Master A&P / ACTIV - CHAPTER 3 (Cellular Level of Organization)& 25.2 (Carbohydrate Metabolism)

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MASTER A&P

3a - CELL ANATOMY

Which of the following events occurs during transcription? A cap is added to the RNA molecule. Those segments of the RNA strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed. The message in mRNA is translated into a protein. A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA. mRNA binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.

A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

The anticodon for the triplet UCA is AGU. TCA. TGT. AGC. AGT.

AGU.

According to the Cell Theory, which of the following statements is incorrect ? All cells come from pre-existing cells. All vital processes in an organism occur at their cells. All organisms are made of multiple cells. All vital functions of an organism occur within its cells.

All organisms are made of multiple cells.

In the citric acid cycle, a 2 carbon molecule and a 4 carbon molecule combine to produce pyruvic acid. carbon dioxide. fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate. citric acid. NADH.

CITRIC ACID

What structure in the nucleus stores the instructions for protein synthesis? nucleotide shistones DNA ribosomes

DNA

During which phase of mitosis do the nuclear envelope and nucleoli disappear? Metaphase Telophase Anaphase Prophase

Prophase

________ are responsible for identifying and digesting damaged or denatured proteins. Endosomes Nucleosomes Peroxisomes Lysosomes Proteasomes

Proteasomes

A cell duplicates its chromosomes during the ________ phase. G2 G1 S Gm Go

During which phase of mitosis do nuclear envelopes and the nucleoli reappear? Anaphase Prophase Metaphase Telophase

Telophase

What process ultimately pinches a dividing cell to produce two daughter cells? cytokinesis interphase mitosis DNA replication

cytokinesis

Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the citric acid cycle. electron transport system. glycolysis. cytosol. mitochondrial matrix.

electron transport system.

Passive movement of a solute by a carrier protein is called __________. active transport sodium-potassium exchange facilitated diffusion simple diffusion

facilitated diffusion

Through the process of __________, each glucose yields two pyruvate ions. glycolysis nutrition anabolism oxidation

glycolysis

An alternate term for tumor is _____. benign malignancy. primary metastasis. nucleoplasm. cytoplasm. neoplasm.

neoplasm.

The type of endocytosis that would take a bacterium into an immune cell would be... phagocytosis pinocytosis immunocytosis

phagocytosis

Ribosomes are composed of protein and _____. rRNA. ATP. steroids. glycogen. DNA.

rRNA.

Thymine is replaced by which nitrogen base in RNA? uracil guanine cytosine ribose thymine is not replaced in RNA

uracil

Which of the following is NOT a passive process? vesicular transport filtration facilitated diffusion osmosis

vesicular transport

The set of three nucleotides on the mRNA strand that are read by the ribosome is termed the __________. tRNA" "codon" "triplet" "anti-codon"

"codon"

The chemical equation that correctly summarizes the overall reaction in oxidative phosphorylation is H2 + O2 → H2O + O. H2 + O2 → H2O. 2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O. 3 H2 + 2O2 → 3 H2O + 2 O. P + 3 O → PO3.

2 H2 + O2 → 2 H2O.

Figure 3-1 The Plasma membrane Use Figure 3-1 to answer the following question. What part of the plasma membrane is hydrophobic? 4 6 5 3 2

Figure 3-2 The Anatomy of a Representative Cell Which structure produces ATP for the cell? 6 3 2 5 1

3 = *Mitochondria*

You have to give some to get some" might describe how glycolysis has to be "primed" with an initial input of two _____ molecules. ATP lactate pyruvate NADH

ATP

Which of the following is the driving force for the sodium-potassium pump? ATP hydrolysis a concentration gradient a hydrostatic pressure gradient an electrical gradient

ATP hydrolysis

The end products of glycolysis are ADP and ATP. NADH and FADH2. ATP, NADH, and pyruvic acid. pyruvic acid and citric acid. ATP, water, and carbon dioxide.

ATP, NADH, and pyruvic acid.

Which of the following best describes the difference between active and passive transport mechanisms? Active mechanisms use energy to move solutes against their concentration gradients. Passive mechanism move solutes with their concentration gradients. Active mechanisms use energy to move solutes with their concentration gradients. Passive mechanisms move solutes against their concentration gradients. Active mechanisms use the energy stored in a solute's concentration gradient. Passive mechanisms do not use energy. Active mechanisms use energy to move solutes out of the cell. Passive mechanisms move solutes into the cell.

Active mechanisms use energy to move solutes against their concentration gradients. Passive mechanism move solutes with their concentration gradients.

Which of the following is not true of DNA? It contains the instructions for protein synthesis. It is found in the nucleus. It carries amino acids to the ribosome. It contains our genes.

It carries amino acids to the ribosome.

Which cellular organelle contains the cell's "library" of genetic information?

Nucleus

The strategy of eating starchy foods for several days before an athletic event is known as carbohydrate craving. overeating. glycolysis reaction. the Atkins diet. carbohydrate loading.

carbohydrate loading.

Figure 25-1 The Citric Acid Cycle What is the molecule labeled "2"? carbon dioxide FADH2 citric acid hydrogen atoms NADH

carbon dioxide

The cyanide ion (CN2) released from hydrogen cyanide gas binds to cytochrome a3 and prevents the transfer of electrons to oxygen. If inhaled, which tissue would be most affected? cardiac muscle osseous epidermal skeletal muscle

cardiac muscle

Identify the mismatched pair. channel proteins provide passageway for ions carrier proteins allow a cell to move recognition glycoproteins and glycolipids identify the cell as "self" receptor proteins bind to extracellular ligands enzymes speed up chemical reactions

carrier proteins allow a cell to move

Each individual gene does which of the following? carries the instructions for making a single polypeptide codes for one amino acid controls protein synthesis controls the expression of several traits

carries the instructions for making a single polypeptide

The electron transport system doesn't produce ATP directly instead it uses the hydrogen ion gradient to drive decarboxylation. anaerobic metabolism. chemiosmosis. deamination. substrate-level phosphorylation.

chemiosmosis.

When a double helix of DNA is replicated, two complete helices are formed. Together, these helices are called sister __________. chromosomes chromatids telomeres centromeres

chromatids

In cells that are not dividing, chromosomes uncoil to form a tangle of fine fibers known as chromattin. genes. histones. chromatin. histiocytes

chromattin.

The process by which cells become specialized is called mutation. differentiation. distinction. determination. cytokinesis.

differentiation.

The movement of oxygen from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is an example of facilitated transport. osmosis. diffusion. filtration. active transport.

diffusion.

When activated, lysosomes function in cell division. digestion of materials. formation of new cell membranes. synthesis of proteins. synthesis of lipids.

digestion of materials.

Which of these is *not* true about the citric acid cycle? directly produces most of a cell's ATP directly produces most of a cell's waste CO2 only occurs when there is enough oxygen around occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells

directly produces most of a cell's waste CO2

There is a direct correlation between the potency of a general anesthetic such as ether and its ability to bind to proteins. bind to DNA. dissolve in water. dissolve in lipids. interact with carbohydrates.

dissolve in lipids.

Microfilaments do not _________. anchor the cytoskeleton to membrane proteins. distribute chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell. help determine the consistency of cytoplasm. produce cell movement, with myosin. consist of the protein called actin.

distribute chromosomes to opposite ends of a dividing cell.

Before the mRNA transcribed from a gene can be used to translate into a protein, it must be _________. coated with phospholipids for transport out of the nucleus. transported into the cytoplasm.edited to remove exons. edited to remove introns. edited to remove introns and transported into the cytoplasm.

edited to remove introns and transported into the cytoplasm.

Pinocytosis is a form of __________. exocytosis endocytosis osmosis diffusion

endocytosis

The intake of materials from the extracellular fluid using vesicles is called an ion exchange pump. osmosis. exocytosis. facilitated transport. endocytosis.

endocytosis.

Fibroblast cells can migrate between tissues, whereas epithelial cells adhere strongly to each other and resist stretching. Based on this description, you could surmise that __________ would have more intermediate filaments than __________. skeletal muscle cells; epithelial cells fibroblasts; epithelial cells fibroblast cells; red blood cells epithelial cells; fibroblast cells

epithelial cells; fibroblast cells

When the solutes are evenly distributed throughout a solution, we say the solution has reached _______. velocity diffusion equilibrium permeability

equilibrium

The cell theory includes all of these concepts except _____. cells are the building blocks of all organisms. each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level. all cells come from the division of preexisting cells. every cell is capable of living on its own if isolated from the body. cells are the smallest units that carry out the essential functions of life.

every cell is capable of living on its own if isolated from the body.

A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid. This statement describes _____. active transport facilitated diffusion endocytosis simple diffusion exocytosis

exocytosis

Which of these vesicular transport methods expels material from the cell? pinocytosis exocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis phagocytosis

exocytosis

Some transport processes use transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP. This type of transport is known as _____. active transport simple diffusion endocytosis facilitated diffusion exocytosis

facilitated diffusion

The majority of water molecules moving across plasma membranes by osmosis do so via a process that is most similar to ____. active transport facilitated diffusion a process that requires energy from the cell cotransport simple diffusion

facilitated diffusion

What is the type of transport supplied by the glucose carriers in the activity? coupled transport facilitated diffusion exocytosis active transport endocytosis

facilitated diffusion

Which of the following requires a membrane-bound carrier for transport? facilitated diffusion osmosis filtration simple diffusion

facilitated diffusion

Assume that the import of a particular amino acid across the plasma membrane is observed (1) to occur only down its concentration gradient and (2) to slow when a different but similar amino acid is added to the extracellular fluid. The movement of the amino acid through the membrane is most likely by pinocytosis. facilitated diffusion. diffusion. active transport. osmosis.

facilitated diffusion.

