Psychology Adjustment Chapter 9 - Friendship and Love

(1) Symmetrical reciprocity - loyalty and trust. (2) Agency - awards or benefits. (3) Enjoyment - fun company. (4) Instrumental aide - shoulder to cry on. (5)Similarity - attitudes. (6) Communion - intimacy and self-disclosure.

Hall (2012) identified six friendship standards or expectations

(1) Access to a wide array of potential partners. (2) Easy and convenient communication between partners. (3) Ability to match individuals with compatible potential partners.

The are three unique advantages in using Internet over dace-to-face dating

Proximity, familiarity, physical attraction

The three factors in initial encounters

(1) Shyness. (2) Poor social skills. (3) Self-defeating attributional style

Three factors that figure prominently in chronic loneliness

Mere exposure effect

an increase in positive feelings toward a novel stimulus (such as a person) based on frequent exposure to it.

Close relationships

are those that are important, interdependent, and long lasting.

Transient loneliness

involves brief and sporadic feelings of loneliness, which many people may experience even when their social lives are reasonably satisfying.

Relationship maintenance

involves the actions and activities used to sustain the desired quality of a relationship.

Commitment

involves the decision and intent to maintain a relationship in spite of the difficulties and costs that may arise.

Chronic loneliness

is a condition that affects people who have been unable to develop a satisfactory interpersonal network over a period of years.

Comparison level

is a personal standard of what constitutes an acceptable balance of rewards and costs in a relationship.

Self-disclosure

is the voluntary act of sharing personal information about yourself with another person.

Comparison level for alternatives

it's one's estimation of the available outcomes from alternative relationships.

Parental investment theory

maintains that a species' mating pattern depend on what each sex has to invest - in the way of time, energy, and survival risk - to product and nurture offspring.

Loneliness

occurs when a person has fewer interpersonal relationships than desired or when these relationships are not as satisfying as desired.

Transitional loneliness

occurs when people who have had adequate social relationships in the past become lonely after experiencing a disruption in their social network.

Interdependence theory

postulates that interpersonal relationships are governed by perceptions of the rewards and costs exchanged in interactions.

Social exchange theory

postulates that interpersonal relationships are governed by perceptions of the rewards and costs exchanged in interactions.

Matching hypothesis

proposes that people of similar levels of physical attractiveness gravitate toward each other.

Sexual orientation

refers to a person's preference for emotional and sexual relationships with individuals of the same gender, the other gender, or either gender.

Shyness

refers to discomfort, inhibition, and excessive caution in interpersonal relations.

Proximity

refers to geographic, residential, and other forms of spatial closeness.

Reciprocal liking

refers to liking those who show that they like you.

Passion

refers to the intense feelings (both positive and negative) experienced in love relationships, including sexual desire.

Intimacy

refers to warmth, closeness, and sharing in a relationship.

Social loneliness

result from lack of friendship network.

Heterosexism

the assumption that all individuals and relationships are heterosexual.

Investments

things that people contribute to a relationship that they can't get back if the relationship ends.

Emotional loneliness

this stems from the absence of an intimate attachment figure.

Attachment styles

typical ways of interacting in close relationships.