).
Sparkling Events
From narrative therapy, those events that exemplify the client's preferred outcome rather than his/her problem saturated stories.
Therapeutic Neutrality
From object relations family therapy, an atmosphere of nonjudgmental exploration. The therapist is not tied to a specific outcome other than insight and working through.
Ideal Object
From object relations theory, a neutral object freed from exciting and rejecting aspects. Maintained by the Central Ego.
Libidinal System
From object relations theory, a repressed system within the ego characterized by need, excitement, and longing.
Libidinal Ego
From object relations theory, an exciting (or overstimulating) object gives rise to the libidinal ego.
Rejecting Ego
From object relations theory, one of three parts of the ego, the rejecting ego is unconscious, inflexible, and frustrated by its rejecting object (see Central Ego & Exciting Ego).
Exciting Ego
From object relations theory, one of three parts of the ego. It is unconscious, inflexible, and in a state of longing for a tempting but unsatisfying object (see Central Ego & Rejecting Ego).
Exciting Object
From object relations theory, the exciting (or overstimulating) object gives rise to the libidinal ego.
Rejecting Object
From object relations theory, the rejecting object gives rise to the antilibidinal ego.
Punishment
From operant conditioning paradigm, a process for decreasing an undesirable behavior by applying an aversive stimulus immediately following the target behavior. For example, a teacher reprimands (aversive stimulus) a child when the child throws his sandwich on the floor (target behavior). In response, the child no longer throws food on the floor. Note: the same "apparently" aversive stimulus may be perceived by the organism - in this case the child - as either punishing or reinforcing. If the teacher's reprimand satisfies the child's need for attention and as a result the frequency of the target behavior increases, the interaction can no longer be defined as punishment, but as a negative reinforcement. (see Negative Reinforcement).
Extinction
From operant conditioning paradigm, when a previously learned and reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced it eventually disappears.
Positive Reinforcement
From operant conditioning, a process for increasing the probability that a desired (target) behavior will be repeated by adding a reinforcing stimulus after the target behavior is exhibited. For example, when a slot machine pays off (reinforcing stimulus), the likelihood of a gambler putting in another quarter (target behavior) increases (see Negative Reinforcement).
Social Reinforcer
From operant conditioning, social interactions (rather than material reinforcers)such as praise, approval, nagging, or yelling that increase the frequency of a behavior.
Modernism
From philosphy, a position in which "truth" consists of a tangible, knowable set of observable or deducible facts. In this philosophy it is assumed that there are universal principles that would guide researchers and therapists toward theoretic tenets, diagnoses, and treatment (see Postmodernism).
Projection
From psychoanalytic and object relations theory, an unconscious defense in which unwanted feelings or beliefs about oneself are split off and then attributed to others.
Working Through
From psychodynamic therapy, insight leads clients to engage in new and more productive ways of behaving and interacting.
Reflexive Questions
From second-order cybernetics, Tomm designed questions that inspire families not only to reflect on the meaning of their current perspectives, but also to consider new options.
Directed masturbation training
From sex therapist, LoPiccolo, a method of treating primary inorgasmic or preorgasmic dysfunction. The woman is taught to become familiar, more comfortable with, and more accepting of her body and her sexuality. She is encouraged to explore her genitals for tactile quality then for pleasure; to use erotic materials and fantasy; to use orgasm "triggers;" and if necessary to use a vibrator. The woman then teaches her partner (partner training) about the kinds of stimulation that she finds pleasurable. Throughout the program, the woman is instructed to do Kegel exercises, which are thought to increase orgasmic potential. The couples is also instructed to engage in a variety of mutually pleasurable, non-demanding and initially non-genital, sexual experiences.
Multi-Partiality (Plurality)
From social constructivist, Hoffman, the therapist's stance in which he/she strives to positively regard each person's point of view, even ones that are repugnant to the therapist or to society, in order to find the meaning behind behaviors, actions, and events.
Modeling
From social learning theory, learning new behavior or extinguishing old behavior by observing the reinforcement contingencies of the behavior in another person.
Customer
From solution-focused therapy one of three ways to characterize the level of participation and commitment to change. This client brings a problem and a willingness to work toward its resolution
Visitor
From solution-focused therapy, one of three ways to characterize the client's level of participation and commitment to change. A visitor does not bring a specific problem to therapy and does not have a commitment to participating productively in treatment (see Complainant & Customer).
Complainant
From solution-focused therapy, one of three ways to characterize the level of participation and commitment to change. This client brings a specific problem, but is currently unwilling to focus on a solution.
Fixed Linguistic Statement
From solution-focused therapy, the idea that when families begin treatment they often characterize the problem as though it were an immutable fact, generating a sense of hopelessness. To reverse this tendency, the therapist begins by eliciting information about what happens when the problem does not occur.
Ordeal
From strategic family therapy, a directive that is aimed at making the symptom harder to keep than give up. The ordeal requires the family member or members to do something they do not want to do, but is something that would benefit them in some way.
Therapeutic Paradox
From strategic family therapy, an intervention which entails maneuvers that appear to contradict the goals of therapy, yet are actually designed to achieve them (see Prescribing the Symptom & Pretending).
Family Rules
From strategic family therapy, rules that govern family members' behavior or promote specific reactions (see First- & Second-Order change).
Reframing (Relabeling)
From strategic family therapy, techniques in which the therapist's language and how he/she labels events gives new, often positive, meaning to a situation. This alteration of meaning invites the possibility of change, for example, reframing a parent's fusion with a child as "caring too much" rather than dependency or separation anxiety. Relabeling often refers to the alteration of the meaning of a single event, while reframing usually refers to a larger context.
Tracking
From structural family therapy, an engagement technique in which the therapist participates in the existing family dynamic, while privately noting the dysfunctional or unbalanced processes being enacted. The therapist must assume the "median" position - paying attention to him/herself while engaging with the family.
Disengagement
From structural family therapy, emotionally distant and uninvolved family members with overly rigid boundaries in which members are isolated and disconnected from one another.
Distancing
From structural family therapy, the process of creating emotional space, often in response to enmeshment due to diffuse boundaries. For example, adolescents may distance themselves as a way of solidifying an identity.
Detouring
From structural family therapy, when two family members attempt to preserve their relationship by defining their conflict as a disagreement about a third person, keeping the focus on that person rather than themselves and their problem.
Shaping Competence
From structural therapy, a method of increasing family members' confidence in being able to solve their problems by pointing out what they have done right, rather than focusing on mistakes.
Cross Generational Coalition
From structural therapy, a stable coalition between a parent and child against the other parent.
Teaming Roles
From symbolic-experiential family therapy, the notion that there are no well members in a dysfunctional family. Members who present as healthy may be paired with more obviously symptomatic members. For example, the apparently well person may be a white knight to the family, sacrificing his/her sense of self.
Inconsistency
From symbolic-experiential therapy, an attitude by therapists in which they do not delude themselves into believing that they are consistent with families. They accept inconsistency, and realize that it helps undermine the family's attempt to maintain a rigid pattern of living.
Second-Order Change
From the MRI school, a change in the rules that govern the emotions and behavioral patterns of the system, resulting in fundamental system reorganization and permanent changes in interactions (see First-Order Change).
First-Order Change
From the MRI school, adaptations and changes in families which may change behavior, but do not affect the system's organization. For example, an adolescent begins maintaining his/her curfew as a result of being grounded for breaking curfew (see Second-Order Change).
Positive Connotation
From the Milan systemic group, a complex paradoxical reframing technique which includes all family members and the system itself. Each family member's contribution to the problem is reframed as an effort to solve problems and help meet the family's needs (see Logical Connotation).
Discriminative Stimulus
From the operant conditioning paradigm, a cue that signals the availability of a reinforcer.
Negative Reinforcement
From the operant conditioning paradigm, a procedure for strengthening a behavior, i.e., increasing the probability that the behavior will be repeated or increasing its frequency. A stimulus, often aversive, is removed once a target behavior is exhibited. For example, a mother has been nagging a child to clean up her room. If the nagging stops (stimulus behavior is removed) when the child picks up her room (target behavior), it is likely that the child will pick up her room again (frequency increases) (see Positive Reinforcement; contrast Punishment).
Primary Reinforcer
From the operant conditioning paradigm, biologically determined reinforcers such as food and sex (see Secondary Reinforcer).
Secondary Reinforcer
From the operant conditioning paradigm, items that have acquired reinforcing properties such as praise, approval, tokens, or money to be exchanged for actual goods.
Schedules of Reinforcement
From the operant conditioning paradigm, target behaviors may be reinforced after each occurrence, after a fixed or variable number of occurrences, or after a fixed or variable length off time. Behaviors that are reinforced intermittently and unpredictably are the most resistant to extinction.
Historical stereotypes
Fueled by historical relationships between cultural groups
The focus of SFT is in the:
Future, where the problems can be solve
The _____________ are usually ____________, meaning they contain half the number of chromosomes contained in the regular diploid cells of the same species.
Gametes Haploid
Marriage is a fundamental right for
Gay & heterosexual couples
According to _____________ , all systems need the mechanisms of negative and positive feedback to maintain integrity in the face of environment challenges:
General Systems Theory
Ludwig von Bertalanffy in 1940's
General Systems Theory was developed by
Reasons a person might abuse
General, chronic childhood abuse, socioeconomic
Key points about Nathan Ackerman:
Generally thought of as the Father of Family Therapy (Green Book) Educator First to envision the whole family treatment. A clinical Wizard. Made frequent home visits. Never lost sight of self as part of the system Timeline: Menninger Clinic, 1937, Chief Psychiatrist of the Child Guidance Clinic Changed his treatment model from Psy seeing the child and Social Worker seeing the mother, to the Psy seeing both - Thereby seeing the family as the treatment unit • "Treating family members without considering the configuration of the family was often futile." Led his first session on family diagnosis @ the American Orthopsychiatric Assocaition. Joined Family Mental health clinic of Jewish Family Services in NYC & began teaching @ Columbia University Founded the Family Institute (renamed the Ackerman institute following his death in 1971) 1962: Co-Founded with Don Jackson, field's first journal: Family Process Studied: Intrapsychic conflict Hypothesized: What goes on in the mind and between people is important Families learn to confront issues as well as hide issues - especially those involved sex and aggression There is valuing in stirring things up and bringing family secrets out into the open Viewed conflict in families in a circular feedback system-intrapsychic conflict promote interpersonal conflict and vis a versa Encouraged therapists to become emotionally engaged & to use confrontation to transform dormant conflicts "tickling the defenses Worked with: • Don Jackson Wrote: • 1938: The Unity of the Family • 1950: Family diagnosis: An Approach to the Preschool Child • 1958: The psychodynamics of Family Life
Emotional cutoff describes the way people manage undifferentiation and the associated anxiety between:
Generations
Erikson's Stage 7:
Generativity vs. Stagnation Age: Middle Adulthood Virtue: Caring Central Process: Person & environment interaction, and creativity Pathology: Neuroticism / Narcissistic / Depression Generativity: Encompasses pro-creativity, productivity & creativity. The generation of new beings, products and ideas Stagnation: The lack of psychological movement or growth
Family diagram. Initially designed to track multigenerational cut off, also highlights relationships and patterns Used by Trans-generational Therapists
Genogram
The therapist is Existential family therapy is required to be a
Genuine persona who catalyzes change through his personal impact
The issue of whether solution-focused therapy is _________ or covertly directive has been raised frequently s a concern
Genuinely collaborative
The Italian _________________ was relentless in his enjoyment of real life sexual pleasures that he documented them in his 12 volume autobiography. ________________ was very public in recommending the use of condoms to prevent pregnancy and STDs.
Giocomo Casanova (1725 - 1798) Casanova
The Labia Minora consists of
Glands Nerve Endings Blood vessels
The Clitoris consists of
Glands Shaft Two Corpora Cavernosa
The penis consists of
Glans Corona Frenulum Shaft Corpus Spongiosum Scrotum
The Vulva includes - Left top to bottom - Slide 35
Glans of Clitoris Ischiocavernosus Muscle Pubecoccygeus Muslce Bulbospongious Muscle Labia Minora Introitus Superficial & Deep Transverse Perineal Muscles Anus External Anal Sphincter Muscle
The suggestion to ________ ________ is designed to help clients overcome fear and resistance to change
Go slowly
1. Help clients learn about themselves and their relationships so that they can assume responsibility for their own problems 2. Help clients get past blaming in order to explore their own roles in family problems 3. Help clients manage their own anxiety 4. Help clients fortify the couple's emotional functioning by increasing their ability to operate with less anxiety in their families of origin
Goal of Bowen Therapy
Change the relations within the system
Goal of unbalancing is to
Help clients learn about themselves and their relationships so that they can assume responsibility for their own problems Help clients get past blaming in order to explore their own roles in family problems Help clients manage their own anxiety Help clients fortify the couple's emotional functioning by increasing their ability to operate with less anxiety in their families of origin
Goals of Bowen Theory
Altering the family structure Joining the family Creation of an effective hierarchy Differentiate individuals and subsystems through strengthened boundaries with enmeshed families Increase interaction through more permeable boundaries with disengaged families
Goals of Structural Therapy
A __________ is an organ that produces gametes (a testes in male an ovary in females).
Gonad
___________________ ______________, mothering is a concept that a mother must be secure enough that she can succeed in caring for her infant even if she is not perfect.
Good enough
________ __________ ________ is a concept that a mother must be secure enough that she can succeed in caring for her infant even if she is not perfect.
Good enough mothering
Report, which conveys content of the message Command, how the message is interpreted Homeostasis Double bind
Gregory Bateson developed / defined
Family stability is achieved by feedback that regulates the behavior of the family and its members. Communication is central to the organization of families. Families are pathological because of pathological communication Even unhealthy behavior may be adaptive in the family context. Symptoms function to keep the family in equilibrium / homeostasis, (whenever a system is threatened it works to maintain homeostasis)
Gregory Bateson hypothesized
Communication at all levels Synthesizing cybernetic ideas with anthropological data
Gregory Bateson studied
Milton Erickson, Hypnotherapist
Gregory Bateson was influenced by
Margaret Mead (Wife) in Bali & New Guinea Jay Haley John Weakland Don Jackson: Founder of Mental Research Institute, 1959
Gregory Bateson worked with
Father of Cybernetics - The study of control processes in systems, especially the analysis of positive & negative feedback loops
Gregory Bateson's claim to fame
Third-Order Change
Gregory Bateson's term for a dramatic transformation in thinking (see First-Order Change and Second-Order Change).