Which of the following is not a major function of proteins in the cell membrane? forming the entire glycocalyx acting as receptors forming channels anchoring cells to other structures

forming the entire glycocalyx

Proteins that are simply to be released into the cytoplasm are made by... the rough ER the Golgi the smooth ER free ribosomes

free ribosomes

During the citric acid cycle, both NAD and FAD ________ a hydrogen atom and become ________. gain; oxidized lose; reduced lose; oxidized gain; reduced gain; ATP

gain; reduced

Water moves by osmosis from an area of _______ solute concentration to an area of _______ solute concentration. lower; higher equal; equivalent higher; lower

lower; higher

Which of the following acts as the digestive system of the cell, breaking down materials? nucleus endoplasmic reticulum ribosome lysosome

lysosome

Macrophages are cells that engulf and consume germs or debris. What organelle must be especially plentiful in these cells? mitochondria lysosomes ribosomes centrioles nuclei

lysosomes

Which of the following does not occur during RNA processing? Segments of the RNA strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed. mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome. Segments of RNA that do code for the protein are reconnected. A modified guanine nucleotide is added to the beginning of the RNA strand as a cap. Adenine nucleotides are added to the end of the RNA strand, forming a tail.

mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome.

Which of the following is a correct statement about mRNA? mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing. mRNA is transcribed from DNA in the cytoplasm. Segments of mRNA that code for protein are removed before translation. mRNA binds directly to amino acids during translation. mRNA includes a cap that consists of extra adenine nucleotides.

mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing.

A cell can increase how fast a substance diffuses across its plasma membrane by inserting channels, which modify the charge of the substance. concentration gradient of the substance.size and mobility of the substance. membrane's permeability to the substance. distance across the membrane.

membrane's permeability to the substance.

Membrane proteins perform all of the following functions except _______. anchoring the cell to other structures. binding to extracellular ligands. transporting solutes across the membrane. metabolizing glucose to gain energy. catalyzing chemical reactions.

metabolizing glucose to gain energy.

Which phase of mitosis has chromosomes lining up in the center of the cell? metaphase prophase cytokinesis anaphase

metaphase

Endocytosis is a ______ viral infection. form of anabolism. method for packaging secretions. method for transporting substances into the cell. method for metabolizing within the cytosol.

method for transporting substances into the cell.

Tubulin is to microtubules as actin is to ____ ribosomes. microvilli. microfilaments. flagella. intermediate filaments.

microfilaments.

Cilia and flagella contain nine pairs of ________ surrounding a central pair. microfilaments intermediate filaments microvilli microtubules microsomes

microtubules

During cell division, __________ move the chromosomes. cilia microfilaments intermediate filaments microtubules

microtubules

Which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division? microtubules basal bodies microfilaments intermediate filaments thick filaments

microtubules

Which cellular organelle produces most of the ATP made in most cells?

mitochondria (?)

Most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the endoplasmic reticulum. nucleus. cilia. mitochondria. cytoplasm.

mitochondria.

The citric acid cycle occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. ribosome. golgi apparatus. cytosol. mitochondrial intermembrane space.

mitochondrial matrix.

A primary active transport process is one in which __________. molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP an intracellular vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents to the extracellular fluid molecules move across the plasma membrane without an input of energy molecules pass directly through the phospholipid bilayer of the plasma membrane the plasma membrane folds inward to form a vesicle containing extracellular material

molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP

Breathing faster and deeper eliminates more carbon dioxide from the body than normal breathing. Under these circumstances, in the lungs more carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood. the amount of carbon dioxide diffusion will remain unchanged. less carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood. more carbon dioxide will diffuse into the blood. less carbon dioxide will diffuse into the blood.

more carbon dioxide will diffuse out of the blood.

The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope. phospholipid bilayer. plasma membrane. chromosome shield. membranous sac.

nuclear envelope.

Transfer of mRNA from the nucleus to the cytosol occurs through _____. nucleosides. carrier proteins. gap lines. nuclear pores. gap junctions.

nuclear pores.

One of the characteristics of cancer cells is an increased need for protein production. Of the following choices, which organelle would be most closely associated with meeting this need? nucleoli Golgi apparatus mitochondria proteasomes

nucleoli

The components of ribosomes are formed within lysosomes. mitochondria. the endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi complexes. nucleoli.

nucleoli.

Which organelle is more prominent in cells that make large amounts of protein? proteasome nucleus chromosome mitochondria nucleolus

nucleolus

Histones are found in vesicles. endosomes. proteasomes. nucleosomes. lysosomes.

nucleosomes.

Which structure is indicated by the arrow?

nucleus

Most cells have only one ____ nucleus. peroxisome. ribosome. mitochondrion. lysosome.

nucleus.

Most of a cell's DNA is located in its nucleus. Golgi apparatus. lysosomes. nucleolus. ribosomes.

nucleus.

A(n) ________ is a mutated regulatory gene that causes cancer. monogene toxogene oncogene neogene plasmogene

oncogene

Cancer is characterized by mutations that disrupt normal cell growth and function. The mutations change normal genes into __________. enzymes immune cells stem cells oncogenes

oncogenes

Each triplet of bases in a gene corresponds to one amino acid in a protein. one chromosome. one DNA nucleotide. one protein. one mRNA.

one amino acid in a protein.

The sodium-potassium pump can transport _______. sodium even if potassium is not availables odium even if potassium is not available and potassium even if sodium is not available potassium even if sodium is not available only if sodium and potassium are available

only if sodium and potassium are available

Which of the following solutes would move the fastest? sodium chloride glucose albumin urea

sodium chloride

Which of the following generated osmotic pressure? albumin sodium chloride, glucose and albumin generated osmotic pressure. glucose sodium chloride

sodium chloride, glucose and albumin generated osmotic pressure.

An extracellular cation whose concentration gradient drives the secondary active transport of many different solutes is glucose. potassium. sodium. calcium. chloride.

sodium.

Each of the following is a function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum except synthesis of triglycerides .detoxification of drugs. storage and release of calcium ions. synthesis of protein. synthesis of steroid hormones.

synthesis of protein.

The "t" in tRNA stands for transcribe. translate. transport. transfer. transmit.

transfer.

When you (eventually) get your COVID vaccine, it will consist of a massive dose of mRNA for your ribosomes to _______ into proteins. (name the process)

translated

The process of protein formation directed by mRNA is called replication. auscultation. mitosis. translation. transcription.

translation.

In DNA replication, two new copies are made of each chromosome, and the original chromosome is destroyed. two copies are made of each chromosome, and each copy contains one of the DNA strands from the original chromosome. one new copy is made of each chromosome, and the original chromosome remains intact. 23 copies are made of each chromosome.the chromosome is copied to RNA, which is then copied to DNA for a new chromosome.

two copies are made of each chromosome, and each copy contains one of the DNA strands from the original chromosome.

All of the following membrane transport mechanisms are passive processes except vesicular transport. osmosis. movement of water. facilitated diffusion. diffusion.

vesicular transport.

A Hypertonic solution:_______. will induce cell swelling will induce no net movement of water will induce cell bursting will induce cell shrinkage

will induce cell shrinkage

Generally, cells with a very brief interphase and lacking a G0 phase lack the enzyme DNA polymerase. are reproductive cells. do not exhibit cytokinesis .are stem cells. have brief life spans.

.are stem cells.

Osmotic pressure is measured in units of _______ .mm Hg ml/min mM/min mM/sec

.mm Hg

Which of the following conditions would cause (net) glucose to be transported into a cell via facilitated diffusion? Assume ATP is present inside the cell. 5 mM glucose in cytoplasm; 0.5 mM glucose in extracellular fluid 5.5 mM glucose in cytoplasm; 5.5 mM glucose in extracellular fluid 0.5 mM glucose in cytoplasm; 5 mM glucose in extracellular fluid 5 mM glucose in cytoplasm; 5 mM glucose in extracellular fluid

0.5 mM glucose in cytoplasm; 5 mM glucose in extracellular fluid

Match the organelle (1-4) with the correct description (5-8). 1) mitochondrion 5) synthesizing molecules 2) centriole 6) liquid in cell 3) endoplasmic reticulum 7) provides cell with energy 4) cytosol 8) aids the formation of the spindle apparatus 1 and 8, 2 and 5, 3 and 6, 4 and 7 1 and 6, 2 and 8, 3 and 5, 4 and 7 1 and 5, 2 and 6, 3 and 7, 4 and 8 1 and 7, 2 and 6, 3 and 8, 4 and 5 1 and 7, 2 and 8, 3 and 5, 4 and 6

1 and 7, 2 and 8, 3 and 5, 4 and 6

What is the correct order of occurrence for the steps of protein synthesis? 1. mRNA is produced in nucleus. 2. Ribosome moves along mRNA. 3. DNA uncoils for transcription. 4. Polypeptide is produced. 5. tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome. 6. mRNA moves to ribosome. 3, 1, 6, 2, 5, 4 2, 4, 6, 1, 3, 5 1, 5, 3, 4, 2, 6 3, 5, 1, 6, 2, 4 2, 1, 5, 4, 3, 6

3, 1, 6, 2, 5, 4 1.DNA uncoils for transcription. 2. mRNA is produced in the nucleus. 3. mRNA moves to ribosome. 4. Ribosome moves along mRNA. 5. tRNA brings amino acids to ribosome. 6. Polypeptide is produced.

The following is a list of the steps involved in the process of secretion by the Golgi apparatus. What is the proper order for these steps? 1. Cisternae move from the forming face toward the maturing face. 2. Exocytosis 3. Products from RER are packaged into transport vesicles. 4. Secretory vesicles are formed at the maturing face. 5. Vesicles arrive at the forming face. 6. Enzymes modify arriving proteins and glycoproteins. 3, 5, 6, 1, 4, 2 1, 3, 6, 4, 2, 5 2, 3, 5, 6, 1, 4 5, 6, 1, 4, 2, 3 4, 3, 1, 6, 5, 2

3, 5, 6, 1, 4, 2

How many net ATP molecules are produced by the complete metabolism (all pathways) of one glucose molecule? 2-4 ATP 150 ATP 100-120 ATP 6 ATP 30-32 ATP

30-32 ATP

MASTER A&P

3a - Cell Physiology

Diagram of the Citric Acid Cycle showing the distribution of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms through one complete turn. Figure 25-1 The Citric Acid Cycle pg.940 What is the molecule labeled "7"? NADH FADH2 hydrogen atoms citric acid 4 carbon molecule

4 carbon molecule

Figure 3-1 The Plasma membrane Use Figure 3-1 to answer the following question. Microfilaments are labeled in what number? 3. 6 .2 .1 .5.

5 (Cytoskeleton)

Through which membrane(s) would sodium chloride diffuse? 50 MWCO, 100 MWCO, and 200 MWCO 20 MWCO, 50 MWCO, 100 MWCO, and 200 MWCO 100 MWCO and 200 MWCO 200 MWCO only

50 MWCO, 100 MWCO, and 200 MWCO

Figure 3-1 The Plasma membrane Use Figure 3-1 to answer the following question. Which structure has a "gate" to control transport? 1 4 2 8 7

Which letter represents the process that provides the greatest yield of ATP? A B C D

What is a possible rationale for the difference between the DNA in chromatin and chromosome form? The loosely organized chromatin facilitates transcription. The structure of chromatin allows DNA-binding proteins to access the DNA. The condensed chromatin keeps the DNA organized through cell division. All of the listed answers are possible rationales for chromatin-chromosome DNA differences.

All of the listed answers are possible rationales for chromatin-chromosome DNA differences.

Active Transport involves a membrane protein "pump" moving specific substances *against* their concentration gradients, requiring energy Sometimes Never Always

Always

During which phase of mitosis do the sister chromatids move apart? Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Prophase

Anaphase

MASTERING

CYTOLOGY (CHAP.3) - POST-LAB

Telomerase, Aging, and Cancer Each telomere contains a sequence of about 8000 nitrogenous bases, but they are multiple copies of the same six-base sequence, TTAGGG, repeated over and over again. Telomeres are not formed by DNA polymerase. Instead, they are created by an enzyme called telomerase. Telomerase is functional early in life, but by adulthood it has become inactive. As a result, the telomere segments lost during each mitotic division are not replaced. Eventually, shortening of the telomere reaches a point at which the cell no longer divides. This mechanism is a factor in the aging process, since many of the signs of age result from the gradual loss of functional stem cell populations. Experiments are in progress to determine whether activating telomerase (or a suspected alternative repair enzyme) can forestall or reverse the effects of aging. This would seem to be a very promising area of research. Activate telomerase and halt aging--sounds good, doesn't it? Unfortunately, there's a catch: In adults, telomerase activation is a key step in the development of cancer. If for some reason a cell with short telomeres does not respond normally to repressor genes, it will continue to divide. The result is mechanical damage to the DNA strands, chromosomal abnormalities, and mutations. Interestingly, one of the first consequences of such damage is the abnormal activation of telomerase. Once this occurs, the abnormal cells can continue dividing indefinitely. Telomerase is active in at least 90 percent of all cancer cells. Research is underway to find out how to turn off telomerase that has been improperly activated. The cessation of telomerase activity as we age limits the number of times a cell can replicate. Current research on telomerases is particularly useful in the fight against cancer. Why is this so? Cancer cells have telomerases that suppress the occurrence of cellular mutations. Cancer cells have telomerases that trigger the loss of stem cell populations. Telomerase activation may help reduce the amount of mechanical damage incurred by DNA in cancer cells. Cancer cells employ a mechanism that activates telomerases, which leads to uncontrolled cellular division.

Cancer cells employ a mechanism that activates telomerases, which leads to uncontrolled cellular division.

Which of the following statements about cells is FALSE? Cells are the most basic units of life. Cells join together to form organelles, which then form our organs and organ systems. Although human cells are diverse in size, shape, and function, they have essentially the same organelles and general structure. The cells in our bodies collectively carry out all of the functions necessary for us to stay alive.

Cells join together to form organelles, which then form our organs and organ systems.

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids line up at the center of the cell? Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Prophase

Metaphase

Five-year-old Jackson comes home from kindergarten with yet another ear infection. He is a happy child with a great appetite, but he can't seem to stay healthy. His nose is constantly plugged, and he always has a nasty cough. Sometimes he coughs so hard he vomits. Jackson has been checked for cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease that causes thick, sticky, mucus secretions, to be sure this is not the cause of his earaches and chronic cough. There are no pets or smokers in the home. Because this cough has gone on so long, Jackson is now getting a chest x-ray. The radiology technologist asks if she can take another film and carefully checks to be sure she has the "right" marker on Jackson's right side. . "Now that's funny," the tech says. "It looks like this x-ray is backward, but I know I took it correctly. Jackson's heart must be on the wrong side." The odd position of Jackson's heart is related to a disorder with his cilia called primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). What are cilia? Cilia are very long singular extensions of the cytoplasm. They have an internal arrangement of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding a central microtubule pair (9+2 array). Cilia are finger-shaped cytoplasmic projections of the plasma membrane that increase the surface area of the cell. Cilia exist in pairs and are structures composed of an internal arrangement of nine microtubule triplets arranged in a cylindrical structure. Cilia are numerous motile extensions of the plasma membrane that have an internal arrangement of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding a central microtubule pair (9+2 array).

Cilia are numerous motile extensions of the plasma membrane that have an internal arrangement of nine pairs of microtubules surrounding a central microtubule pair (9+2 array).

What is the name of the process by which the cytoplasm divides in two? Microtubule shortening Cytoplasmic streaming Segregation Cytokinesis

Cytokinesis

Which one of the following does not play a role in translation? Ribosomes Amino acids DNA Anticodon tRNA

DNA

DNA Fingerprinting Every nucleated somatic cell in the body carries a set of 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) that are copies of the set formed at fertilization. Not all the DNA of these chromosomes codes for proteins. Within the non-protein coding DNA are regions called short tandem repeats (STRs), which contain the same nucleotide sequence repeated over and over. The number of STRs and the number of repetitions vary among individuals. In the United States, 13 core STRs are used for identifying individuals by DNA fingerprinting. The individual differences are reflected in the different lengths of these STRs. The chance that any two individuals, other than identical twins, will have the same length and pattern of repeating DNA segments in 13 STRs is approximately 1 in 575 trillion. For this reason, individuals can be identified on the basis of their DNA pattern, just as they can on the basis of a fingerprint. Skin cells, semen, hair root cells, or cheek cells can serve as the DNA source. Information from DNA fingerprinting has been used to convict or acquit people accused of violent crimes, such as rape or murder. The U.S. Crime Act of 1994 allowed the FBI to establish and maintain the National DNA Index System. Forensic scientists employed in crime fighting rely on DNA fingerprints. Which of the following statements does NOT verify the usability of DNA fingerprints in fighting crimes? Perpetrators of violent crimes, such as rape and murder, have been convicted based on DNA fingerprinting. DNA fingerprints of convicted felons are collected in a database accessible to crime fighters. DNA fingerprints are unique to everyone, even identical twins. DNA fingerprints can be obtained from tissues samples as varied as semen, blood, and hair.

DNA fingerprints are unique to everyone, even identical twins.

Which protein joins together the Okazaki fragments of DNA in the lagging strand? RNA the leading strand DNA polymerase DNA ligase the replication fork

DNA ligase

Which statement about DNA replication is FALSE? The two strands of original or parental DNA are separated during DNA replication. Because the two strands of original or parental DNA run in opposite directions, the new strands must be made in different ways. DNA polymerase III builds a new strand by adding DNA nucleotides one at a time. The lagging strand is made of a series of fragments that must be joined together to make a continuous strand. DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand.

DNA ligase adds nucleotides to the lagging strand.

Which enzyme works simultaneously along both DNA strands to synthesize complementary strands of DNA? helicase ligase RNA polymerase DNA polymerase

DNA polymerase

Which of the following builds new strands of DNA? the replication fork DNA helicase the lagging strand of DNA DNA polymerase the leading strand of DNA

DNA polymerase

When DNA begins to replicate, two strands of the DNA helix are separated, forming a replication bubble. At each end of the bubble is a replication fork.

DNA replication continues until two new DNA molecules identical to the original DNA helix are formed, each containing one new (daughter) strand and one old (parental) strand of DNA. This is called semiconservative replication.