Interaction among members that emerge as a result of properties of the group rather than merely their individual personalities
Group Dynamics
Erikson's Stage 5:
Group Identity vs. Alienation Age: 13 - 21 Adolescence Virtue: Fidelity to others Central Process Peer Pressure : Pathology: Dissociation Group Identity: Form schemes-integrated set of ideas about norms, expectations and status hierarchy of salient groups in their social world Alienation: Sens of social estrangement, an absence of social support or meaningful social connection
Socially marginalized groups
Groups exclude from the monument social order & are often linked to culture & social status
Cultural paranoia
Guardedness, suspiciousness & mistrust of marginalized group members toward majority group members
Rules around the family hierarchy of power were particularly important to which systemic therapist or group?
Haley
Strategic Humanism
Haley and Madanes's more recent model is oriented toward increasing family members' ability to soothe and love rather than to gain control over one another.
Some similarities between MRI Brief, Milan/Systemic & Haley/Madanes Structural are:
Haley/Madanes & Milan saw power in the motives of the family members Haley/Madanes & MRI approach is behavioral Haley/Madanes & MRI downplay the importance of insight Milan was heavily influenced by MRI & Haley/Madanes MRI & Haley/Madanes - Therapy is done "to", not "with" the client
U-shaped curve
Happiest: Old age Hardest: Middle age (Children, finances, work, etc)
Today many family therapists say that symptoms
Have neither meaning or function
Identity foreclosed
Have not experienced a crisis or process of exploration, but demonstrate strong occupational and ideological commitments They share the same beliefs as their parents (Score high on authoritarianism - relying on the values and expectations of authority figures as to what is right and how to behave) Deceptive identity
Transgender
Having a gender identity that is discordant with one's anatomical sex.(-3% of American Adults)
The "Human Sexual Inadequacy" documented by Masters & Johnson highlighted their techniques
Help people address & deal with sexual problems
Restructuring to enforce generational boundaries, so parents maintain control & authority
Hierarchical Restructuring
HC
High Context Cultures rely more on the context to interpret the meaning of messages
A balanced steady state of equilibrium
Homeostasis
Family ______________ is a mechanism that brings families back to a previous equilibrium in the face of any disruption
Homeostasis
Universal level of Tripartite
Homo Sapiens Ability to use symbols Biological & physical similarities Common life experiences Self-awareness
Biological influences
Hormonal Vascular, tissues, Illness Medications & Treatment All aspects of the Human Body
The "Human Sexual Response" is a book by Masters & Johnson highlighting
How men & women bodies perform during sexual behavior noting the stages of the sexual response cycle
The narrative approach doesn't focus on the sequence problem evolution. Instead, it concentrates on:
How the client's story their exchanges
The narrative approach doesn't focus on the sequence problem evolution. Instead it concentrates on;
How the clients story their exchanges
HCG
Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin Produced by the cells that will eventually form the placenta. It can be found in the mother's blood within about a week of conception and is detected in pregnancy tests done on blood or urine.
The principal risk factor for cervical cancer is infection with
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
____________________ is diverse and encompasses a complex and multifaceted set of: Biological Psychological Sociocultural variables. It is a complex term that includes the elements of: Thoughts Sexual Self-concept Values Anatomy Physiology Reproduction Affective responses Intentional directedness Behaviors
Human Sexuality
An experience therapist develops _________ about family structure even before the first interview
Hunches
Key points about Milton Erickson:
Hypnotist Family therapist Believed people could make rapid and dramatic changes if they could be induced to try something new Turn resistance to change into a therapeutic advantage - PAPDOXICAL TECHNIQUES His therapy was done "to" not "with" clients
HSDD:
Hypoactive Sexual Desire Diorder
According to White, the "constitutionalist self" is a fluid and plastic version of the self, affected by ones:
INTERACTIONS WITH OTHERS
A primary goal of communications family therapy is to:
INTERRUPT DYSFUNCTIONAL FEEDBACK LOOPS
Parents provide essential developmental needs for mirroring and are models for ___________, according to self-psychology
Idealization
Parents provide essential developmental needs for mirroring and are models for ___________________, according to self-psychology
Idealization
A symptom carrier for family dysfunction or pathology is often referred to as the:
Identified Patient
The symptom-bearer or official patient as identified by the family
Identified patients
Group level of identify
Identify associated with group membership - race, gender, sexual, religious, etc.
Racial / ethnic identity
Identify formed as a member of a racial or ethnic group
In the MRI version of brief therapy, it is essential to:
Identify the disabling sequence of which the symptom is a vital part
Identify achieved
Identity status in which, after a crisis, a sense of commitment to family, work, political and religious values is established
Suicidal Ideation
Images, thoughts, and feelings about committing suicide, often including ways to accomplish it and how it might affect others.
The 9th Stage:
Immortality vs. Extinction Age: Virtue: Confidence Central Process: Social Support Pathology: Diffidence: Inability to act because of overwhelming self-doubt. (Especially if one is alone) Immortality: Finite amount of future time until death. An unlimited transcendental future that begins with one's death and extends onward into infinity 1. Love on through one's children and grandchildren 2. Belief in afterlife 3. Thought creative achievements and impact on others 4. Participation in the chain of nature 5. Experiential transcendece Extinction: Fear that one's life and its end amount to nothing
The original goal of community family therapy was to help
Impoverished families find resources to survive a flourish
GAP Report
In 1970 the Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry (GAP) published a report with a primary finding that demonstrated that the majority of therapists who worked with families identified improved communication as their primary treatment goal.
Family Emotional System
In Bowenian Family Therapy, the recurrent pattern of emotional reactivity linking family members.
Differentiation of Self
In Bowenian Family therapy, the separation of intellectual and emotional functioning, which results in being less reactive to family system dynamics and other members' emotional states
Family Projection Process
In Bowenian family therapy, the lack of differentiation in parents often results in one of the parents becoming dysfunctional, immature, and fused with one of the children. Conflict in the parental sub-unit is avoided, by the child's emotional growth is sacrificed. In this manner symptoms and a lack of differentiation is transmitted from parents to children.
Multigenerational Transmission Process
In Bowenian family therapy, the process by which roles, patterns, emotional reactivity, and family structure are passed from one generation to another. Poorly differentiated individuals tend to marry one another and over several generations produce offspring who are increasingly less differentiated and as a result suffer from severe mental disorders including schizophrenia.
Wholeness:
In any relationship, the people involved are responsive to one another. - Wholes must be understood as being different from the sum of their parts. - A change in one part will have an impact on the whole.
Problem-Determined System
In collaborative language family therapy, any system in which a problem is so prominent in the family's conversation that few decisions can be made without taking it into account. People who are interested in talking about the problem constitute the problem-determined system.
Intergenerational Loyalties
In contextual family therapy, the set of emotional obligations to one's family of origin as well as to one's spouse and children.
Self-disclosure
In counseling, the value & desire for clients to talk about the most intimate aspects of their life & to share it with the counselor
Intervention
In general a maneuver on the part of the therapist to test a hypothesis and/or promote change.
Hypothesis
In research, a proposed causal explanation that can be tested and supported or disproved.
Enmeshment
In structural family therapy, a loss of autonomy due to diffuse boundaries, resulting in family members being overly involved in one another's emotional lives.
Subsystem
In structural family therapy, an organized component of a system which has a specific role in the functioning of the larger system and is somewhat autonomous from it, for example, a parental subsystem or sibling subsystem
Diffuse Boundaries
In structural family therapy, boundaries that are not clearly defined or maintained, resulting in blurred generational roles and responsibilities. Diffuse boundaries often lead to enmeshed relationships.
How does the therapist's role differ in narrative versus structural therapy?
In structural therapy, the therapist takes a leadership role. In narrative therapy, the therapist tries to first understand the client's perspective on their life, and the problems they confront.
Contingency Contract
In the behavioral family therapy model, an agreement between two or more family members aimed at increasing mutually rewarding behaviors. The contract, which is usually written, specifies the desired behaviors each will do and under what circumstances.
The infant's emergent sense of self begins:
In the first 2 months of life
One commonly accepted rule used in strategic family therapies was that of asking people to speak ___________
In the first person singular when saying what they think or feel
Emotional Cut-off
In the transgenerational models, emotional and/or physical distancing from family relationships or a denial of their importance in order to avoid the pain of unresolved emotional conflicts, anxiety, and lack of differentiation. Often falsely perceived as the solution to a problem.
Behavioral resistance
Inaction in the presence of discrimination
According to object relations theory, both _________ & _____ will likely result in poor adult adjustment:
Inadequate separation-individual; introjection of pathological objects
Agreeableness
Increases with age
Experiential therapists believe that __________ the experience levels of individual family members will lead to more honest and intimate family interactions
Increasing
Tripartite Framework
Individual Group Universal
ETs' basic commitment was to:
Individual self-expression
Psychotherapy world-view
Individual, holism, linear, one person affects the change in another person, client is the individual
In practice, psycho-analytic family therapists focus less on the group and their interactions and more on:
Individuals and their feelings
Nonracist
Individuals who acknowledge their biases, past oppressive attitudes & actions
Erikson's Stage 4:
Industry vs Inferiority Age: 6-12 School age Virtue: Competence Central Process: Education Pathology: Inertia (tendency to do nothing or remain unchanged) Industry: Eagerness to acquire skills to perform meaningful work Inferiority: Feelings of worthlessness & inadequacy generated by: self and one's social environment
The most invasive of the different types of female circumcision is _________________. During this process the clitoris __________ removed.
Infibulation Is
Feedback
Information which is returned to the system and which exerts a controlling influence on it.
Important issues in supervision
Informed consent, confidentiality, relationship, cultural sensitivity, respect, honesty, documentation, goal setting, monitoring, terminating, launching
1. Goal: Get an overview of the initial presenting problem - Arrange time for entire family to come 2. Listen 3. Schedule 4. Reminder call
Initial phone consultation should include
Erikson's Stage 3:
Initiative vs Guilt Age: 3-6 Pre-school Virtue: Purpose Central Process: Identification Pathology: Inhibition Initiative: Expression of agency and innovation. Imposing self & thoughts onto the world Guilt: An emotion that comes from feeling as though one has been responsible for unacceptable thought, fantasy or action. Occurs when one fails to act in accord with one's standards & beleifs
Labia Minora
Inner lips Two folds of hairless skin between the Majora
Whitaker's intuitive approach was aimed at waking family members up to their own:
Inner longings
Howard Liddle developed an integrative approach while working with
Inner-city adolescent drug abusers, illegal aliens and homeless populations
Pathology, according in Minuchin, may be
Inside the person, the social context, or the feedback between them
________________________________________ treatment is necessary for both the assessment & the treatment of sexual challenges
Integrated multidisciplinary treatment
Integrative Problem-Centered Therapy is a sequencing model for ____________ ___________
Integrating therapies
Multiculturalism
Integration, acceptance & embracing of cultural differences that include race, gender, sexual orientation & other socio-demographic identities
Three different kinds of integration which are seen in current family therapies are described as eclecticism, selective borrowing and
Integrative
A model designed to select key ideas that run through the different schools of family therapy and connect them with a setoff overarching principles is called
Integrative Problem Centered Therapy
_________ ____________ ____________ therapy links several different approaches in sequence and provides a decision tree for shifting from one to another when therapists get stuck
Integrative problem-centered
Erikson's stage 8:
Integrity vs. despair Age: Later adulthood Virtue: Wisdom Central Process: Introspection Pathology: Disdain Integrity: The ability to accept the facts of one's life and fact death without great fear Despair: A feeling of regret about one's past and a continuous haunting desire to be able to do things differently, or a bitterness over how one's life has turned out
Cognitive resistance
Intellectual denial or excuses to explain incidences of racism, oppression, or discrimination
In structural therapy _____ refers to the dramatic and forceful intervening
Intensity
Stage 3 Piaget's moral development
Intention, Autonomy / Complexity Age: 11 - 15 Reality and judgments are more internal Rules by mutual agreement and can be changed in same manner Justice is found in equity based on the individual's needs
Suicide
Intentionally taking one's own life.
Once concern expressed about narrative therapy I that they fail to think about human problems as:
Interactional
One concern expressed about narrative therapy I that they fail to think about human problems as
Interactional
According to White, the constitutional self is a fluid and plastic version of the self, affected by one's _______________
Interactions with others
Balancing between
Internal & external factors
Properly used, _______________ refers to elucidating unconscious meaning
Interpretation
_______________ is the cornerstone of psychoanalytic family therapy
Interpretation
Psychoanalytic family therapy achieves change and growth through the techniques of:
Interpretation & Working Through
Erikson's Stage 6:
Intimacy vs Isolation Age: Young adulthood Virtue: Love Central Process: Mutuality among peers Pathology: Exclusivity Intimacy: Ability to experience an open, supportive and tender relationship with another person without fear of losing one's self Isolation: Fear or unwillingness to have close, confiding & meaningful relationships
In WA annulment is called
Invalidity
__________ ____________refers to unconscious commitments children take on to help their families to the detriment of their own well-being
Invisible loyalty
Polygamy
Is marriage to & mating with more than one partners.