The cell cycle is divided into two main parts: interphase and cell division. Interphase is the period in which the cell is performing normal functions and not actively engaged in cell division. Most of your body's cells spend a lot of their time in interphase. Before a cell can divide, what must occur during interphase? The cell only performs its normal cell functions. The sister chromatids separate into chromosomes. The DNA relaxes into chromosomes. Each chromatin fiber is duplicated in the nucleus.

Each chromatin fiber is duplicated in the nucleus.

Which of the following statements about genes is not correct? They are part of your chromosomes. Each single chromosome contains one single gene. They are composed of DNA. They are located in the nucleus.

Each single chromosome contains one single gene.

What is the source of new material for the plasma membrane? microtubules mitochondria Golgi apparatus rough endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes

Golgi apparatus

Which of the following is the best situation for maintaining homeostasis? Extracellular fluid should be hypotonic to intracellular fluid. Extracellular fluid should be isotonic to intracellular fluid. Tonicity has no impact on homeostasis. Extracellular fluid should be hypertonic to intracellular fluid.

Extracellular fluid should be isotonic to intracellular fluid.

What provides energy required to produce the molecule indicated by the red arrow? glucose ATP H+ ion gradient NADH

H+ ion gradient

Free Radicals Throughout a typical day or after exposure to pollution, cells generate free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive atoms or molecules that contain an unpaired electron "seeking" the electrochemical stability of another electron. Common free radicals containing oxygen are known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Free radicals such as ROS can damage proteins, DNA, and lipids. They prevent proteins from assuming their functional quaternary structure, DNA becomes cross-linked and unable to replicate, and the phospholipid bilayer of membranous organelles and the plasma membrane itself is pierced. Oxidative damage by free radicals underlies aging and numerous diseases such as Alzheimer's. What constitutes a free radical? A molecule that acts as a buffer. Free radicals are considered as inert molecules. The free radicals formed in the body are made up of mostly carbon atoms. Free radicals are highly reactive atoms with an unpaired electron.

Free radicals are highly reactive atoms with an unpaired electron.

Free Radicals Throughout a typical day or after exposure to pollution, cells generate free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive atoms or molecules that contain an unpaired electron "seeking" the electrochemical stability of another electron. Common free radicals containing oxygen are known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). Free radicals such as ROS can damage proteins, DNA, and lipids. They prevent proteins from assuming their functional quaternary structure, DNA becomes cross-linked and unable to replicate, and the phospholipid bilayer of membranous organelles and the plasma membrane itself is pierced. Oxidative damage by free radicals underlies aging and numerous diseases such as Alzheimer's. What constitutes a free radical? The free radicals formed in the body are made up of mostly carbon atoms. Free radicals are considered as inert molecules. Free radicals are highly reactive atoms with an unpaired electron. A molecule that acts as a buffer.

Free radicals are highly reactive atoms with an unpaired electron.

If a cell has "exited" the cell cycle, usually to differentiate into a non-dividing cell type, we say that it has entered GX G1 G2 G0

G0 *Zero Growing, b/c not dividing anymore* - STEM CELLS

Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of interphase? G1, S, and G2 G1, prophase, and S S, cytokinesis, mitosis Prophase, metaphase, telophase

G1, S, and G2

Five-year-old Jackson comes home from kindergarten with yet another ear infection. He is a happy child with a great appetite, but he can't seem to stay healthy. His nose is constantly plugged, and he always has a nasty cough. Sometimes he coughs so hard he vomits. Jackson has been checked for cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease that causes thick, sticky, mucus secretions, to be sure this is not the cause of his earaches and chronic cough. There are no pets or smokers in the home. Because this cough has gone on so long, Jackson is now getting a chest x-ray. The radiology technologist asks if she can take another film and carefully checks to be sure she has the "right" marker on Jackson's right side. "Now that's funny," the tech says. "It looks like this x-ray is backward, but I know I took it correctly. Jackson's heart must be on the wrong side." The majority of individuals with PCD have defects associated with the ciliary protein dynein, which functions in the cilia's motility. Many of these affected individuals have mutations associated with two genes: DNAI1 and DNAH5. How do genes relate to proteins? Genes are a type of RNA molecule that brings the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome complex during protein synthesis. Genes are the molecule that adds the nucleotides to the RNA strand during transcription. Mutations in these molecules cause the wrong nucleotides to be inserted, ultimately creating a fault protein during translation. Genes are the molecules of RNA that translocate from the nucleus to associate with ribosomes during translation of protein synthesis. Genes are a set of nucleotides in a strand of DNA that specify the specific sequence of the amino acids that comprise a protein.

Genes are a set of nucleotides in a strand of DNA that specify the specific sequence of the amino acids that comprise a protein.

Which cellular organelle is the "sort and ship" center for molecules destined to be secreted? Secretory vesicle Rough ER Smooth ER Golgi

Golgi

What is the basic difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane? In simple diffusion, molecules move down the concentration gradient but in facilitated diffusion molecules move up the concentration gradient. In facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane. Simple diffusion requires molecules to move through special doorways in the cell membrane. Simple diffusion is passive but facilitated diffusion is an active process that uses energy.

In facilitated diffusion, molecules only move with the aid of a protein in the membrane.

Glycolysis yields two molecules of pyruvate. Which of the following statements best describes what next happens to pyruvate? Pyruvate leaves the cell by exocytosis and enters the interstitial fluid . Pyruvate combines with coenzyme A and becomes acetyl-CoA. Pyruvate is used by the cell as a form of energy. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters a mitochondrion.

In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate enters a mitochondrion.

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA duplication, or replication, take place? Interphase Anaphase Prophase Metaphase

Interphase

ACTIV

LESSON 1.6 - CELL ANATOMY & TRANSPORT

ACTIV

LESSON 1.7 - Cell Physiology Basics

Which of the following can be true of both active transport and facilitated diffusion? Lipid-insoluble solutes are transported across the membrane by a carrier protein. Cellular energy is required for the transport. Solutes can move against their concentration gradient. A solute pump is required. The cell membrane pinches off to transport materials.

Lipid-insoluble solutes are transported across the membrane by a carrier protein.

In which phase of the cell cycle are the "sister" chromosomes separated to from two new nuclei? S phase M phase G2 phase G1 phase

M phase

________ are compartments within the cell whose contents are isolated from the cytosol. Nonmembranous organelles Ribosomes Cytoskeleton Membranous organelles Microvilli

Membranous organelles

__________ function(s) as the template during translation. Ribosomes DNA Messenger RNA Transfer RNA

Messenger RNA

Which steps of mitosis are mis-matched with their descriptions (choose two): Metaphase: sister chromatids separate and move in opposite directions due to retraction of the spindle microtubules Anaphase: chromosomes like up along the midline of the cell, firmly attached to spindle microtubules Telophase: two new nuclear envelopes begin to form around chromosomes that have reached opposite ends of the cell Prophase: chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope begins to break down, spindle begins to form

Metaphase: sister chromatids separate and move in opposite directions due to retraction of the spindle microtubules Anaphase: chromosomes like up along the midline of the cell, firmly attached to spindle microtubules

Microtubules are hollow tubes with a diameter of 25 nanometers and are composed of the protein tubulin.

Five-year-old Jackson comes home from kindergarten with yet another ear infection. He is a happy child with a great appetite, but he can't seem to stay healthy. His nose is constantly plugged, and he always has a nasty cough. Sometimes he coughs so hard he vomits. Jackson has been checked for cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease that causes thick, sticky, mucus secretions, to be sure this is not the cause of his earaches and chronic cough. There are no pets or smokers in the home. Because this cough has gone on so long, Jackson is now getting a chest x-ray. The radiology technologist asks if she can take another film and carefully checks to be sure she has the "right" marker on Jackson's right side. "Now that's funny," the tech says. "It looks like this x-ray is backward, but I know I took it correctly. Jackson's heart must be on the wrong side." Jackson has a PCD (primary cilia dyskinesia) where his cilia have defects that affect their motility. How is this related to Jackson's respiratory symptoms? Motile cilia function to trap and ensnare contaminants like bacteria, marking them for removal by phagocytic cells. When the cilia cannot move, the bacteria do not get trapped and removed and thus can cause respiratory infections. Motile cilia are found on the cells that line the trachea. The cilia produce mucus and then, by moving together, distribute the mucus evenly over the cells' surface. When the cilia have motility issues, the mucus is not spread evenly and forms thick clumps that irritate the airways and cause a chronic cough and respiratory infections. Motile cilia are found on cells lining the airways and function to help push air in and out of the lungs. When an individual has PCD, their cilia are immotile, and they have trouble breathing. Motile cilia are found on cells lining the trachea. The cilia move together in a coordinated wave, helping to push contaminated mucus and fluids out of the respiratory tract. When the cilia have motility issues, these secretions are not cleared, and respiratory infections are the common result.

Motile cilia are found on cells lining the trachea. The cilia move together in a coordinated wave, helping to push contaminated mucus and fluids out of the respiratory tract. When the cilia have motility issues, these secretions are not cleared, and respiratory infections are the common result.

The two most important coenzymes for glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are FAD and FMN. NAD and ATP. NAD and FAD. ATP and ADP. ATP and GTP.

NAD and FAD.

Figure 25-1 The Citric Acid Cycle What is the molecule labeled "3"? carbon dioxide NADH pyruvate ADP hydrogen atoms

NADH

Which of the following is most likely to move through the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion? O2 Na+ small lipids CO2

Na+

Which of the following is not a passive process? Na+/K+ pump osmosis facilitated diffusion of glucose oxygen diffusion

Na+/K+ pump

The five steps of "M phase" (mitosis) are Anaphase (A), Cytokinesis (C), Metaphase (M), Prophase (P), and Telophase (T). Put the letters for each step in order with spaces between them, like this: A C M P T

P M A T C

Which of the following describes the movement of ions by the sodium-potassium pump? Potassium is moved into the cell. Sodium is moved into the cell Potassium is moved out of the cell and sodium is moved into the cell. Potassium is moved out of the cell.

Potassium is moved into the cell.

When your biceps brachii (upper arm) muscle contracts, ultimately and most directly, what is producing the movement? Your brain tells your muscle to contract. Your biceps brachii shortens. You move your arm. Proteins within the cells of the biceps brachii slide past each other lengthwise, shortening the muscle.

Proteins within the cells of the biceps brachii slide past each other lengthwise, shortening the muscle.

The enzyme ________ is required for the synthesis of mRNA. deoxyribase phosphatase RNA synthetase RNA polymerase ribase

RNA polymerase

Which enzyme transcribes DNA? RNA polymerase helicase DNA polymerase RNA reductase

RNA polymerase

Which of the following enzymes will promote the formation of hydrogen bonds between the DNA template and the complementary RNA nucleotides during the process of transcription? primase ligase helicase RNA polymerase DNA polymerase

RNA polymerase

Parkinson's Disease In most cases, differentiation is irreversible. Once genes are turned off, they won't be turned back on. However, some cells, such as stem cells, are relativ ely undifferentiated. These cells can differentiate into any of several different types of cell, depending on local conditions. For example, if nutrients are abundant, stem cells in many parts of the body can differentiate into fat cells. Researchers are gradually discovering what chemical cues and genes control the differentiation of specific cell types. Recently, this research has resulted in the ability to "turn back the clock" in some types of adult somatic cells and reprogram them into a form of stem cell called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. The ability to take a person's stem cells or so matic cells and create new cells or neurons to treat disease may one day revolutionize the practice of medicine. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration and loss of dopamine-producing neurons. (Dopamine is one kind of neurotransmitter, a substance that one neuron releases to communicate with neurons and other cells.) Parkinson's disease may be the first disorder suited to treatment by implanting stem cells. Several laboratories have induced either iPS cells or embryonic stem cells to differentiate into cells that function as dopamine-producing neurons. In studies on animal models, both iPS and embryonic stem cell-derived dopamine neurons re-innervated the brains of rats with Parkinson's disease. These cells also released dopamine and improved motor function. What is the link between Parkinson's disease and stem cell research? Researchers have managed to generate induced pluripotent stem cells, which may differentiate into dopamine-producing neurons. Parkinson's disease occurs because of lack of stem cells. Studies with rats have shown how stem cells encourage the progressive loss of dopamine-producing cells associated with Parkinson's disease. Patients with Parkinson's disease produce a particularly promising type of neuronal stem cell that may be used to treat other neurodegenerative disorders.

Researchers have managed to generate induced pluripotent stem cells, which may differentiate into dopamine-producing neurons.

Parkinson's Disease In most cases, differentiation is irreversible. Once genes are turned off, they won't be turned back on. However, some cells, such as stem cells, are relativ ely undifferentiated. These cells can differentiate into any of several different types of cell, depending on local conditions. For example, if nutrients are abundant, stem cells in many parts of the body can differentiate into fat cells. Researchers are gradually discovering what chemical cues and genes control the differentiation of specific cell types. Recently, this research has resulted in the ability to "turn back the clock" in some types of adult somatic cells and reprogram them into a form of stem cell called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. The ability to take a person's stem cells or so matic cells and create new cells or neurons to treat disease may one day revolutionize the practice of medicine. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration and loss of dopamine-producing neurons. (Dopamine is one kind of neurotransmitter, a substance that one neuron releases to communicate with neurons and other cells.) Parkinson's disease may be the first disorder suited to treatment by implanting stem cells. Several laboratories have induced either iPS cells or embryonic stem cells to differentiate into cells that function as dopamine-producing neurons. In studies on animal models, both iPS and embryonic stem cell-derived dopamine neurons re-innervated the brains of rats with Parkinson's disease. These cells also released dopamine and improved motor function. What is the link between Parkinson's disease and stem cell research? Studies with rats have shown how stem cells encourage the progressive loss of dopamine-producing cells associated with Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease occurs because of lack of stem cells. Patients with Parkinson's disease produce a particularly promising type of neuronal stem cell that may be used to treat other neurodegenerative disorders. Researchers have managed to generate induced pluripotent stem cells, which may differentiate into dopamine-producing neurons.

Researchers have managed to generate induced pluripotent stem cells, which may differentiate into dopamine-producing neurons.

________ may be scattered in the cytoplasm or bound to endoplasmic reticulum. Vesicles Nuclei Mitochondria Proteosomes Ribosomes

Ribosomes

In which phase of the cell cycle is DNA replicated to make "sister" chromosomes? G2 phase S phase M phase G1 phase

S Phase

DNA Fingerprinting Every nucleated somatic cell in the body carries a set of 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) that are copies of the set formed at fertilization. Not all the DNA of these chromosomes codes for proteins. Within the non-protein coding DNA are regions called short tandem repeats (STRs), which contain the same nucleotide sequence repeated over and over. The number of STRs and the number of repetitions vary among individuals. In the United States, 13 core STRs are used for identifying individuals by DNA fingerprinting. The individual differences are reflected in the different lengths of these STRs. The chance that any two individuals, other than identical twins, will have the same length and pattern of repeating DNA segments in 13 STRs is approximately 1 in 575 trillion. For this reason, individuals can be identified on the basis of their DNA pattern, just as they can on the basis of a fingerprint. Skin cells, semen, hair root cells, or cheek cells can serve as the DNA source. Information from DNA fingerprinting has been used to convict or acquit people accused of violent crimes, such as rape or murder. The U.S. Crime Act of 1994 allowed the FBI to establish and maintain the National DNA Index System. It used to be believed that non-coding sequences of DNA were useless. What statement shows the erroneousness of this belief? Just like the coding sequences of DNA, non-coding sequences are also inherited from generation to generation. Short tandem repeats, so useful in the establishment of DNA fingerprints, are found within non-coding sequences. While non-coding sequences of DNA do not code for protein synthesis, they nonetheless hold the code for the manufacture of enzymes. A series of repeated amino acids imparts a unique function to the non-coding sequences of DNA.

Short tandem repeats, so useful in the establishment of DNA fingerprints, are found within non-coding sequences.

In this illustration, the three compartments are separated by semipermeable membranes. The red balls represent solutes, and the lightly shaded area represents water. Which of the following is a true statement? Both solutions B and C are hypertonic to solution A. Solution A is hypotonic to solution C. Solution B is hypertonic to solution A, but hypotonic to solution C. Solution B is hypotonic to solution A, but hypertonic to solution C.

Solution B is hypotonic to solution A, but hypertonic to solution C.

Parkinson's Disease In most cases, differentiation is irreversible. Once genes are turned off, they won't be turned back on. However, some cells, such as stem cells, are relativ ely undifferentiated. These cells can differentiate into any of several different types of cell, depending on local conditions. For example, if nutrients are abundant, stem cells in many parts of the body can differentiate into fat cells. Researchers are gradually discovering what chemical cues and genes control the differentiation of specific cell types. Recently, this research has resulted in the ability to "turn back the clock" in some types of adult somatic cells and reprogram them into a form of stem cell called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. The ability to take a person's stem cells or so matic cells and create new cells or neurons to treat disease may one day revolutionize the practice of medicine. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration and loss of dopamine-producing neurons. (Dopamine is one kind of neurotransmitter, a substance that one neuron releases to communicate with neurons and other cells.) Parkinson's disease may be the first disorder suited to treatment by implanting stem cells. Several laboratories have induced either iPS cells or embryonic stem cells to differentiate into cells that function as dopamine-producing neurons. In studies on animal models, both iPS and embryonic stem cell-derived dopamine neurons re-innervated the brains of rats with Parkinson's disease. These cells also released dopamine and improved motor function. There is a lot of talk about stem cells in the media. What is unique about these cells? Stem cells are not affected by nutrient availability. Stem cells are not fully differentiated. Stem cells can grow under any conditions. Stem cells can provide a cure for all diseases.

Stem cells are not fully differentiated.

Parkinson's Disease In most cases, differentiation is irreversible. Once genes are turned off, they won't be turned back on. However, some cells, such as stem cells, are relativ ely undifferentiated. These cells can differentiate into any of several different types of cell, depending on local conditions. For example, if nutrients are abundant, stem cells in many parts of the body can differentiate into fat cells. Researchers are gradually discovering what chemical cues and genes control the differentiation of specific cell types. Recently, this research has resulted in the ability to "turn back the clock" in some types of adult somatic cells and reprogram them into a form of stem cell called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. The ability to take a person's stem cells or so matic cells and create new cells or neurons to treat disease may one day revolutionize the practice of medicine. Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive degeneration and loss of dopamine-producing neurons. (Dopamine is one kind of neurotransmitter, a substance that one neuron releases to communicate with neurons and other cells.) Parkinson's disease may be the first disorder suited to treatment by implanting stem cells. Several laboratories have induced either iPS cells or embryonic stem cells to differentiate into cells that function as dopamine-producing neurons. In studies on animal models, both iPS and embryonic stem cell-derived dopamine neurons re-innervated the brains of rats with Parkinson's disease. These cells also released dopamine and improved motor function. There is a lot of talk about stem cells in the media. What is unique about these cells? Stem cells are not affected by nutrient availability. Stem cells are not fully differentiated. Stem cells can grow under any conditions. Stem cells can provide a cure for all diseases.