Anaclitic Depression:
Is the consequence if a child's needs for attachment is denied
It's important to understand human sexuality because
It is an all-pervasive theme of human existence Offers a deep sense of connectiveness Offers a means of healing social divisions It creates family - the basic unit of human society & the cradle of future generations In its perverse state - it brings prejudice, violence, anguish, & disease
When it comes to sibling position, Bowen believed
It is helpful in predicting what part a child will play in the family emotional process
The psychodynamic family therapist author who wrote about contextual therapy which emphasizes the ethical dimension of family development is:
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
The psychodynamic therapist author who wrote about contextual therapy which emphasized the ethical dimension of family development is:
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
Adding ethical accountability to therapy Contextual Therapy Multigenerational Ethical Accountability Relational Ethics Ledger of Accountability Ledger of Indebtedness Multidirectional partiality
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy's claim to fame:
Judged sexual behavior by the happiness or the suffering it caused. He argued that morality should be based on the "the greatest happiness for the greatest number." He argued that sex between men, a capital offense of the time, should be legal because it harmed no one.
Jeremy Bentham (1748 - 1832)
________________ is a sociologist who pioneered the narrative metaphor in his field and strong influenced family therapy's conception of narrative
Jerome Bruner
Structural family term for accepting & accommodating to families to win their confidence & circumvent resistance
Joining
The therapist produces change by ____, a process whereby they begin to trust the therapists and accept his assistance in the change process
Joining
The first stage of Minuchin's therapy is called
Joining and accommodating
Structural
Joining and accommodating is process associated with:
A structural family therapist ________ the family system to help its members trust him and change their structure
Joins
Jeremy Bentham (1748 - 1832)
Judged sexual behavior by the happiness or the suffering it caused. He argued that morality should be based on "the greatest happiness for the greatest number". He argued that sex between men, a capital offense of the time, should be legal because it harmed no one.
1st type of moral exempler
Just: Conscientiousness / Openness Ab Lincoln Gandhi Moses
The opposite of matrilineal society is one where
Kinship is acknowledged only through the bloodline o the father
Field Theory Encounter groups & T-groups
Kurt Lewin developed/designed
Whole of the group is greater than the sum of it's members Groups produce greater changes in ideas & behavior than individual decisions
Kurt Lewin hypothesized
Small group dynamics
Kurt Lewin studied
Influential researcher & developer of Field Theory
Kurt Lewin's claim to fame
Linguistic barriers
Language barriers often place culturally diverse clients at a disadvantage because counseling is usually provided in standard English
Alfred Kinsey - a famous pioneer of American sex-researcher from Indiana University & a Zoologist
Large scale sex surveys in the USA during the mid 20th century "Sexual Behavior in the Human Male" (1948) & "Sexual Behavior of the human Female" (1953) His work helped make sexual behavior an appropriate subject for objective research. The reports became bestsellers and his lectures were attended by thousands of people. What interested people greatly was the high prevalence of sexually stigmatized behaviors. Shocking to people were the high reports (14%) of experience of multiple orgasms among women
Personalismo
Latino cultural orientation whereby people relationships are more valued over institutional obligations & responsbilities
Balancing the counseling process: Right side
Laws, codes of ethics & system polocies
People who might be organized into bearing witness to the changes the client is shaping are called
Leagues
People who might be organized into bearing witness to the changes the client is shaping are called:
Leagues
What are the 2 levers for positive change? (p. 212-213)
Learn to look Make it safe
Normal family development from an experiential therapists perspective would describe a healthy families as
Left alone people tend to flourish. Problems occur when self-actualization runs afoul of social pressures Families develop myths and rely on mystification to achieve peace In a healthy family children grow up in an atmosphere of support for their feelings and creative impulses - affect is valued and nurtured
Ethical judgments need to be combine with
Legal precedents
Adoption
Legal process by which children & parents are acquired that's not biological
Institutional values
Legal, managed care, practice settings, regulatory bodies
In WA couples can secure a decree of dissolution if they are
Legally married, registered as domestic partners
What are 3 problems with porn according to Gottman? (p. 199)
Less frequent sex Less sexual communication Less mututally satisfying sex Increased risk of betrayal
Time frame for PE is:
Less than 1 minute
Confiding in someone else about a relationship problem:
Lessens the likelihood that you will engage the problem at its source
MAZE measures:
Level of Sexual Desire
Human sexuality needs to be considered across a
Lifespan
1. An approach to treatment 2. A way of understanding human behavior
Like individual therapy, family therapy offers
Identity confusion
Limited or non-existent exploratory phase & are unable to make commitments Troubled confused Carefree confused
Locus of control
Locus of control refers to people's beliefs about the degree of control they have over their life circumstance
Self psychologists focus on the:
Longing for appreciation
Weak Ties
Look outside your inner circle for friends of friends that can connect you to jobs
Dementia is:
Loss of; thinking, memory, and reasoning skills that significantly impairs one's ability to carry out daily tasks Symptoms include: Asking the same question over and over Becoming lost or confused in familiar places Being unable to follow diretions Inability to remember information Neglecting one's personal safety, hygiene or nuturition 2 most common causes of dementia are: Vascular dementia Alzheimer's disease
Psychoanalysts assure us that when it comes to marital choice
Love is blind
Psychoanalysts assure us that when it comes to martial choice, ________________
Love is blind
LC
Low context cultures rely more on the content of the what is said to interpret the meaning of the message
Smegma
Lubricating secretions from the underside of hte clitoris
Who is generally considered the father of General Systems Theory?
Ludwig Berthalanffy
General Systems Theory was developed by:
Ludwig von Bertalanffy
The family should be a unit of treatment
Lyman Wynne hypothesized
Communication Deviance Thought Disorder
Lyman Wynne linked the new concept of __________ to _______________
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH)
Lyman Wynne worked at
Bowen
Lyman Wynne worked with
Lyman Wynne: Claim to Fame: Pseudo-Mutuality, Pseudo-Hostility, Rubber Fence Boundary
Lyman Wynne's claim to fame
Solution focused therapy is a direct descent of:
MRI Approach
The one-down stance was used by _______________ to imply equality and invite clients to reduce anxiety and resistance
MRI Therapists
______________ expanded the goals of strategic therapy beyond problem-focused goals to include growth-oriented objective like balance, harmony and love
Madanes
___________________ was a German physician and gay rights-activist - promoted biological ideas about sexuality, especially homosexuality. His views were often in conflict with the views of the found of psychoanalysis.
Magnus Hirschfeld
Once the problem had been defined, the therapists were interest In how the family had attempted to solve it in he past, primarily because they thought the attempted solutions may be:
Maintaining the problem
The male reproductive system
Makes, stores & moves sperm The testicles produce sperm Fluid from the seminal vesicles & prostate gland combines with sperm to make semen The penis ejaculates semen during sexual intercourse
If the Zygote receives a Y from the sperm it will develop as a
Male (XY).
MHSDD
Male Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Y sex chromosome is present only in
Males
Lidz's term for pathological overt marital conflict
Marital schism
Lidz's term for a pathological marriage in which one spouse dominates the other
Marital skew
The real reason to combine elements from various approaches is to _______________their usefulness, not merely their theoretical inclusiveness
Maximize
Female Sexual Function Index is used to:
Measure of sexual functioning in women. sexual arousal, orgasm, satisfaction, pain
Sexual medicine combines
Medical practice and psychology
_________ is a special sequence of cell divisions that produce haploid gametes. This takes place within the reproductive tissue called the _________.
Meiosis Gonads
Hormonal treatment in the from of testosterone therapy and hormone replacement are primarily for
Men
Mena are more like that women to engage in risky behaviors because
Men use risky behaviors as sexual displays
Satir was a member of________ ______ ________ and emphasized communication as well as emotional experiencing.
Mental Research Institute
Culture-bound syndromes
Mental disorders unique to various cultures
Cognitive Maps
Mental models by which incoming information is perceived, understood, transformed, and stored, together with a corresponding repertoire of behavioral options. Maps are based on the intergration of experiences. Each part of the cognitive map - i.e., input and output - forms the individual's internal representation of reality. Cognitive maps shape actions and communication. They may be flexible, able to change and expand cumulatively with new information and experiences, or they may be rigid and limiting. Maps have both language and spatial aspects with a private vocabulary and imagery that determines how incoming communication is interpreted.
Child abuse & neglect
Mental, negligent, physical, sexual abuse, sexual exploitation
Every message has two levels: report and command; metacommunication is the implied command or qualifying message
Meta-communication
To Bowen, every family is actually a:
Micro-environment where each sibling experiences same events in very different ways
A young women being treated for gonorrhea has been most helped by
Microbiology
1. Use intensity to challenge family members 2. Avoid being so directive that the family doesn't learn to rely on & improve their own ways of relating to each other 3. Foster individual responsibility & mutual understanding 4. Make certain that efforts to improve the relationships are having a positive effect on on the presenting complaint 5. If you meet with subgroups, don't lose sight of the whole family & don't neglect any individuals or relationships 6. Is therapy stuck on plateau?
Middle session checklist should include
Some differences between MRI Brief, Milan/Systemic & Haley/Madanes Structural are:
Milan less problem focused, rather interested in changing family beliefs and see things differently via positive connotation MRI solution for resolving problems = change behavior Haley believed that telling people what they were doing wrong only mobilizes resistance. (Believed that change in behavior alters perceptions, rather than the other way around)
Influenced by Harry Stack Sullivan Trained by Nathan Ackerman in NY
Minuchin was influenced and trained by
Coalitions
Minuchin/Structural Model - a concept in which two family members form a covert alliance, either temporary or durable, against a third. These usually form across generational boundaries, for example, between one parent and a child against the other parent or another child. These create power blocks in families, which serve either to balance another coalition or establish control.
Power is negative when it is
Misused, unethical, encourages client dependence, shifts the responsibility from client to therapist
Challenges of Secular Growth Trend
Modern adolescence experience a mis-match between the biological and the societal systems as they make thier transtion from childhood to adulthood. Adolescence is prolonged
Practice and theory differ in that usually theory is
Molded by the requirements of logical consistency and elegance
What are monadic, dyadic, and triadic models, what are benefits to each?
Monadic: Accepting a families' definition of a symptomatic child as the problem and set about teaching the parents to modify the child's behavior. Benefits: When helping parents, that change with transfer to their children Dyadic: The recognition that the 2 people that are in a relationship are not 2 independent agents interaction with one another, but rather define one another Benefits: Helps to explain how people act in relationships with one another Triadic: Understanding the influences in terms of triangles, specifically enmeshment and/or disengagement within families. Benefits: Permits a more complete understanding of behavior in context.
Parts of the Vulva - Left Diagram
Mons Pubic Clitoris Libia Minora Libia Minora Vaginal Enterane Liba Majora Perineum Anus
A revival of interest in psychoanalytic thinking in the 1980s occurred because:
More common ground existed on relationship-centered object relations theories and self psychology
A revival of interest in psychoanalytic thinking in the 1980's occurred because:
More common ground existed on relationship-centered object relations theories and self-psychology
Compared to MRI -brief therapy, experiential is:
More reliant upon the therapist's personal feelings
Multigenerational
More than one generation of a family.
To seek, in addition to resisting, change
Morphogenesis:
Key points about Theodore Lidz:
Mother's vs. Father's role in the development of schizophrenia Studied: o Family dynamics of schizophrenia - Two traditional psychoanalytic concerns: Rigid family roles & family parental models of identification o @ Yale disputed maternal rejection was primary contributor to schizophrenia Hypothesized: o Stated the more destructive influence was that of the fathers Developed / Designed: 5 patterns of pathological Fathering: 1. Domineering & Authoritarian: Constantly in conflict with their wives 2. Hostile toward their children: Rivaled their children their mother's attention & affection. (Like jealous sibling) 3. Paranoid Grandiosity: Aloof & distant 4. Failures in Life & non-entities in their homes: Children in these families grew up in almost fatherless homes 5. Passive & Submissive: Men who acted more like children than men and failed to counterbalance their domineering wives. 2 deficiencies in marital relationship resulting from Role Reciprocity that contribute to the development of dysfunction in children. Marital Schism: Parents overly focused on their own problems. • Undercut / don't accommodate, compete for children's attention while failing to attend to their children's needs. • High levels of conflict & threats to the continuation of the family unit Marital Skew: One parent dominates the family and the other is dependent. • Children are torn between parents. • Profound deficits in addressing developmental needs which result in dysfunction or schizophrenia. Wrote: o Interfamilial Environment of Schizophrenic Patient 1: The Father
Culture-bound training
Multicultural training that reflects only one cultural perspective, usually the White, Euro-American, middle class perspective
The process of the transmission of roles, patterns, emotional reactivity & family structures are passed down from one generation to another. Manifestations: People w/ lower levels of differentiation choose mate who has a similar level of differentiation & over a period of years produce offspring who are increasingly less differentiated & as a result suffer severe mental disorders
Multigenerational Transmission Process
Treatment of several families at once in a group therapy format; pioneered by Peter Laqueur and Murray Bowen
Multiple family group therapy
An intensive, crisis-oriented form of family therapy developed by Robert MacGregor in which family members are treated in various subgroups by a team of therapists
Multiple impact therapy
Shared family environment according o Bowen is:
Multiple perspective from which siblings experience the same events very differently
Bowen Family Systems Therapy Differentiation of Self Undifferentiated Ego Mass Triangulation
Murray Bowen's claim to fame
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
Mutation of gene for the androgen receptor & body becomes insensitive to testosterone & other androgens. 1 / 10,000 ratio
Stage 2 Piaget's moral development
Mutuality / Cooperation Age: 7 - 11 Equality Reciprocity Following the rules Intent of act of considered Justice is distributed to ensure equal treatment
Laing's concept that many families distort their children's experience by denying or relabeling it
Mystification
Neurolinguistic Programming (NLP)
NLP practitioners focus on the hidden effects of language, the meaning of non-verbal behavior, and the utilization of communication and trance to create change.
The term "invisible loyalties" was coined by:
Nagy
A technique designed to provoke emotional relations and are often aggressively blunt are referred to as
Narrations
People respond to each other in ways that perpetuate the problem story. The stories are referred to as the:
Narrative
Attributions are how the person wants to be seen according to the ______________ __________ _____________
Narrative Solutions Approach
Reflecting teas are used by which family therapists?
Narrative constructive therapists
Describe the technique of "externalizing" and illustrate it using a clinical example.