Stem cells are not fully differentiated.

During which of the following phases does DNA replication occur? prophase mitosis Synthesis cytokinesis

Synthesis

During DNA replication, which nucleotide will bind to an A nucleotide in the original or parental DNA strand? T G U C A

________, which is usually inactive in adult cells, is active in 90% of cancer cells. Apoptosis DNA polymerase Phagocytosis Telomerase The p53 gene

Telomerase

Telomerase, Aging, and Cancer Each telomere contains a sequence of about 8000 nitrogenous bases, but they are multiple copies of the same six-base sequence, TTAGGG, repeated over and over again. Telomeres are not formed by DNA polymerase. Instead, they are created by an enzyme called telomerase. Telomerase is functional early in life, but by adulthood it has become inactive. As a result, the telomere segments lost during each mitotic division are not replaced. Eventually, shortening of the telomere reaches a point at which the cell no longer divides. This mechanism is a factor in the aging process, since many of the signs of age result from the gradual loss of functional stem cell populations. Experiments are in progress to determine whether activating telomerase (or a suspected alternative repair enzyme) can forestall or reverse the effects of aging. This would seem to be a very promising area of research. Activate telomerase and halt aging--sounds good, doesn't it? Unfortunately, there's a catch: In adults, telomerase activation is a key step in the development of cancer. If for some reason a cell with short telomeres does not respond normally to repressor genes, it will continue to divide. The result is mechanical damage to the DNA strands, chromosomal abnormalities, and mutations. Interestingly, one of the first consequences of such damage is the abnormal activation of telomerase. Once this occurs, the abnormal cells can continue dividing indefinitely. Telomerase is active in at least 90 percent of all cancer cells. Research is underway to find out how to turn off telomerase that has been improperly activated. Choose the correct statement about telomerases. Telomerases are enzymes that form telomeres. Telomerases are enzymes that are active throughout one's lifetime. Telomerases are functionally identical to DNA polymerases. Telomerases consist of specific groupings of nitrogenous bases that are repeated.

Telomerases are enzymes that form telomeres.

If a person goes to the hospital for surgery and requires IV (intravenous) fluids, which of the following should you expect? The IV fluid should be hypotonic to the patient's blood. The IV fluid should be isotonic to the patient's blood. The IV fluid should be hypertonic to the patient's blood. The tonicity of the IV fluid doesn't matter—the patient won't be in the operating room that long so any tonicity would be OK for a couple of hours.

The IV fluid should be isotonic to the patient's blood.

The hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) increases the pumping rate of the sodium-potassium exchange pump in skeletal muscles. How would you expect this to affect the concentration of Na+ and K+ in the muscle cytoplasm? The Na+ and K+ concentrations would both decrease. The Na+ concentration would increase and the K+ concentration would decrease. The Na+ and K+ concentrations would both increase. The Na+ concentration would decrease and the K+ concentration would increase.

The Na+ concentration would decrease and the K+ concentration would increase.

A cell is immersed in a beaker of solution. The cell membrane is permeable to water but impermeable to solutes. If the intracellular concentration is 10 mM and the solution is 20 mM, which of the following is true? The solution is hypotonic. There is no net change in the movement of water into the cell. The net movement of water is into the cell. The cell will shrink.

The cell will shrink.

If a person is severely dehydrated, their extracellular fluids will become hypertonic to the intracellular fluid. What do you predict will happen to the person's cells? The cells will swell. The cells will rupture. The cells will lose water and shrink. Extracellular fluids do not impact cell size, because cells contain intracellular fluid.

The cells will lose water and shrink.

Which of the following describes the concentration of ions when the cell is at rest? The concentration of potassium is higher outside the cell. The concentration of sodium is higher inside the cell. The concentration of potassium is higher inside the cell. The concentration of potassium and sodium is equal inside and outside the cell.

The concentration of potassium is higher inside the cell.

Carbohydrate Loading Eating carbohydrates just before exercise does not improve your performance. In fact, it can decrease your endurance by slowing the mobilization of existing energy reserves. Runners or swimmers preparing for lengthy endurance events, such as a marathon or a 5K swim, do not eat immediately before participating. For 2 hours before the event, they also limit their intake to just drinking water. However, performance in endurance sports improves if muscles have large stores of glycogen. Endurance athletes try to build these stores by eating carbohydrate-rich diets for 3 days before competing. This practice is called carbohydrate loading. Studies in Sweden, Australia, and South Africa have recently shown that attempts to deplete stores by exercising to exhaustion before carbohydrate loading, a practice called carbohydrate depletion/loading, are less effective than 3 days of rest or minimal exercise during carbohydrate loading. The less intense approach improves mood and reduces the risks of muscle and kidney damage. What exactly is the link between the extra glycogen associated with carbohydrate loading and enhanced performance in endurance sports? The extra glycogen is used during beta oxidation, which is a series of chemical reactions resulting in the formation of acetyl coenzyme A, which is essential to start the citric acid cycle of aerobic cellular respiration. The extra glycogen serves as a reservoir for glucose, which serves as the main fuel molecule for increased cellular respiration, resulting in more available ATP. The extra glycogen undergoes the process of deamination, which is the first step in the breakdown of the carbon chains needed for ATP synthesis. All of the listed responses are correct.

The extra glycogen serves as a reservoir for glucose, which serves as the main fuel molecule for increased cellular respiration, resulting in more available ATP.

Drugs and the Plasma Membrane Many clinically important drugs affect the plasma membrane. For some anesthetics, such as chloroform, ether, halothane, and nitrous oxide, potency is directly correlated with their lipid solubility. High lipid solubility speeds the drug's entry into cells and enhances its ability to block ion channels or change other properties of plasma membranes. These changes reduce the sensitivity of neurons and muscle cells. However, some common anesthetics have relatively low lipid solubility. For example, the local anesthetics, procaine and lidocaine, affect nerve cells by blocking sodium channels in their plasma membranes. This blockage reduces or eliminates the responsiveness of these cells to painful (or any other) stimuli. The effectiveness of certain anesthetics depends in part on their lipid solubility. Why is this? Polar substances, such as lipid-soluble drugs, have high solubility. Lipid-soluble drugs trigger the opening of certain channels, which they can use to pass through the plasma membrane. The hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer enables lipid-soluble substances to readily pass through the plasma membrane. The hydrophilic nature of lipid-soluble drugs speeds up their passage through the plasma membrane.

The hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer enables lipid-soluble substances to readily pass through the plasma membrane.

Drugs and the Plasma Membrane Many clinically important drugs affect the plasma membrane. For some anesthetics, such as chloroform, ether, halothane, and nitrous oxide, potency is directly correlated with their lipid solubility. High lipid solubility speeds the drug's entry into cells and enhances its ability to block ion channels or change other properties of plasma membranes. These changes reduce the sensitivity of neurons and muscle cells. However, some common anesthetics have relatively low lipid solubility. For example, the local anesthetics, procaine and lidocaine, affect nerve cells by blocking sodium channels in their plasma membranes. This blockage reduces or eliminates the responsiveness of these cells to painful (or any other) stimuli. The effectiveness of certain anesthetics depends in part on their lipid solubility. Why is this? Lipid-soluble drugs trigger the opening of certain channels, which they can use to pass through the plasma membrane. Polar substances, such as lipid-soluble drugs, have high solubility . The hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer enables lipid-soluble substances to readily pass through the plasma membrane. The hydrophilic nature of lipid-soluble drugs speeds up their passage through the plasma membrane.

The hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer enables lipid-soluble substances to readily pass through the plasma membrane.

Which statement best describes strand characteristics as it relates to DNA replication? The lagging strand is built continuously, and the leading strand is built in pieces. The leading and lagging strands are both built continuously. The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces. The leading and lagging strands are both built in fragments.

The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces.

What happens to facilitated diffusion when the protein carriers become saturated? The protein carriers fall apart. ATP will be utilized for transport The maximum rate of transport will occur. The transport rate will increase

The maximum rate of transport will occur.

Which of the following statements concerning mitochondria is false? The matrix contains metabolic enzymes involved in ATP synthesis. Respiratory enzymes are attached to the surface of the cristae. The mitochondria produce oxygen in the process of energy transformation. The cristae increase the inner surface area of the organelle. The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP.

The mitochondria produce oxygen in the process of energy transformation.

Which of the following statements about facilitated diffusion is FALSE? The movement of the solute is passive. The movement requires a carrier protein. The movement of a given solute usually occurs in both directions (into and out of the cell). The movement of the solute is with its concentration gradient.

The movement of a given solute usually occurs in both directions (into and out of the cell).

With the experimental conditions set at 10 mM glucose and 9 mM albumin, and the 200 MWCO membrane in place, which of the following is true? The net movement of water is away from the albumin. The net movement of water is toward the glucose. The net movement of water is toward the albumin. Albumin and glucose diffuse through the membrane.