Narrative therapists externalize problems. Instead of having/being a problem, clients are encouraged to think of themselves as struggling against their problems. No one is the problem; the problem is the problem. Therapists are interested in the problem's impact on the family. Externalizing: Therapists separate the client from the problem, making its destructive effects apparent and establishing a sense of partnership with the client. Each person is asked for their own perspective of the problem. The therapist asks about the problem's effects rather than its causes, mapping the influence of the problem: "How does Guilt affect you? What other effects does it have? What does Guilt 'tell' you?" In externalization, problems are almost always personified. It can help reduce self-blame in clients. Externalizing helps clinicians develop a sympathetic way of viewing clients who engage in inappropriate behavior.
Externalizing is a technique used in:
Narrative therapy
Frequent questions are a technique used in:
Narrative therapy
Mapping is a technique used in _______________
Narrative therapy
Mapping is a technique used in:
Narrative therapy
Optimism could be considered a rot condition of:
Narrative therapy
Problems are always personified in:
Narrative therapy
What goes on in the mind and between people is important Families learn to confront issues as well as hide issues - especially those involved sex and aggression There is valuing in stirring things up and bringing family secrets out into the open Viewed conflict in families in a circular feedback system- intrapsychic conflict promote interpersonal conflict and visa a versa Encouraged therapists to become emotionally engaged & to use confrontation to transform dormant conflicts "tickling the defenses
Nathan Ackerman hypothesized
Intrapsychic conflict
Nathan Ackerman studied:
Generally thought of as the Family of Father Therapy Educator First to envision the whole family treatment A clinical Wizard Made frequent home visits Never lost sight of self as part of the system
Nathan Ackerman's claim to fame:
Key points about Lyman Wynne:
National Institute of Mental Health Worked with Bowen Coined the phrases Pseudo-Mutuality: Describes a systemic pretense of harmony & closeness that masks conflict and blocks intimacy, which results in unnatural fear of separation Pseudo-Hostility: Noisy, & intense way of masking & distorting affection & splits Rubber Fence Boundary: Boundaries found in disturbed families. Families seem to yield are nearly impenetrable to information from the outside. • Bind family members together in their resistance to separation • Rules governing the boundaries are in constant flux • The alliances and splits help the family maintain equilibrium
How far off the mark a system is straying & the correction needed to get it back on course. Signals the systems to restore the status quo Vital error-correcting information gives order and self-control to the body / brain
Negative Feedback is
Ableism
Negative bias toward people with disabilities reflecting societal assumptions & practices people who are able bodied
Deterioration
Negative change & escalation of symptoms
Child maltreatment
Neglect & abuse
Treatment devised by Ross Speck in which a large number of family and friends are assembled to help resolve a patient's problems
Network therapy
Privacy applies to
No id in waiting room, tape recording, cc, computer tests, billing records
Goal when dealing with violence
Non-neutral Complete cessation, taking responsibility for the behavior, contract for non-violence
Analog / Non-verbal Communication:
Non-verbal + Context - Voice, body language, facial expression all indicate the sender's meaning & intention
Exchange norms
Norms that emphasize an equitable give and take, such as might be found in a business relationship
Communal norms
Norms that emphasize giving without expecting compensation, such as might be found in a close relationship
Strategic approaches to family therapy were ______ widely accepted in the mid 1950's when Bateson, Weakland, Jackson, Fry and Haley worked together @ MRI
Not
The core dimension incorporates
Notions Beliefs Facts Fantasies Rituals Attitudes Values Rights with regard to gender identity & role, sexual acts and orientation Aspects of pleasure, intimacy, & reproduction
From Bowen: A fused family that is unstable & unable to cope with stress. Characterized by conflict & dysfunction that are transmitted across generations Can lead to: Reactive emotional distance between the partners Physical or emotional dysfunction Marital conflict Projection of the problem onto one or more children
Nuclear Family Emotional Process
Stage 1 Piaget's moral development
Obedience, Moral Realism / Constraint Age: 2 - 7 Objective responsibility Actions judged by material result Two types of justice: Retribution & Immanent
The bridge between psychoanalysis and family therapy is:
Object Relations Theory
Unconscious remnants of internal mental images are the foundation of:
Object Relations Theory
Psychoanalytic theory derived from Melanie Klein and developed by the British School that emphasizes relationships and attachment, rather than libidinal and aggressive drives, as the key issues of human concern
Object relations
Symptom relief is a lesser goals of which school?
Object relations
Narrative therapists believe _________ is a modern myth of science.
Objectivity
Due care
Obligation to provide competent service by initiating, continuing, limiting, re-directing
Freud was interested in the family, but saw it as
Old business - the place where people learned neurotic behaviors
Freud was interested in the family, but saw it as ______________
Old business - the place where people learned neurotic fears
Interpretations
One of the primary therapeutic techniques of the psychoanalytic and object relations models in which the therapist makes clarifying statements regarding clients' unconscious motives and processes in order to help them understand the significance of the material uncovered. The purpose of interpretations is Insight & Working Through.
Individualism
One of the primary values of US culture & society & refers to valuing individualism
A biopsychosocial-spiritual perspective is
One that combines biological, psychological & socio-environmental factors
Identity moratorium
Ongoing exploration & experimentation Commitments are diffuse - active, open for gathering information and discovering how one fits in certain
To help the family realize the price for keeping a symptom outweighed that or giving it up, _________ were prescribed:
Ordeals
Autopoetic Systems
Originated by postmodern Chilean biologist, Maturana: systems that are self-organizing and self-maintaining, such as biological and human systems. Can be described by second-order cybernetics.
Allopoetic Systems
Originated by postmodern Chilean biologist, Maturana: systems that can be controlled from the outside, such as machines.
Communication Theory
Originated by the MRI group, the study of the process by which verbal and non-verbal information is exchanged within a relationship. Communication can be analogic which has little structure, but is rich in content, or digital which is verbal communication perceived and interpreted based on meaning. (see various types of communications (haptic; kinesthetic; paralinguistic; and streptic)
The Church of Jesus of Latter-Day Saints (Mormons) shares the same sexual conservatism as;
Orthodox Judaism
The purpose of letter writing in narrative therapy is to:
Outline a new story and express the confidence the therapist has in the client
Sex Therapy Models are:
PLISSIT Female Sexual Function Comprehensive Interviews & Assessment
Compliments are examples of:
POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT
Dyspareunia is:
Painful intercourse for both men & women
Family myths, tend to simplify and distort reality and protect families for ______________ _____________
Painful truths
A _____________ is a contradiction that follows correct deduction from logical premises.
Paradox
A contradiction that follows correct deduction from logical promises is called a:
Paradox
______________ techniques came out of the hypnotherapeutic principles to turn resistance to advantage.
Paradoxical
Frotteurism is:
Paraphilic interest in rubbing, usually one's pelvic area or erect penis, against another person in crowded places
The subjective distortion of a relationship, as if one's partner, or even one's child were the parent is called:
Parentification
The most important unfinished business of our lives is our unresolved emotional reactivity to our:
Parents
Nuclear Family
Parents and their children living together as a unit.
Social influences
Partner Availability Duration of Relationship Quality of Relationship Economic Status & Income levels
Parens Patria
Paternalistic power of the state to promote child welfare
The late 18th & early 19th century became a period when
People began to reconsider if sex for pleasure was morally acceptable
Universal level of identity
People have a universal level of identify, are similar to one another, originate from the same species & share qualities that make them human
The Universal Declaration of Sexual Rights states all of the following except:
People have the right to monogamy
What was the interesting finding from the NHSLS described in the textbook?
People tech to masturbate in addition to engaging in partnered sex
Bicultural
People who belong to more than one culture and who are able to alternate between the cultures, adjusting temporarily to each depending on the circumstance.
Credibility
People who perceived as possessing expertness & trustworthiness
Dual centric couples
People who put the same emphasis on their work as their personal lives (Well balanced) Benefits are: less stress, greater marital satisfaction
Intersex
People with reproductive organs or sexual anatomy that do not fit the typical male/female pattern
Greater Severe
Per Lyman Wynne, Communication Deviance exists on a continuum. The _____________ the deviance, the more ___________ the pathology
Interactional Thought disorder Observable Double binds
Per Lyman Wynne, Communication Deviance is more ___________ than ______________ and more ___________ than ____________
Spiritual influences
Perceptions of Divine Disposition to Sexuality
Ceremonial marriage
Performed before a religious or civil authority
PLISSIT Model of Sex Therapy
Permission (45%) Limited Information (30%) Specific Suggestions (20%) Intensive Therapy (5%)
The decisive technique of narrative therapy is
Persistent and forceful questions
Hermaphroditism
Person may have one ovary and one testes
What are the two organizing metaphors for narrative therapy? (p. 255-6)
Personal Narrative and Social Construction. When memory speaks, it tells a narrative truth. Social constructionist foundation deemphasizes family dynamics and conflict.
To Whitaker, family integration requires:
Personal growth and vice versa
Layer of values
Personal, client, institutional
In order to externalize a problem, whether it's an internal experience, a syndrome, or a relationship pattern, the narrative therapist must:
Personify it
Interracial / interethnic group relations
Pertains to the historical & current relationships between racial/ ethnic groups
Freud classified atypical sexual behaviors as __________, the development of which he attributed to the effects of early interpersonal relationship on the __________ .
Perversions Unconscious
Egodystonic
Phenomena or experiences at odds with an individual's self-perception.
Egosyntonic
Phenomena or experiences consistent with the perceived needs, self-perception, or ideals of an individual.
The _______ paradigm is one in which the therapist tries to adopt the patient's frame of reference
Phenomenological
Collectivism
Philosophy that the psychosocial unit of identity resides in the family, group, or collective society
Romantic love
Physical attraction, exhilaration, strong desire to care for an protect & be physically close to the loved one
Reproductive potential
Physical, material and social resources one can contribute to fertility & childrearing
Sex Therapy
Pioneered by Masters and Johnson, Kaplan, and LoPiccco. Treatment that focuses on the client's or couple's sexual functioning; often combined with couple's therapy.
William Masters, an American Gynecologist & research assistant (Later wife) Virginia Johnson
Pioneering researchers focused on investigating sexual response through visual observation
Havelock Ellis, an English physician & writer, encouraged a
Plea for tolerance of sexual diversity
State intervenes on child abuse with two types of power
Police & Parens Patria
Selvini Palazzoli's technique - ascribing positive motives to family behavior in order to promote family cohesion & avoid resistance to therapy
Positive Connotation
Information that confirms and reinforces the direction a system is taking A self-correcting feedback loop that makes the system cybernetic (HVAC system. Cold, it heats the house back to desired temp) Study of how systems are controlled and how information feedback loops work.
Positive Feedback is
Transdermal testosterone patches and ginkgo biloba can help women who are dealing with
Post menopausal symptoms
Kohlberg's Level 3, stages 5 & 6
Post-conventional morality Social contract. Behavior driven by balance of social order & individual rights Universal ethics. Behavior driven by internal moral principles
Referent power
Power to influence without being coercive
Kohlberg's Level 1, stages 1 & 2
Pre-conventional morality Obedience & punishment. Behavior is driven by avoiding punishment Individual interest. Behavior driven by self-interest & rewards
Transphobia
Prejudice against transgendered individuals
Islamaphobia
Prejudice directed toward Muslim individuals or followers of Islam
Parts of the Vulva - Right Diagram
Prepuce of Clitoris Uretheral Opening Vestibule Hymen Posterior Fouchet
Paradoxical technique - forces a client to give up a symptom, or admit it is under voluntary control
Prescribing the symptom
Madane's playful paradoxical intervention - members area asked to pretend to engage in symptomatic behavior. (If they are pretending to have a symptom, the symptom cannot be real
Pretend technique
Externalizing helps separate the person from the:
Problem
One of the primary questions that Narrative Theapists help clients learn to ask is "who's in charge, the person or the:
Problem
One of the primary quests that therapists help client learn to ask is "who's in charge, the person or the _______"
Problem
Tunnel vision on the presenting issue is referred to by narrative therapists as
Problem saturated stories
Tunnel vision on the presenting issue is referred to by narrative therapists as:
Problem saturated strories
Families have content issues that are normally their reason for attending counseling. The therapist hears the content and also observes the __________ or the way the family and groups function
Process
Families have content issues that are normally their reason for attending counseling. The therapists heats the content and also observes the __________ or the way the families and groups functions
Process
How members of a family or group relate
Process
In counseling, ______________ is seen as the ay messages and behaviors influence thoughts and behaviors
Process
In counseling, _______________ is seen as the way messages and behaviors influence thoughts and behaviors
Process
The focus on ___________ rather than on the problem content was a new focus generated by Strategic family therapy:
Process
1. Joining and Accommodating: 2. Enactment 3. Structural Mapping 4. Highlighting and Modifying Interactions 5. Boundary Making 6. Unbalancing 7. Challenging Unproductive Assumptions
Process associated with Structural Therapy
St Thomas Aquinas noted
Procreation within marriage was part of God's design. All other forms of sexual expression (vaginal sex, sex with contraception, oral sex, anal sex, masturbation, non-marital sex, homosexual sex, sex for pleasure within marriage,) were forbidden by ecclesiastical law This religious proscription influenced criminal law even in Early US history
How puberty changes the child
Produces inter-related neurological and endocrino-logical changes that: Influence brain development Bring changes in sexual maturation cycles and levels of hormone production Impact physical growth
Codes of ethics serve to protect
Profession from government, self-destruction, public, & the public from the profession
Parents identify with future children through a process called
Projective Identifications
_________ ___________ is an interactive process in which subject perceives an object as containing elements of the subject's personality and evokes certain behaviors and feelings from the object that confirm to these perceptions:
Projective-Identification
Beneficence
Promotes the welfare of other
Carl Whitaker espoused that _____________ treatment with the whole family present is safer than individual treatment
Provocative
Wynne's term for superficial bickering that masks pathological alignments in schizophrenic families
Pseudohostility
Wynne's term for the façade of family harmony that characterizes many schizophrenic families
Pseudomutuality
Family myths, according to __________ _________ __________, serve to strengthen family allegiance and harmony
Psychoanalytic Family Therapy
Many of the earliest pioneers in family therapy were first trained in:
Psychoanalytic Theory
A family enters therapy because the five year ole is uncontrollable and has been diagnosed as autistic. The recommend approach for treating the family is:
Psychoeducational
Indispensable for a full understanding of people and their problems.