The net movement of water is toward the albumin

Which of the following is NOT a reason why a solute would require facilitated diffusion? The solute directly requires ATP for its transport. The solute is too large to pass on its own. The solute is hydrophilic. The solute is lipid insoluble.

The solute directly requires ATP for its transport.

Which of the following would result in NO change in osmotic pressure across a membrane? The solutes can diffuse through the pores and the concentration of solutes is the same on both sides of the membrane. Water is moving with its concentration gradient. The concentration of solutes is the same on both sides of the membrane. The solutes can diffuse through the pores.

The solutes can diffuse through the pores and the concentration of solutes is the same on both sides of the membrane.

Which of the following occurs during a single cycle of the sodium-potassium exchange pump? Three Na+ ions are transported into the cell. Two K+ ions are transported out of the cell. Three K+ ions are transported into the cell. Three Na+ ions are transported out of the cell.

Three Na+ ions are transported out of the cell.

Mutations are permanent changes in a cell's DNA that affect the nucleotide sequence of one or more genes. The simplest is a point mutation, a change in a single nucleotide that affects one codon. The triplet code has some flexibility because several different codons can specify the same amino acid. But a point mutation that produces a codon that specifies a different amino acid will usually change the structure of the completed protein. A single change in the amino acid sequence of a structural protein or enzyme can prove fatal. Certain cancers and two potentially lethal blood disorders, thalassemia and sickle cell anemia, result from changes in a single nucleotide. Several hundred inherited disorders have been traced to abnormalities in enzyme or protein structure that reflect single changes in nucleotide sequence. More extensive mutations, such as additions or deletions of nucleotides, can affect multiple codons in one gene or in several adjacent genes. They can also affect the structure of one or more chromosomes. Most mutations occur during DNA replication, when cells are duplicating their DNA in preparation for cell division. A single cell, a group of cells, or an entire individual may be affected. This last prospect occurs when the changes are made early in development. While some mutations in the coding sequence of DNA may prove to be positive, most mutations negatively impact the lives of individuals. However, some mutations have no effect at all. How is this possible? There is redundancy in the genetic code to where more than one triplet codes for the same amino acid. Nucleotides in the short tandem repeats are immune to mutations. Mutations are never passed on genetically. Ribosomes require only two of the three nucleotides in a codon to stay constant.

There is redundancy in the genetic code to where more than one triplet codes for the same amino acid.

What happened when sodium chloride was added as a solute in the left beaker? The transport rate of glucose increased. There was no change in the transport rate of glucose. Sodium was cotransported with the glucose. The transport rate of glucose decreased.

There was no change in the transport rate of glucose.

Which of the following statements about carrier proteins is FALSE? They might have to change shape slightly to accommodate a solute. They are found integrated into the plasma membrane. They assist in simple diffusion. They can become saturated if the maximum transport rate is exceeded.

They assist in simple diffusion.

How do chromosomes become visible under a light microscope as a cell prepares to divide? Chromosomes are created before cell division, and then broken down afterward. Thin strands of chromatin coil tightly and then coil again. The cell becomes flat and thin, and its internal structures become easier to see. DNA is thicker after it has replicated. Chromosomes become more intensely colored before cell division.

Thin strands of chromatin coil tightly and then coil again.

Replication is making DNA from DNA, a different copying process, making mRNA from DNA, is called _______.

Transcribed

Which of the following is an incorrect description? Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is part of the ribosome. Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers the instructions for protein synthesis to the ribosome. DNA determines the amino acid sequence of our proteins. Messenger RNA (mRNA) participates in transcription.

Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers the instructions for protein synthesis to the ribosome.

Facilitated diffusion makes use of a membrane protein to help substances move in the direction they "want" to diffuse anyway. True False

True

Which of the following statements about osmosis is FALSE? It is a type of diffusion. It is specific for the movement of water. Water moves toward the solution with the lowest concentration of solutes. It is passive.

Water moves toward the solution with the lowest concentration of solutes.

If a membrane is impermeable to solutes, which of the following is true? Water will move toward the more concentrated solutes. Osmosis will not occur. Water will move away from the concentrated solutes. Water and solutes will move until equilibrium is reached.

Water will move toward the more concentrated solutes.

In the ETS, ________ accepts electrons from one molecule and transfers them to another. a coenzyme NAD ADP the acetyl group a hydrogen ion

a coenzyme

Compared to the extracellular fluid, cytosol contains _____ a higher concentration of potassium ions. almost no glycogen.a lower concentration of dissolved proteins .a higher concentration of amino acids. almost no lipids.

a higher concentration of potassium ions.

Mutations are permanent changes in a cell's DNA that affect the nucleotide sequence of one or more genes. The simplest is a point mutation, a change in a single nucleotide that affects one codon. The triplet code has some flexibility because several different codons can specify the same amino acid. But a point mutation that produces a codon that specifies a different amino acid will usually change the structure of the completed protein. A single change in the amino acid sequence of a structural protein or enzyme can prove fatal. Certain cancers and two potentially lethal blood disorders, thalassemia and sickle cell anemia, result from changes in a single nucleotide. Several hundred inherited disorders have been traced to abnormalities in enzyme or protein structure that reflect single changes in nucleotide sequence. More extensive mutations, such as additions or deletions of nucleotides, can affect multiple codons in one gene or in several adjacent genes. They can also affect the structure of one or more chromosomes. Most mutations occur during DNA replication, when cells are duplicating their DNA in preparation for cell division. A single cell, a group of cells, or an entire individual may be affected. This last prospect occurs when the changes are made early in development. Sickle cell disease distorts the shape of red blood cells. This distortion renders the red blood cells incapable of carrying out their main function, which is transporting oxygen. What causes this distortion? an insertion in the nucleotide sequence a reversal of the entire nucleotide sequence a deletion in the nucleotide sequence a point mutation in the nucleotide sequence

a point mutation in the nucleotide sequence

In order for glycolysis to proceed, which of the following need not be present? ADP acetyl-CoA ATP glucose NAD

acetyl-CoA

In the video clip, which movement process is depicted? simple diffusion facilitated diffusion osmosis active transport

active transport

The cell's transmembrane resting potential was created by __________. facilitated diffusion osmosis active transport vesicular transport

active transport

A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called facilitated transport. diffusion. active transport. passive transport. osmosis.

active transport.

During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes separate? telophase metaphase anaphase prophase

anaphase

During protein synthesis, amino acids are assembled in the proper sequence because each tRNA has a(n) ________ that binds to the next codon in the mRNA. anticodon promotor nucleotide transporter enzyme

anticodon

The genetically programmed death of cells is called replication. apoptosis. metastasis. differentiation. mitosis.

apoptosis.

The citric acid cycle (TCA CYCLE) ______. begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid. contains enzymes called cytochromes. forms acetyl-CoA from glucose-6-phosphate. consumes two moles of carbon dioxide. directly produces most of the ATP from the catabolism of glucose.

begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid.

Proteins of the plasma membrane carry out all of the following functions except ______ sending and receiving signals to and from other cells. catalyzing chemical reactions at the inner or outer surface of the membrane. transporting substances across the membrane. binding to DNA to turn on genes. anchoring the cell to external structures.

binding to DNA to turn on genes.

Proteosomes ________ proteins that have been damaged or denatured. break down expel from the cell repair tag for destruction by a different organelle duplicate

break down

What provides the energy for the sodium-potassium exchange pump? (Figure 3-19) breaking the high energy bond of ATP breaking the high energy bond of ADP the voltage of the cell the concentration gradient of sodium the concentration gradient of potassium

breaking the high energy bond of ATP

When a mutation occurs in a gene involved with cell growth or division, resulting in the uncontrolled growth of cells, this condition is called __________. malignant cancer carcinogen benign

cancer

The potential difference across the cell membrane is due to the unequal distribution of ________ across the membrane. phospholipids and proteins water molecules carbohydrate molecules cations and anions acids and bases

cations and anions

Which of the following is not required for osmosis to occur? selectively permeable membrane water concentration gradient cellular energy

cellular energy

Carriers transport solutes across the plasma membrane by __________. changing shape as the solutes bind, causing the solutes to move across the membrane making solutes more soluble in the plasma membrane forming a pore in the membrane, which allows solutes to pass through opening channel gates that allow solutes to pass

changing shape as the solutes bind, causing the solutes to move across the membrane

Which of following properties of the cytoskeleton is incorrect? supports organelles provides cell strength moves organelles controls cell shape connects cells to each other

connects cells to each other

In ________, one substance is transported into the cell and another is transported out. protransport counter transport cotransport ditransport through transport

counter transport

Which of the following would decrease the rate of facilitated diffusion? increasing the number of carrier proteins decreasing the number of carrier proteins increasing the amount of ATP available decreasing the amount of ATP available

decreasing the number of carrier proteins

The process by which molecules such as glucose are moved into cells along their concentration gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins is called exocytosis. osmosis. endocytosis. active transport. facilitated diffusion.

facilitated diffusion.

The process of synthesizing glucose from noncarbohydrates is called glycogenesis. gluconeogenesis. cellular respiration. glycemia. glycolysis.

gluconeogenesis.

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ________ yields energy the quickest. protein glycogen fat glucose an amino acid

glucose

The process of glycogen formation is known as glycolysis. glycogenesis. gluconeogenesis. cellular respiration. glycemia.

glycogenesis.