Psychology & Social Context are
A refuge from a troubled an troubling world
Psychotherapeutic Sanctuary
The Vulva includes - Center Top - Slide 35
Pubic Symphysis
In Metcalf's study on 6 couples, the couples pointed to the ________ as the reason it was successful, while the therapists pointed to the techniques they used as the primary reason for success
Qualities of their relationship with the therapist
Narrative techniques are primarily delivered I the form of:
Questions
Narrative techniques are primarily delivered in the form of
Questions
Narrative Methods and Techniques
Questions and Summaries, Externalizing/Objectifying the Problem, Dilemma Questions, Escape Meetings, Note Taking/Note Sharing, Landscape-Of-Action Questions, Therapeutic Certificates, Therapeutic Letters
Unintentional racism
Racism & unconscious bias that is invisible to those who perpetuate it
Scientific racism
Racist attitudes & beliefs expressed under the guise of science & scientific findings
The narrative technique of _________ enables family members to distance from their problem by externalizing it, and thus experiencing their control over the problem:
Re-authoring
In therapy, when a self-story has a new perspective around the presenting history it is referred to as a
Re-authoring of the narrative
In narrative therapy, when a self-story has a new perspective around the presenting history it is referred to as:
Re-authoring the client's narrative
Narrative therapy is a commitment to helping people rewrite the stories of their lives by:
Re-envisioning their pasts and rewriting their futures
Narrative therapy is a commitment to helping people:
Re-write the stories of thier lives
Zygote
Recipient of either the X from the ovum & either an X or a Y from the sperm.
Compassionate witnessing of stories from each partner's past helps
Reduce the partner's sense of antagonism to each other
Behavioral Redundancy
Redundancy
Relational dimension
Reference to cultural group relations & whether they are more collateral or individualistic in orientation
Ripple Effect
Refers to how a change that occurs at one level of a system results in changes at other levels of the system.
Confidentiality
Refers to the ethical obligation of the therapist to protect the client's identity and other personal information. Therapists may not reveal information without the client's consent to third parties except as allowed by the governing licensing body and/or as outlined in the Ethical Guidelines of the AAMFT
Changing an interpretation of a client's behavior from disrespect to fear of displacement is an examples of a:
Reframe
Relabeling a family's description of behavior to make it more amenable to change
Reframing
System world-view
Relational, anti-linear, causation is circular & interactional, change occurs the relationships within the system
Benefits of convening with multiple clients @ the same time are
Relationship assessment, determine the scope work necessary, easier to bring them in the beginning, test of commitment to manage relationship resistance
Questions that provide information about how a problem has managed to disrupt a family vs. how much they have been able to control are referred to
Relative influence questions
According to Freudian Drive Psychology, sexual and aggressive drives are at the heart of human nature, and dealing with these drives leads to mental conflict. This conflict can be shifted in therapy in one of two ways: by strengthening defenses against a conflicted wish, or by:
Relaxing defenses to permit some gratification
According to Freudian drive psychology, sexual and aggressive drives are at the heart of human nature, and dealing with these drives lead to mental conflict. This conflict can be shifted in therapy in one of two ways: by strengthening defense against a conflicted wish, or by:
Relaxing defenses to permit some gratification
The clinical application of metaframeworks is centered around he practice of __________ ___________ rather than finding deficits
Releasing constraintes
The Spiritual elements are:
Religion and Spirituality
What is sharia and in which religion is it found?
Religious law Islam
All messages have a command and ________ function:
Report
Mandatory actions
Required by law or systems. Must and must not do
Anatomists
Researchers who studied the structure of the body - from antiquity to the Renaissance described internal and external reproductive organs.
According to Satir, ____________ is mainly the fear of going somewhere you have not been
Resistance
One concept about families which was considered very important in the 1970s an 80s, but which now is not seen as a "problem" is
Resistance
Client welfare requires
Respecting clients' rights, providing adequate care, competence, due care & not being impaired
Value sensitive care
Respecting cultural differences & value distinctions
Filial Obligation
Responsibility of adult children to care for their parents
AAMFT principles
Responsibility to client, confidentiality, competence, responsibility to supervisees, participants, profession, financial arrangements, advertising
Joining and accommodating are considered a prerequisite to
Restructuring
Relasp
Return to old behaviors
ABC-X Family Crisis Model
Reuben HIll's model used to explain whether or not a stressful event would result in a crisis in some families but not in others. A=the stressor, B=the family's crisis-meeting resources, C=the family's definition of the stressor, and X=the crisis
Which writing is the "odd one out"?
Richard von Kraft-Ebing's Psychopathia Sexualis
Heteronomous morality (Piaget)
Rigid
Little or no information into or out of the subsystem or system - leads to disengagement
Rigid
What are the 4 pillars of shared meaning?
Rituals of connection Support each other's roles Shared goals Shared values and symbols
Acting out the parts of important characters to dramatize feelings & practice new ways of relating
Role Playing
Egalitarian roles
Roles based on equality between genders
Wynne described how psychotic families resist outside influences with the phrase
Rubber fence
Wynne's term for the rigid boundary surrounding many schizophrenic families, which allows only minimal contact with the surrounding community
Rubber fence
Briefly discuss the term "Rubber fence" and what it represents.
Rubber fence: Term coined by Wynne to describe the inflexibility of schizophrenic families. It describes how psychotic families resist outside influence. Sometimes parents utilize mystification to deny the existence of these issues.
Autonomous morality (Piaget)
Rules determined by own heart
According to narrative theory, therapist should not:
SEARCH FOR FLAWS IN THE FAMILY SYSTEM
In contrast to traditional behavior therapy, integrative couples therapy emphasizes:
SUPPORT AND EMPATHY
Founder of Structural Family Therapy Model and: Family Boundaries: Suppositional lines between family subsystems & also between the family & the wider community (Subsystem / Supersystem) • Diffuse: Little or no limit to information into or out of the system - leads to enmeshment • Rigid: Little or no information into or out of the system - leads to disengagement Two types of families: • Enmeshed Families: Chaotic & tightly connected with overly diffused boundaries. Parents are too involved with their children to take executive control of their family • Disengaged Families: Parents are uninvolved & distant to provide adequate encouragement, direction, & leadership Techniques: • Joining as a means of being sufficiently accepted by family members in order to change the dysfunction
Salvador Minuchin developed / designed
Hypothetical structures that both influence how the families operate and make them resistant to change
Salvador Minuchin hypothesized:
Physician, Israeli Army
Salvador Minuchin was a
Founder of Structural Family Therapy Model
Salvador Minuchin's claim to fame
One technique used to shift vague problem talk into solution talk with some relative measurement of improvement is called a:
Scaling Question
A member of the family, usually the identified patient, who is the object of displaced conflict or criticism
Scapegoat
____________ is making one person the symptom bearer as a way to detour conflict
Scapegoating
Frieda Fromm Reichmann's term for aggressive, domineering mothers thought to precipitate schizophrenia in their offspring
Schizophrenogenetic mother
According to narrative theory, therapists should NOT:
Search for flaw in the family system
The idea that anyone attempting to observe and change a system is therefore part of the system
Second order cybernetics
Transitional changes in a family from one stage of the family life cycle to the next are called ___________ changes, where the system itself changes
Second-order
In Henry Sack Sullivan's terms, dysfunctional families seek
Security, not satisfaction
What are the 4 steps to paths to action? (p. 109)
See & hear, tell a story, feel, act
Feminist Camille Paglia
Sees gender differences as largely innate & the influences of culture reigning it in
To avoid being impaired MFT's should demonstrate
Self awareness, cultural responsiveness, value sensitivities, good faith, awareness of professional intentions, continued development
According to the humanistic view humans left along will tend toward:
Self-actualization
Male Reproductive System - Right Diagram
Seminal Vesicle Rectum Ejaculatory Duct Bublourethal Gland Anus
Self-Efficacy:
Sense of confidence in abilities to perform required tasks - sometimes over confident Innate vs. effort Age: 6 - 12
Narrative therapist speak of a problem as if it were a ________________ oppressing everyone in the family
Separate entity
A process whereby an infant begins to draw apart from the symbiotic bond with mother and develop autonomous functioning is known as:
Separation-Individuation
Margaret Mahler observed children and described a process of
Separation-Individuation
Margaret Mahler observed young children and described a process of _______________ ______________
Separation-individuation
_______________ generally help men and women address problems that interfere with the enjoyment of sex
Sex therapists
Alfred Kinsey and his colleagues published:
Sexual Behavior in the Human Male
Psychological influences
Sexual Knowledge Attitudes Towards Sexual Expression Mental Health Condition & treatments
As a consequence of pressure from conservative Christian churches, the sex education programs in many school districts in the US emphasize
Sexual abstinence
Elements of Paraphilia are:
Sexual disorder / Sexual deviance Non sexual objects Suffering of self or partner Non-consenting
For Centuries Since Aristotle there has been much thinking about the "right and wrong" types of sexual behaviors which have come to be known as
Sexual ethics
_________________ - the key feature of sexual reproduction is that the offspring carry a mixture of genes from two parents. Two specialized cells called the gametes, each contribute chromosomes to the new organism.
Sexual reproduction
Human sexuality is a complex term that includes elements of
Sexual self-concept Values Anatomy Physiology Reproduction Affective responses Intentional directness Behaviors
__________ is the core dimension of life that incorporates Notions Beliefs Fantasies Rituals Attitudes Values Rights with regard to: Gender identity and role Sexual acts and Orientation And, aspects of: Pleasure Intimacy Reproducation
Sexuality
_____________ is a core dimension of life that incorporates notions, beliefs, facts, fantasies, rituals, attitudes,
Sexuality
Reinforcing change in small group
Shaping Competence
_____________ _________ is a structural method of nudging in the direction of a more positive behavior
Shaping competence
What does the STATE acronym stand for? (p. 136).
Share your facts Tell your story Ask for others' paths Talk tentatively Encourage testing
Culture
Shared social system within a group transmitted from one generation to another
Constructivists belie that language shapes reality. In SFT this idea was:
Shifted to saying that language creates reality
Personalities are based on their position in the family The part the child plays is determined by a number of complex factors
Sibling Position
Personalities are based on their position in the family The part the child plays is determined by a number of complex factors
Sibling position
_______________ was Austrian Neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis (a school of thought that says sexual problems were rooted in the operations of the unconscious mind especially during childhood.)
Sigmund Freud
Group level of Tripartite
Similarities & differences Age Culture Disability/Ability Ethnicity Gender Geographic location Marital status Race Religious preference Socioeconomic status Sexual orientation All impact our decision making, thinking patterns, behavior & event definition
Etic
Similarities & dissimilarities between acculturations through comparison of selected cultural dimensions
Gonadal intersexuality
Single individual possess both testicular & ovarian tissue
Barthonlin's Glands
Small glands on the sides of the vaginal opening inside the Labia Minora
Ointment-life lubricants from the underside of the clitoral hood dry and mix with dead cells and bacteria forming a pasty substance called
Smegma
The study of how we think about, influence and relate to other people is the focus of _____________ psychology
Social
One of the defining characteristics of Narrative therapy is the emphasis on:
Social Justice
Family Therapy helped usher in:
Social constructivism - idea that our experience is a function of the way we think Narrative therapy Integrative approaches Growing concern with social & political issues
One of the defining characteristics of narrative therapy is it's emphasis on:
Social justice
The brief integrative martial therapy model by Gurman combines
Social learning theory and psychodynamics
Adds factors such as sexism, class, & ethnic prejudice to the process Families with higher levels of differentiation deal with these factors better
Societal Emotional Process
Class bound values
Socioeconomic values that permeate counseling & psychotherapy (middle & upper class) & may prove disadvantageous to clients from poverty or less affluent situations
In structural therapy, families are expected to
Solve their own problems
The Enlightenment - the 18th century movement
Sought to replace traditional authority with the values of reason & freedom & opened the door to the rethinking of sexual ethics
Narrative therapist search the family's history for _____, in their efforts to separate them from their problem:
Sparkling outcomes
Duty to protect indicates the following conditions
Special relationship, prediction, victum
Palliative care
Specialized medical care for people with serous illness or physical challenge (One doesn't need to be dying to benefit from palliative care) Providing relief from symptoms and stress Goal is to improve quality of life for patient and family
Skills
Specific expertise & ability to effectively utilize therapies & knowledge to help clients from different cultures
Blue Zone
Specific geographic areas of he work where people are known to live a long, healthy life Okinawa, Japan Sardinia, Italy 7th day Adventist in Loma Linda, CA Commonalities: Daily acitivty Strong sense of purpose Low stress, slower pace of life Moderate calorie intake - lots of veggies Moderate alcohol, especially red wine Spirituality Family Social / Good friends
Who held the most sex-negative beliefs?
St. Augustine
The dual nature of families which allows them to function successfully is about
Stability and change
1. Leaving home - Single Young Adults - Accepting responsibility 2. Newly married - Commitment to new system 3. Family with children - Accepting new members 4. Family with adolescents - Increasing flexibility 5. Launching - Exits to and from family system 6. Family in later life - Shifting generational roles
Stages of Family Life Cycle
What are 4 of the 7 principles for crucial conversation? (214-15)
Start With Heart Learn To Look Make It Safe Master My Story STATE My Path Explore Others Paths Move To Action
Police power
State's right to protect ppl from harm
Narrative Stages of Therapy
Step 1: Externalize the Problem, Step 2: Charting Relative Influence, Step 3: Collapsing Time, Step 4: Raising Dilemmas, Step 5: Setting Experiments
Milan systemic therapy differs from Haley's strategic in that:
Strategic therapy intervenes at subsystem levels, whereas systemic therapy looks at the family as an organic whole
Analytic therapists key in on __________ __________ and use it as a starting point for detailed inquiry into its origin
Strong feelings
Analytic therapists key in on _____________ __________ and use them as a starting point for detailed inquiry into it's origins
Strong feelings
Structural
Structural Mapping is a process associated with:
Boundary Making
Structural therapy technique in which the therapist establishes a functional semi-permeable (clear) boundary where either a rigid or diffuse boundary had existed previously.
Kinesics
Study of how bodily movements that include facial expression, posture, characteristics of movement, gesture & eye contact orientation affect interpersonal transactions
Proxemics
Study of how socio-demographics identities affect the use of co
Smaller units in families, determined by generation, gender, or function
Subsystem
Discontinuous Change
Sudden, unanticipated change in family organization usually brought on by a crisis (may be therapeutically induced), which causes a change in perception, beliefs, or perspective. The opposite of continuous change which is gradual, evolutionary, or developmental.
A spousal sub-system may ________ when they have a diffuse boundary with their families of origin
Suffer
On of Satir's primary goals was to ____________ in each member of the family
Support self-esteem
Ischiocavernosus muscle
Surrounds the crus
The Vulva includes - Right top to bottom - Slide 35
Suspensory Ligament of Clitoris Corpus Cavenosum of Clitoris Hood of Clitoris Crus of Clitoris External Urethral Opening Vestibular Bulb Bartholin's Gland & its Orifice Remnants of Hymen
In relationships, equality or parallel form
Symmetrical relationships
Extended families
System that makes up the family & includes structural alliances & communication patterns
When psychoanalytically trained clinicians began practicing family therapy, they traded in their ideas about depth psychology for:
Systems theory
Levels of Intervention
Targeting interventions at a specific family subsystem, such as the children or parents.
According to Walter Kempler, in experiential therapy there are no _______________, only people
Techniques
1. Presenting problem improved? 2. Family satisfied - goal reached? 3. Does family understand what wasn't working, & how to avoid the recurrence of similar problems in the future? 4. Do minor recurrences reflect dependency on therapist, or just require the family to spend more time on their own with their new habits? 5. Have members developed & improved relationships outside the immediate family as well?
Termination session checklist should include
Open System Equifinality Morphogensis
Terms associated with General Systems Theory
Bowen's concept of triangulation is used to explain:
The ABCX crisis model, in which persons A & B are triangulating person C by using X
Detriangle
The Bowenian concept of withdrawing from an existing triangle so that the person is not drawn into the conflict between the other two, often the parents.
The purpose of remaining neutral according to ___________ was to avoid any power struggle in the family:
The Milan Associates
Sexual Behavior is under the Control of two of the three major communication Networks of the human body which are
The Nervous System The Endocrine System
Sex research emerging in the late 19th century included
The Victorian period - a time of renewed sexual repression on both sides of the Atlantic Resulting in: Emphasis on female "purity" Elimination of prostitution Elimination of pornography Simultaneously growth of the middle class & greater desire for education, resulting in physicians becoming specialists in sexual matters (sex researchers & sexologists)
Functional
The ability of a system or subsystem to achieve its goals.
Intellectual flexibility
The ability to handle conflicting information, grasp several perspectives and reflect on own's own values & solutions
Differentiation of self, the cornerstone of Bowen Family Systems Theory, is both an intra-psychic and interpersonal concept. Intra-psychic differentiation is:
The ability to separate feeling from thinking
Cultural deprivation
The belief that groups of color are culturally deprived
o Strengthening boundaries in enmeshed families o Creating flexible boundaries in disengaged families o Therapist blocks detouring in conflict avoidant families o Moves family from linear to circular perspectives by stressing complimentarity
The benefits of Boundary Making are:
o A cognitive aspect of structural therapy o Offers alternative views of the family's situation o Sometimes therapist acts as a teacher o Uses a "stroke" and a "kick" -framing the positive (stroke) and negative (kick) of what a family member is doing or saying. Example : "you are very helpful, but he feels you takes away his voice. He can speak for himself", kind of like praise and polish
The benefits of Challenging Unproductive Assumptions are:
o Therapist directs the family to engage in a conversation about a specific issue Therapist analyzes the interaction patterns as they occur o Circularity not linear
The benefits of Enactment are
o Focus is on process not content o One tool is intensifying the message of the therapist through selective regulation of affect, repetition, duration, tone, volume, pacing, and choice of words Intensity can also be achieved through extending the duration of the sequence beyond the point where homeostasis is reinstated An alternative to intensity is the use of empathy to help family members get beneath the surface of the defensive wrangling Shaping competence - intensity blocks the stream of interactions, shaping competence redirects the flow
The benefits of Highlighting & Modifying are:
o Disarm defenses o Reduce anxiety o Encourages listening o Therapist honors the authority of the parents by addressing them first
The benefits of Joining and Accommodating:
o Broadens the problem beyond the individual to the family system o Therapist attempts to assess the interrelationship of all family members o Initial assessments are made in initial interview and refined in later sessions o Assessments take into account both the problem the family presents and the structure dynamics they display
The benefits of Structural Mapping are:
o Goal is to change the relationship within the subsystem o Therapist joins and supports one individual or subsystem
The benefits of Unbalancing are:
Ability to think and reflect rather than responding automatically to emotional pressures Healthy people can balance thinking and feeling
The benefits of being differentiated are:
Sex-determination
The biological mechanism that determines whether a human organism will develop as male or female.
Urethral opening
The canal that convey urine from the bladder to the urethral opening Located between the vaginal opening & the clitoris
Low differentiation can lead to: Anxiety Emotional Cutoff: ↑ fusion → greater likelihood of cutoff Can take the form of increased physical distance or through decreased communication
The challenges of being undifferentiated are:
Temporal Sequencing
The chronological order in which family behaviors occur.
Nonsummativity
The concept that specifies that you cannot combine individual elements of a system to recreate its essential character. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
Self-Efficacy
The confidence a person has that he can meet the standard for performance in a particular domain Accurate self-appraisal of abilities Obtaining relevant occupational information Formulating appropriate goals Making plans to achieve goals Solving problems that create barriers to goal achievement
Hierarchy
The control and decision-making structure of a family, which may be based on age, gender, roles, or education. In structural and strategic family therapy, disordered hierarchies result in dysfunction.
Undercut / don't accommodate, compete for children's attention while failing to attend to their children's needs. High levels of conflict & threats to the continuation of the family unit
The dangers of Marital Schism are
Children are torn between parents Profound deficits in addressing developmental needs which result in dysfunction or schizophrenia
The dangers of Marital Skew are:
Expressed Emotion (EE)
The degree of emotion expressed by family members. It has been observed that families with a schizophrenic member tend to have a high degree of intense and negative emotional interactions
Locus of responsibility
The degree of responsibility or blame placed on the individual or system
Substantive complexity
The degree to which a person's work requires thought and independent judgement
Trustworthiness
The degree to which people perceive the communicator as motivated to make valid or invalid assertions
Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scales - FACES
The designed by Olson and others. A questionnaire designed to measure a family's qualities, including cohesion and adaptability (see Circumplex Model).
Let off steam, but freeze the conflict in
The downside of Triangles are:
Mental illness is traditionally explained in linear terms: "A" and "B" causes. Medical: Clustering symptoms into syndromes will lead to biological solutions for psychological problems Psychoanalytic: Symptoms arise from conflict that originated in the client's past Both treat emotional distress as a symptom of internal dysfunction with historical causes.
The downsides of thinking linear vs. circular are:
International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) measures:
The effects erection problems have had on one's sex life
Genes
The encoded features of heritable traits DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid) strung along chromosomes within the nucleus of each cell in an organism. 20,000 to 25,000 genes in the human genome. (Human Genome Project, 2008)
Termination
The end of the contractual relationship between the therapist and client or family. It may be formal and final or flexible. In some therapies it is initiated by the therapist, but in others the therapist follows the family's lead. In brief prescriptive therapies, the therapist initiates termination when the presenting problem is eliminated or when the agreed-upon number of sessions is reached. Other therapeutic models do not conceive of termination as final Clients and families may return to treatment when a new problem appears or an old problem reappears.
The clitoris
The erectile organ in females Located @ the junction of Labia Minora, in front of the Vestibule
Micro-aggressions
The everyday slights, put downs, invalidations & insults directed to socially devalued groups by well-intentioned people who are unaware that they have engaged is biased and harmful behavior
Transaction
The exchange of information between two parties to carry out financial or administrative activities related to health care. (see HIPAA Transaction Rule)
Double ABC-X Family Stress Model
The extension of Hill's early work on stress by McCubbin and Patterson which considers the cumulative effect of stress on families rather than the impact of a single stressor (see ABC-X Family Crisis Model).
Family of Origin
The family into which the person is born or adopted, used most extensively by transgenerational models.
When it came to families, Freud believed:
The family was the context where people learned neurotic fears
Implantation is the process by which
The fertilized egg attaches to the endometrium (lining tissues of the uterus). The cells in the fertilized egg continue to divide.
A tubal or ectopic pregnancy results in the rare cases in which
The fertilized egg does not properly enter the uterus & poses serious health risks to the mother
Formula First Task
The first intervention of solution-focused treatment in which clients are asked to observe their lives between the first and second session to notice what has happened that they would like to continue to have happen so that they begin to identify their strengths.
Syntax
The form of a message.
What are 3 of the 6 suggestions for giving feedback that counselors commonly use in solution-focused therapy (p. 233)
The formula first-session task Do more of what works Do something different Go slow Do the opposite The prediction task
Pubic Symphysis
The front most elements of the pelvic skeleton where the Mons lies & where the pubic hair grows
Narrative Solutions Approach
The integrated approach of Eron and Lund in which the therapists use MRI reframing techniques, narrative therapy techniques, and elements of solution-focused therapy. The therapist believes that people have a preference for how they would like to view themselves and others, which they call the preferred view. They ask clients questions about their preferred view and bout their vision of a future without the problem. Therapists ask mystery questions, such as "How did a person who is so hard-working wind up feeling listless and depressed?"
Structure
The interrelationship among system elements that make up the organization of the system. In first-order change, structures can be affected without altering the organization of the system; whereas, in second-order change the organization's rules and structure are changed.
Invisible veil
The invisibility of people's values & beliefs (worldviews) which are outside the level of conscious awareness
Informed Consent
The legal right of clients or research subjects to be told of the purpose and risks prior to agreeing to participate.
Lack of differentiation can lead to emotional cut-off and last to fusion in marriage, b/c people with limited emotional resources typically project all of their needs onto each other 1. Reactive emotional distance 2. Physical or emotional dysfunction 3. Marital conflict 4. Projection of the problem onto one or more children The less well-differentiated, the less stress it takes to produce symptoms Symptoms develop when the level of stress/anxiety exceeds the system's ability to handle it Lack of differentiation is Influenced by the quality of relationships
The manifestations of lack of differentiation in the family can include
Polyandry
The marriage or mating of one female with more than one males.
Polygyny
The marriage or mating of one male with more than one females.
According to Nichols and Schwartz, the two most powerful ingredients in narrative therapy are the technique of externalizing problems and:
The metaphor itself
Circularity (Circular Causality)
The notion held by the Milan systemic group that causality in families cannot be thought of as a simple, single cause and effect relationship (linear causality). Instead, events, behaviors, and interactions are seen in a more complex way, as mutually influencing one another (feedback loops). Each is the effect of a prior cause and in turn influences future behaviors. Family system events create an endless (and beginning-less) circular chain. In this model it is meaningless to identify an individual as having caused or started a problem. Instead, all elements of the problem coexist and are reciprocally reinforcing. The problem could not be maintained if any one element were to be removed.
Projective Hypothesis
The notion that the information people reveal varies according to the circumstance. For example, the process of constructing a genogram tends to encourage subjective responses that distort the information that is revealed. Therapists should pay attention not only to the information received from the client family, but also to their projections and distortions.
Vulnerability Stress Model (Diathesis Stress Model)
The notion that while some people have a predisposition or inherited vulnerability to a mental illness, the actual manifestation of the illness is determined by life events, particularly stressful events in the family.
Deconstruction
The postmodern process of constructing new meanings by examining implicit assumptions
Knowledge
The presence of accurate information about diverse groups
In structural family therapy, goals for each family are dictated by
The problems they present and the nature of their structural dysfunction
Acculturation
The process by which immigrant group members adjust to the culture of their new country.
Punctuation
The process by which one arbitrarily identifies the beginning and the end of a behavioral sequence (linear causality) which instead, in MRI terms, should be seen as part of a circular pattern. Also a communication pattern in which each participant believes that what he/she says or does is caused by the other.
Grief
The range of emotions following a loss, which are part of the process of integrating the loss.
Strategies of narrative therapy fall into three stages: 1) Problem narrative stage, 2) Finding exceptions and 3):
The recruitment of support stage
Boundary Interface
The regions between each subsystem of the family and between the family and the suprasystem. In family systems therapy this interface is referred to as the familial boundary.
The Greek philosopher Aristotle believed
The role of the father was to make the fetus
The Greek Philosopher Aristotle believed
The role of the father was to make the fetus.
Individuation
The selecting and accentuating of certain experiences and aspects of the self in the process of becoming a unique human being includes separating from the larger group or system.
Family Life Cycle
The series of sequential developmental periods that occur over the course of a family's lifespan, each with transition points and specific tasks that need to be negotiated for healthy development: marriage, child rearing, launching of adolescents, aging, and death. Normal functioning requires adapting to the changes of each stage. Families are vulnerable to developing problems during transitions.
Culture
The set of shared beliefs, behaviors, values, customs, meanings, symbols, and the like, transferred from one generation to the next and from the social groups to which the person belongs (Italian, Jewish, Lesbian, etc.)
Masters & Johnson are authors of
The sexual response cycle
Meiosis
The special sequence of cell divisions that produce haploid gametes. This takes place within the reproductive tissue called gonads.
General Systems Theory
The study of how living systems organize maintain, and regulate themselves, emphasizing the unity and interrelated hierarchical structure of the parts. Adapted from the biological, physical, and communication sciences, primarily through the work of von Bertalanffy.
Cybernetics
The study of how systems are controlled by information and feedback loops and the means by which they work
Paralanguages
The study of how vocal cues affect communication
Semantics
The study of the way language conveys meaning.
Epistemology
The study or theory of the nature, sources, and limits of knowledge. Used by family therapists to describe how and what family members come to believe.
Bowen Family Therapy
The term Emotional Divorce comes from:
Bowen Family Therapy
The term Emotional Reactivity comes from:
Structural Family Therapy
The theory and therapeutic model developed by Minuchin, which focuses on family organization and boundaries and the ways in which these structures govern interactional patterns. Dysfunction, in this model, stems from boundaries that are either too rigid or too diffuse, both of which prevent the system and its subsystems from achieving goals.
Feminism
The theory of the political, economic, & social equality of the sexes The belief that men & women should have equal rights & opportunities Mary Wollstonecraft argued that women had a right to sexual pleasure
Object Relations Theory
The theory that people are motivated by a basic need for human connection rather than basic sexual and aggressive drives, and that repeated parent-child interactions, particularly unsatisfying ones, are internalized in the form of objects (see introjects). In development, infants experience and internalize others in a variety of ways (see rejecting object; antilibidinal ego; exciting object; libidinal ego; libidinal system; antilibidinal system; central ego; ideal object; rejecting ego; exciting ego).
Existential Encounters
The therapeutic stance of Whitaker's symbolic-experiential therapy in which the therapist is willing both to receive the family members' reactions to him/her and to fully disclose his/her reactions to them.
Humanistic
The therapeutic stance that emphasizes the uniqueness of individuals and promotes their potential for growth.
Ecosystemic Approach
The therapeutic view that it is important to attend to the family's relationship tot he larger systems - community, school, and work.
Therapist Stance
The therapist's position (engagement style) in relation to both the family system and therapist's theoretical foundation, for example an engaged style in which the therapist tends to disclose personal experiences or disengaged in which the therapist remains emotionally distant.
Self of the Therapist
The therapist's self-knowledge regarding his/her values, beliefs, biases, strengths, and weaknesses Also refers to the ways in which therapists make use of their personal experiences during therapy and the nature of the emotional bond offered to clients.
White privilege
The unearned advantages & privileges that accrue to people of light-colored skin
SIDS - Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
The unexplained death of an apparently healthy infant. The actual cause of death may be unknown, but certain risk factors have been identified such as immature lungs, apnea, sleep arousal problems; placing the infant on his/her stomach to sleep, soft bedding, etc. The incidence of SIDS has decreased since parents have been advised to place infants on their backs to sleep.
Casanova was very public in recommending
The use of condoms to prevent pregnancy and STDs
Learning to think in circles encourages client to - look @ the half of the equation he can control Therapists job is offer "wake-up" call and challenge each person to see impact of his/her interactions. What keeps people stuck is their inability to see their own participation in the problem.
The value of thinking in circles vs. lines is/are
Acculturation
The values & traditions advanced by family, community, religion, etc., and serve as template for understanding our interactions and experiences
Human Immuno-Suppresant Virus (HIV)
The virus that causes AIDS. The virus can be detected in the blood of infected individuals. HIV+ is the designation of sero-conversion, indicating that the individual carries the virus. HIV- is used to designate that the test does not reveal the presence of the virus (see AIDS).
Gender expression
The ways gender is presented
Crus
The wishbone shape of the clitoris
The concept that people have strong ideas of how they would like to themselves and be seen by others is referred to by Eron and Lund as:
Their preferred
Family dynamics of schizophrenia - Two traditional psychoanalytic concerns: Rigid family roles & family parental models of identification At Yale disputed maternal rejection was primary contributor to schizophrenia
Theodore Lidz studied
Mother's vs. Father's role in the development of schizophrenia
Theodore Lidz's claim to fame
2 deficiencies in marital relationship resulting from Role Reciprocity that contribute to the development of dysfunction in children. 1. Marital Schism: Parents overly focused on their own problems 2. Marital Skew: One parent dominates the family and the other is dependent
Theodore Linz also developed / designed
5 patterns of pathological Fathering: 1. Domineering & Authoritarian: Constantly in conflict with their wives 2. Hostile toward their children: Rivaled their children their mother's attention & affection. (Like jealous sibling) 3. Paranoid Grandiosity: Aloof & distant 4. Failures in Life & non-entities in their homes: Children in these families grew up in almost fatherless homes 5. Passive & Submissive: Men who acted more like children than men and failed to counterbalance their domineering wives.
Theodore Linz developed / designed
Father's influence was more destructive than the mother's influence
Theodore Linz hypothesized
Duvall, Evelyn Hill, Rueben Carter, Betty McGoldrick, Monica
Theorists who contributed to Family Life Cycle are
___________ is abstracted from experience and observation and it's purpose is to simplify and order and explain the raw data to aid understanding and share ideas with others
Theory
______________ is abstracted from experience and observation and its purpose is to simplify and order and explain the raw data to aid understanding and share ideas with others.
Theory
Solution-Focused Family Therapy
Theory and therapeutic model in the tradition of brief therapy, developed by Berg and de Shazer, which focuses on finding solutions rather than understanding the problem. The model evolved from the MRI group's focus on problems and from the postmodern interest in the construction of reality. Clients are encouraged increase behaviors that work well and notice situations in which the problem does not occur.
Whitaker built an impressive theoretical and research base to support his
Therapeutic approach
Cognitive Behavior Family Therapy
Therapies based on both behavioral techniques, which grew out of scientific, laboratory experiments, and on the cognitive therapy models. People learn to modify behaviors both by altering the reinforcement contingencies and/or changing the cognitions that influence their behaviors and interactions.
How can the pillars be used for shared meaning? (272-6)
These pillars help strengthen a marriage by adding fulfillment and enjoyable activities. Pillar one has rituals without a rules to follow. Each family has their own rituals with a specific meaning. 2nd pillar is used to support each other in a marriage. For example, if a couple has a different point of view on the role of a husband or wife, they would both work to be supportive in the relationship. Pillar 3 is about deepest goals and when these are discussed to come to common ground, the relationship is more meaningful. For example, one wanting to have children and the other person not really interested in growing as a family. Pillar 4 says that when a marriage has the same values (religion) the couple will work toward the same goal.
Network Effect
This is a goal of network therapy. It is a euphoric connectedness to others, likened to the energy and feelings of connectedness that can occur at religious revivals, and rock concerts. The result is to bind the group together into a supportive, purposeful, goal-oriented social network.
Sigmund Freud, an Austrian Neurologist & founder of psychoanalysis
Thought that sexual problems were rooted in the operations of the unconscious mind especially during childhood
Exceptions to confidentiality
Threat to self or others, child or elder abuse, legal mandates
John Elderkin Bell Don Jackson Nathan Ackerman Murray Bowen In conjunction with: Jay Haley Virginia Satir Carl Whitaker Lyman Wynne, Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy Christian Midelfort Salvador Minuchin
Title of Founders of Family Therapy is shared by
In a mate, people want
To be understood Feel a sense of security and emotional support Share values, goals and lifestyle
Emotional invalidation
To negate or dismiss the lived experiences of members of marginalized groups
According to Nichols and Schwartz, the primary goal of family therapy must be
To resolved the presenting complaint
Bowen Family Systems Theory centers around two counterbalancing life forces:
Togetherness and individuality
One of the criticisms levied toward strategic therapists was that they were:
Too distant and impersonal
One of Satir's hallmarks was her use of ___________
Touch
Cultural bound values
Traditional western counseling & therapy are seen to posses the values of the dominant culture
_______________ is a person who identifies with the other sex and who seeks to transition to the other sex by means of hormone treatment and sex reassignment surgery.
Transexual
One important reason for relationship problem is that children distort their perceptions by attributing the qualities of one person to someone else. Freud called this:
Transference
One important reason for relationship problems is that children distort their perceptions by attributing the qualities of one person to someone else. Freud called the phenomenon _________________
Transference / Countertransference
_________________ means having a gender identity that is discordant with one's anatomical sex and 3% of American adults are identified as such.
Transgender
A three-person system; according to Bowen, the smallest stable unit of human relations
Triangle
Per Bowen: A 3-person system. The smallest stable unit of human relations. Almost all relationships are shadowed by third parties Major influence on the activity is anxiety ↑ anxiety → greater need for emotional closeness ↑ pressure from others → greater need for distance When problems are too difficult to solve they bring in a third person: for sympathy, or help Triangles spread anxiety over more people reducing it in the lives of the couple Triangles let off steam but freeze the conflict in place
Triangles are
Whenever you hear a family story in which one person is victim and the other villain, you're being invited into a:
Triangulated relationship
"Creating Shared Meaning" can include or exclude religious values
True
"Turning toward" is part of the basis for achieving positive affect during conflict.
True
A neutral or a positive message is interpreted as negative when a couple is in negative sentiment override
True
After implantation in the uterus, some of the cells form the placenta while others form the embryo. At the 8th week, the developing embryo is now called a fetus. The fetus @ 8 weeks is about 1/2 long and constantly growing.
True
Communication has been determined to be the important factor that facilitates the development and enhancement of intimacy in romantic relationship.
True
Communication increases Sexual Satisfaction which increases Emotional Intimacy when increases Relational Satisfaction
True
DE is the least common and least understood male sexual dysfunction
True
Diffuse physiological arousal is important in part, because people cannot process information very well when their heart rates exceed about 100 beats a minute
True
Dyslipidemia is elevation of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides or both.
True
Emotional learning is likely to be somewhat state dependent
True
Even healthy couples sometimes resort to contempt in their conflict discussions.
True
Failed bids for connection may be the basis of a great deal of relation conflict
True
Gottman Method Couples therapy focuses on the emotions the couple brings into a session, on dysfunctional negative interaction patterns and replacing the Four Horsemen with their antidotes in order to make conflict discussions more functionalm constructive and regulated
True
Gottman therapy is primarily an affective therapy which includes behavioral, existential, cognitive, narrative, systemic and psychodynamic components.
True
In processing most arguments, it is possible to discover a conversation that the couple should have had instead of the fight
True
In the Rapport intervention, one partner must summarize to the other partner's satisfaction their understanding of the speaker's position before responding.
True
It is a myth that when quid pro quo reciprocity breaks down, it is a sign that the relationship is ailing and trust is eroded.
True
It is important to empathize with the emotions to behind contempt and ignore the actual contempt message itself
True
It is not usually possible to directly alter negative sentiment override with cognitive restructuring.
True
Love Maps are created by asking open-ended questions or questions that can't be answered by a simple "yes" or "no"
True
Marital Assessment should always be the first step of Gottman Method Therapy
True
Meiosis is the special sequence of cell divisions that produce haploid gametes. This takes place within the reproductive tissue called gonads.
True
Most couples remain perpetual problems that couples either continue to cope with through dialogue or become gridlocked about
True
Negative sentiment override is related to the development of negative attributions about one another and the relationship
True
Once the egg is fertilized, a rapid process of division begins. The fertilized egg leaves the Fallopian tube ad enters the uterus 3 to 4 days after fertilization.
True
Over two thirds of couple's problems are fundamentally unsolvable
True
PE should be addressed as a couples issue with Psycho-social consequences
True
Problem solving is not as crucial as dialogue with perpetual problems
True
Relationship and Communication should be of primary concern when working of couples dealing with sexual issues.
True
Research shows that "massing" therapy sessions at the beginning of treatment is more effective than evenly spacing out sessions over time.
True
Rituals give couples a way for them to connect with each other in ways that are meaningful to them
True
Saying "good point" is an example os accepting influence
True
The "Dreams Within Conflict" intervention is intended to help couples talk more openly about their dreams for their future together.
True
The "aftermath of a Fight Questionnaire" is useful for moving couples from an adversarial to a collaborative mode.
True
The Corpora Cavernosa are the erectile tissue within the clitoris. They are the two (cavernous bodies) that lie next to each other within the clitoral shaft. The Corpus Spongiosum - a single spongy body - are also the erectile tissue within the glans of the clitoris. Also, the crura are the internal extension of the corpous cavernosum o the clitoris. The crura are approximately 3 inches long and partically enwrap the urethra. Are these segments all together?
True
The Oral History Interview reveals important information about the strength of a couple's friendship
True
The antidote for Contempt is to create a culture of appreciation
True
The antidote for Defensiveness is accepting responsibility for even a part of the problem.
True
The antidote to Stonewalling is to self soothe
True
The gametes are usually haploid, meaning that they contain half the number of chromosomes contained in the regular diploid cells of the same species.
True
The most common perpetual issues is a meta emotion mismatch between partners
True
The penis combines erotic, reproductive and excretory functions but developmentally equivalent to our homologous with the clitoris. However, functionally, the penis corresponds with the clitoris, urethra and vagina.
True
The process of fertilization takes about 24 hours. This process completes the genetic makeup of thereby including whether it will be boy or a girl.
True
The three main components of Gottman Method Therapy address friendship , conflict regulation, and shared meaning systems
True
Therapy should be primarily dyadic with the focus on the interaction between partners
True
There are always two different subjective realities in every argument or fight.
True
There should be a multidimensional (therapeutic and medical) approach to a client's wellness.
True
Throughout the Oral History Assessment, we look for evidence of emotional deadness and disengagement.
True
When couples are in an attack-defend mode, videotape play-back will usually move them to an admitting mode
True
With the majority of relational problems, problem solving is not as crucial as dialogue with perpetual problems.
True
Functional cysts Regress without treatment May be diagnosed during a pelvic exam Usually normal ovarian follicles that have not yet ovulated
True / All of the above
The erectile tissue within the clitoral glans consists of The Corpus Spongiosum The Corpora Cavernosa Cavernous bodies The Clitoral Hood
True / All of the above
The surface of the vagina is Mildly acidic Contains bacteria Is pink in color
True / All of the above
Colposcopy is Performed when precancerous changes are seen in cervical cells Involves taking a biopsy of precancerous lesions Destroys precancerous lesions
True / all of the above
Magnus Hirschfeld believed that People all start our as bisexual Sex hormones channel sexual development Sexual orientation has a genetic basis
True /all of the above
Self-reflection
Truthfully acknowledging & owning one's emotions, beliefs, values, thoughts & actions concerning how each impacts self & others
Labia Majora
Two folds of skin padded with fatty tissue, hairy & extend down from the Mons on both sides of the vulva. Erotically sensitive on the inner non-hairy side.
Aristotle
Two means by which organism reproduce themselves sexually and asexually. He guessed that only the father could contribute to the formation of a fetus.
Common law marriage
Two partners living together as husband and wife - no ceremony
The erectile tissue within the clitoral shaft consists of _________ corpora cavernosa that lie _____________
Two; side by side
Nested / embedded emotions
Unacknowledged emotions such as anger, anxiety, defensiveness or guilt regarding one's thoughts about race, culture, gender, & other variables of culture
_____________ is where the therapist aims to realign relationships between subsystems
Unbalancing
Invisible loyalty refers to ____________ ______________ children take on to help their families to he detriment of their own well-being
Unconscious commitments
The goal of psychoanalytic family therapy is to free family members of _____________________ ____________
Unconscious constraints
The goals of psychoanalytic family therapy is to free family members of __________________ ________________
Unconscious constraints
Normal Family Development which involves the past and what's healthy, is__________ in family therapies
Underemphasized
In Family Therapy, it's important to understand Culture because:
Understanding distinction between culture (common patterns of behavior & experience) & ethnicity (common ancestry) As a therapist, be sure not to pathologize cultural differences Don't assume you're the cultural expert, or that everything from another culture is a cultural norm
Bowen's early term for emotional "stuck-togetherness" or fusion in the family, especially prominent in schizophrenic families
Undifferentiation family ego mass
Covert Sexism
Unequal & harmful treatment of women that is conducted in a hidden manner
Covert sexism
Unequal & harmful treatment of women that is conducted in a hidden manner
Subtle sexism
Unequal & unfair treatment of women that is imbedded in our culture & often perceived as normal appropriate behaviors
Narrative therapists comb the family's history to find _____ outcomes where thy resisted the problem or behaved in ways that contradicted the problem story
Unique
Narrative therapists comb the family's history to find ____________ outcomes where they resisted the problem or behaved in ways that contradicted the problem story
Unique
In narrative therapy, families are asked about ________ times when they have had some control over the problem that have been obscured by their problem saturated story
Unique Outcomes
Individual level of Tripartite
Uniqueness Genetic endowment Non-shared experiences
In narrative therapy, theories of normality have been a tool to maintain__________ ___________
Unjust power
The SFT believes that solutions to problems are often
Unrelated to the way the problem developed
Male Reproductive System - Left Diagram
Urinary Bladder Vas Deferens Pubic Bone Prostate Gland Pelvic Floor Muscle Corpas Cavernosum Penis Corpus Spngiosum Uretha Glan Prepuce Foreskin
The specialists that have contributed to our understanding of human sexuality, sexual behavior and sex therapy. hey are:
Urology Cognitive-behavioral Psychology Gynecology Neuroscience Epidemiology Anthropology
Coding Schemas
Used in information management and research, these systems establish an organized and consistent approach to identifying and counting clinical phenomena.
The Freudian concept of interpretation is considered a __________ part of psychoanalytic family therapy
Useful
The language of "parts" refers to
Using language that detaches from labels like abuser and victim
As a therapist we seek to act in the best interest of our clients by
Using or mandatory & discretional actions
Fibroids are noncancerous tumors of the
Uterine Smooth Muscle
The female reproductive system
Vagina Cervix Ovaries Fallopain tubes Uterus Breasts The female reproductive system is made up of internal organs & external structures Its function is to enable reproduction of the species Sexual maturation is the process that this system undergoes in order to carry out its role in the process of pregnancy & birth
Polycystic ovary syndrome is a condition characterized by all of the following expect
Vaginal pain and discomfort
Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder used to be called
Vaginism
Cultural values
Values held in common by a cultural group which often helped share worldview & the perceptions of individuals o that culture
Micro-invalidation
Verbal comments or behaviors that exclude, negate, or dismiss the psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiential reality of the target group
The ____________ is / are not part of the structure of the clitoris
Vestibule
The area encircled by the Labia is called the
Vestibule
When it came to families, Freud:
Viewed the family as the context where people learned neurotic fears
Unresolved emotional reactivity from our families leaves us:
Vulnerable to repeat the unresolved patterns again
Scientific empiricism
Western value placed on empiricism which involves objective, rational, linear thinking as to means to define & solve problems
A model of the mind that uses systemic principles & techniques to understand & change intrapsychic processes
What is Internal Family Systems Therapy?
Homeostasis
What tendency was recognized as the defining metaphor of Family Therapy's first three decades?
Color blindness
When Whites profess not to see the "color" of person of color
Bi-cuturalisim
When an individual ascribes to & values two different cultures
Cultural incompetence
When counselors impose their standards of normality & abnormality upon culturally diverse clients without consideration of cultural differences
Stereotype threat
When members of marginalized group fear inadvertently confirming a mistaken notion (stereotype) about their group
Emotional affirmation
When members of marginalized groups feel the lived experience of been heard, acknowledged, understood and validated
Cultural oppression
When members of the dominant culture impose their standards upon culturally diverse populations with regard for differences
Social class
Where one falls on the socioeconomic spectrum & are usually classed as upper, middle & lower class
High / low context communication
Whether a person relies more on the context to interpret the meaning or the content of the message
The effort to create anxiety in the large system is the goal of:
Whitaker
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
Who believed "In his system, the therapist must exemplify ethical accountability'?
Lidz
Who coined Marital Schism & Marital Skew
Richard Schwartz
Who developed Internal Family Systems Therapy?
James Framo David Rubenstein Geraldine Spark Ross Speck Carolyn Attneave
Who did Ivan B work with?
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
Who founded the Eastern Pennsylvania Psychiatric Institute (EPPI)?
Minuchin
Who said there are two types of families - enmeshed & disengaged?
Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy
Who said: "The therapist is accountable to everyone whose well-being is potentially affected by his/her intervention and requires that all solutions serve he best interest of everyone."
Nathan Ackerman
Who said: "Treating family members without considering the configuration of the family was often futile."
Key points about Kurt Lewin:
Whole of the group is greater than the sum of its members Influential researcher & developer of Field Theory Studied: Small group dynamics Hypothesized: Whole of the group is greater than the sum of it's members Groups produce greater changes in ideas and behavior than individual decisions Developed/Designed: • Developer of Field Theory • Developed: Encounter groups & T-groups
___________________ and _________________ became pioneering researches. They focused on investigating sexual response (from which we get the sexual response cycle) through visual observation. Their general approach included recruiting volunteers to engage in sexual behaviors (including actual sexual intercourse).
William Masters Virginia Johnson
Reproductive invenstment
Willingness of one to commit one's resources to one's children
Cultural humility
Willingness to work with diverse clients
Assume you are an average person of the 1880 reading Psychopathia Sexualis. Based on the content of the book, how would you most likely react?
With schock
Undifferentiated people are likely to react to family situations:
With strong emotionality because they are less able to think clearly
A process in psychoanalytic family therapy, by which insights are translated into new and more productive ways of behaving and interacting is know as:
Working Through
Rubber Fence
Wynne's term for the type of boundaries around some families that may appear open and flexible, but which in fact permit little information from the outside to penetrate. In these families, rules are in constant flux.
Pseudohostility
Wynne's term to describe the use of chronic conflict to create a somewhat superficial alienation of family members, thereby masking an individual member's need for intimacy and affection.
Females possess a homologous pair of ____ sex chromosomes
XX
Gender identity
You you know, in your head, yourself to be
What are 3 of the 4 signs you've reached gridlock? (p. 237)
You've had the same argument again and again with no resolution Neither of you can address the issue with humor, empathy, or affection The issue is becoming increasingly polarizing as time goes on Compromise seems impossible because it would mean selling out
What are 3 of the 4 suggestions for Retracing your path? (p. 112)
[Act] Notice your behavior. Ask: Am I in some form of silence or violence? [Feel] Get in touch with your feelings. What emotions are encouraging me to act this way? [Tell story] Analyze your stories. What story is creating these emotions? [See/ hear] Get back to the facts. What evidence do I have to support this story?
Leagues (Communities of Concern)
a Narrative concept describing Groups of Clients who are Working on Similar Problems, would meet in order to continue to construct and maintain new narratives and to support each other's preferred outcomes.
Unique Outcomes
a Narrative concept describing Instances in which the Client Did Not Experience the Problem for which he/she seeks therapy. These exceptions to the problem (sparkling events) are highlighted in the therapy to counteract a problem-saturated outlook.
Dominant Cultural Discourses
a Narrative concept describing sociocultural norms that can become internalized and have a controlling effect on one's story of oneself. In treatment these norms are personified (e.g., expectations for men, women, or African-American) and their impact is discussed.
Subjugated Stories
a Narrative concept describing the Stories about the client that are Obscured By the Dominant Story. Some of these types of stories are helpful and others are not. Narrative therapists help clients construct a new, more helpful story, which includes unstoried competencies.
Sparkling Events
a Narrative concept describing those Events that Exemplify the client's Preferred Outcome rather that his/her problem-saturated stories
Dominant Story
a Narrative concept in which the person that holds this Narrative(s), Shapes their Identity or Behavior. These types of narratives can become problem-saturated often obscuring a unique outcome or subjugated stories.
Constitutional Self
a Narrative concept that states, the view of Self is Plastic and continuously deconstructed and reconstructed through interactions. The sense of self derives from experiences that fit into the dominant narrative. The therapist and client co-construct a new self that is more congruent with the client's preferred outcome.
Problem-Saturated Stories
a Narrative concept where a Client constructs a Story about themselves by Emphasizing Problematic Experiences and ignoring competencies. Individuals and families then function under the influence of such problem-filled stories.
Therapeutic Letters
a Narrative procedure, created by Epston, used to extend the therapy in which the therapist summarizes in writing the client's competencies with respect to overcoming the problem and a acknowledges the sparkling event.
Externalizing the Problem
a Narrative technique described by White in which a Problem or symptom is conceptualized and discussed as though it Originated Outside the Family or person. The problem is personified, and its powers and designs for the person or family are explored. (e.g., therapist asks, "When did schizophrenia come in to your family, and what do you think its plans are for your future?)
Landscape of Meaning Questions
a Narrative technique in which questions are used to help the Client Consider a New, more Heroic Self View.
Landscape of Action Questions
a Narrative technique in which the therapist asks to gather information about the times in Clients' life that they were Able to Resist the Effects of the Problem.
Mapping the Relative Influence
a Narrative technique of asking about the effect of the problem on relationships and effect of the relationships on the problem. As family members identify their influence on the problem, a second, alternative description of the problem is generated. This alternative description, in turn is a source for a new response.
Therapeutic Certificate
a Narrative technique of giving a certificate to a client or family, announcing the client's victory over the problem, which he/she shows to others and reviews, if he/she again feels the effects of the problem.
Baseline
a beginning observable, stable performance measure against which change, particularly behavioral change, can be measured.
Narrative Therapy
a postmodern therapy model developed by Michael White and David Epston, that centers on the narrative metaphor. The family member's sense of reality is organized around the stories (personal narratives) he/she tells about themselves and the world. Each culture form dominant narratives, which influence personal narratives, and the therapist and client discuss their impact. Problems, symptoms, and dominant narrative are externalized in the therapy conversations.
Bilateral transference
a therapeutic stance in symbolic-experiential therapy in which the therapist adopts the language, accent, rhythm, or posture of the family.
Beavers-Timberlawn Model
an assessment tool used to rate the dimensions of competence and style in a family's functioning. Competence dimensions are: adequate, optimal, midrange, borderline, and severely dysfunctional. Stylistic dimensions are: centripetal, centrifugal, and mixed.
Narrative Major Concepts
co-construction, flexibility and creativity, language is all important; emphasize on meanings, dominant story, hermeneutics, objectification, problem creates the system (problems are directional/relational), re-authoring, subjugated story, symptoms are in the relationship between people (not in the person), unique outcome, we can never know reality; we can only know our construction of reality.
Narrative Therapeutic Stance and Length
co-creates the system with the family, neither direct nor indirect, allow clients a voice in the process of treatment. Short-term.
Battle for Structure
described by Whitaker as the therapist's demand that the family capitulate to his/her way of conducting the therapy, particularly during the initial stages. It is followed by the battle for initiative.
Accomodation
describes a variety of engagement techniques, such as joining, used principally by structural family therapists in which the therapist adapts him/herself to the family's style of interacting
Narrative Theory of Change and Treatment Plan
family members realize participation in the problem, time is "collapsed" to allow conditions for new responses to develop, the family can be helped to find an alternative solution.
Narrative Theory of Dysfunction
family members' participation in the problem, internalization of the problem, family unable to distinguish problem in "time."
Eron and Lund's "mystery questions" ask the client to ________________ about a future without a problem
fantasize
The Bio elements are:
genetic, biochemical, physical
Cultural relativism
he belief that the manifestation & treatment of mental disorders must take into consideration cultural difference
Privileged communication
legal concept, not protected in all states
The Psycho elements are:
mood - depression, personality, behavior,
After implantation in the uterus, some of the cells form the ____________ while others form the _____________.
placenta & embryo.
Interface (boundary interface)
points at which the boundary from one system or subsystem meets the boundaries of other subsystems or the environment.
Familial Boundary
see Boundary Interface (The regions between each subsystem of the family and between the family and the suprasystem. In family systems therapy this interface is referred to as the familial boundary.)
Family dysfunction results from a combination of ____ & ____ to realign themselves to cope with it
stress and failure
Homeostasis
the tendency of a system to strive for balance in order to achieve stability and limit the range of behavioral variability.
Domestic violence
violence against those unable to protect themselves