Which of these steps in cellular respiration *does not* happen in the mitochondrion? formation of Acetyl CoA citric acid cycle oxidative phosphorylation (chemiosmosis) glycolysis the electron transport chain

glycolysis

Different cell types in the body have the same genes, but different sets of genes are inactivated. have the ability to take on the characteristics of each other or any cell in the body. produce exactly the same proteins. have different genes. are identical except for their superficial appearance.

have the same genes, but different sets of genes are inactivated.

What concentration gradients are established and maintained by the sodium-potassium exchange pump? high Na+ concentration in the extracellular fluid; high K+ concentration in the cytoplasm high Na+ and K+ concentrations in the cytoplasm high Na+ and K+ concentrations in the extracellular fluid high Na+ concentration in the cytoplasm; high K+ concentration in the extracellular fluid

high Na+ concentration in the extracellular fluid; high K+ concentration in the cytoplasm

Molecules *diffuse* from an area of _______ concentration to an area of _______ concentration. higher; lower equal; equivalent lower; higher

higher; lower

The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for all of the following except modification of new proteins. lipid synthesis. housing the chromosomes. drug and toxin neutralization. passing molecules to the Golgi apparatus.

housing the chromosomes.

The tails of a phospholipid molecule in a plasma membrane are ______ interlocked to provide membrane strength. composed of amino acids. hydrophobic. hydrophilic. facing the cytosol.

hydrophobic.

In a phospholipid bilayer, the fatty acid "tails" are _______ and face _______. hydrophobic; each other hydrophilic; each other hydrophilic; the intracellular and extracellular fluids hydrophobic; the intracellular and extracellular fluids

hydrophobic; each other

Which of the following solutions contains the most solute? equilibrium isotonic hypertonic hypotonic

hypertonic

Which of the following would increase the rate of facilitated diffusion? decreasing the number of carrier proteins increasing the steepness of the concentration gradient decreasing the concentration of solutes increasing the amount of ATP available

increasing the steepness of the concentration gradient

A not very well-studied A&P student heard about a phenomenon called water intoxication and thought it sounded fun so she decided to try it. She consumed a large amount of water in a short time (Don't try this—water intoxication is often fatal.). Instead of feeling drunk, she felt nauseated, developed a severe headache, began to get confused, and then became unconscious. Her much more prepared A&P student roommate quickly realized the problem and called an ambulance. When the roommate told the Emergency Department doctor what had happened, the doctor quickly began administering IV (intravenous) fluids.Based on this information and your understanding of osmosis and tonicity, what type of IV fluid is the doctor likely administering to try to save the life of the student suffering from water intoxication? hypotonic IV fluid isotonic IV fluid hypertonic IV fluid

hypertonic IV fluid

Describe the concentration of the intracellular fluid relative to the extracellular fluid in parts b and c. (Figure 3-17) hypertonic to the extracellular fluid; isotonic to the extracellular fluid isotonic to the extracellular fluid; hypertonic to the extracellular fluid hypotonic to the extracellular fluid; hypertonic to the extracellular fluid hypertonic to the extracellular fluid; hypotonic to the extracellular fluid isotonic to the extracellular fluid; hypotonic to the extracellular fluid

hypertonic to the extracellular fluid; hypotonic to the extracellular fluid

Hemolysis may occur when a blood cell is placed into a(n) ________ solution. homotonic merotonic isotonic hypertonic hypotonic

hypotonic

A solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is called hypertonic. hypotonic. isotonic. merotonic. homotonic.

hypotonic.

Which of the following does NOT describe the plasma membrane? semipermeable differentially permeable selectively permeable impermeable

impermeable

Where in a typical eukaryotic cell would you expect to find genes? in the DNA within the cell's nucleus in chromosomes within the cytosol in the chromatin within the cell's cytoplasm in the nucleolus within the nucleus

in the DNA within the cell's nucleus

Placing a red blood cell in a hypotonic solution will cause it to __________. remain the same size decrease in size (shrink) increase in size (swell) crenate

increase in size (swell) = *It will BURST*

Figure 3-2 The Anatomy of a Representative Cell The structure labeled "1" permits the cell to _______. swim in extracellular fluid. attach to neighboring cells. increase its surface area for increased absorption. trap bacteria. produce more cells.

increase its surface area for increased absorption. = *Microvilli*

During growth, a tissue increases in size by recruiting cells from surrounding tissues. increasing the osmolarity of its tissue fluid to draw in water. dilating blood vessels to increase its blood supply. increasing its rate of cell division. increasing the size of its cells.

increasing its rate of cell division.

Which of the following increased the rate of sodium-potassium transport? increasing the amount of ATP increasing the number of membrane pumps adding glucose to the right beaker decreasing the amount of ATP

increasing the number of membrane pumps

A gene is a set of specific instructions that produces amino acids for proteins. indicates the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule. directs carbohydrate synthesis. copies DNA strands for mitosis. controls the process of mitosis.

indicates the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule.

Which of the following correctly lists the steps of translation in order? initiation - elongation - termination transcription - mRNA editing - gene activation elongation - termination - initiation gene activation - transcription - mRNA editing termination - initiation - elongation

initiation - elongation - termination

In order for a cell to divide, all of its chromosomes must be duplicated in a process called DNA replication. During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? Select the best answer. interphase prophase mitosis cytokinesis

interphase

The stage in a cell's life cycle in which the cell performs its normal functions is called __________. telophase metaphase prophase interphase

interphase

When is DNA replicated? interphase anaphase metaphase telophase interkinesis

interphase

The stage in a cell's life cycle in which the cell performs its normal functions and prepares for division is called prophase. telophase. metaphase. anaphase. interphase.

interphase.

Membrane-bound proteins that use metabolic energy to move ions across the plasma membrane are called ________ pumps. channel motor receptor ion active

ion

Secondary active transport _______. cannot move a substance against its concentration gradient. is not carried out by membrane proteins. is not directly linked to the hydrolysis of ATP. does not require the cell to invest energy, either directly or indirectly. does not link the pumping of one substance to the concentration gradient of another.

is not directly linked to the hydrolysis of ATP.

In general, to maintain homeostasis the relationship between our intracellular and extracellular fluids should be which of the following? intracellular should be hypertonic to extracellular intracellular should be hypotonic to extracellular intracellular and extracellular should both be hypertonic isotonic to each other

isotonic to each other

If a hole is torn in a cell's plasma membrane, the cell will die because _________. its chromosomes will not be held in place. it will not be able to maintain differences between the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid. cells can only make more plasma membrane during cell division. it will not be able to undergo cell division. germs are attracted toward cytoplasm leaking from a cell.

it will not be able to maintain differences between the cytoplasm and extracellular fluid.

Receptor molecules on the surface of cells bind specific molecules called, in general, ___________. ligands. reactants .recognizers .binders. bonders.

ligands.

Simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion both _______. require ATP move solutes against their concentration gradient utilize a membrane-embedded carrier protein move solutes with their concentration gradient

move solutes with their concentration gradient

In oxidative phosphorylation, energy for the synthesis of ATP is directly obtained from the splitting of oxygen molecules. breaking of the covalent bonds in glucose. movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane. oxidation of acetyl-CoA. combination of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen to form water.

movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Which of the following best explains diffusion? exchange of nonpolar molecules for polar molecules movement of molecules farther away from equilibrium movement of molecules from where there are fewer of them to where there are more movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Permanent alterations in a cell's DNA that affect the nucleotide sequence of one or more genes are called changelings. reconstructions. polymorphs. mutations. interferons.

mutations.

Water crosses the plasma membrane primarily by means of __________. .osmosis phagocytosis active transport facilitated diffusion

osmosis

What is the normal direction of calcium transport via the calcium pump? into the cell, with the calcium concentration gradient out of the cell, with the calcium concentration gradient out of the cell, against its concentration gradient into the cell, against the calcium concentration gradient

out of the cell, against its concentration gradient

The ________ of the mitochondrion contains large-diameter pores that are permeable to ions and small organic molecules such as pyruvic acid. outer membrane plasma membrane matrix inner membrane cristae

outer membrane

The citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because citric acid molecules have oxygen atoms. FADH2 is produced. ADP is phosphorylated. NAH+ is converted into NADH. oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide.

oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide

A defense cell engulfing a bacterium illustrates ____ receptor-mediated exocytosis. exocytosis. receptor-mediated endocytosis. pinocytosis. phagocytosis.

phagocytosis.

What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid? fatty acid tails cholesterol phosphate heads of phospholipids hydrophobic molecules

phosphate heads of phospholipids

Which of the following is the main component of the cell membrane? cholesterol phospholipids carbohydrates water

phospholipids

What is a structure that separates the contents of a human cell from its surrounding medium? cell wall tissue plasma membrane nucleus skin

plasma membrane

The sodium-potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This statement describes _____. facilitated diffusion primary active transport simple diffusion exocytosis secondary active transport

primary active transport

Motile cilia move fluids across a cell's surface, while a flagellum is not motile. fastens one cell to another. cools a cell .detects environmental stimuli. propels a cell through fluid.

propels a cell through fluid.

During which of the following phases does chromatin condense and become chromosomes? metaphase anaphase prophase interphase

prophase

Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of mitosis? prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase prophase, metaphase, anaphase, cytokinesis interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

.mRNA is needed to synthesize ________ in the cytoplasm. phospholipids carbohydrates lipids salts proteins

proteins

Diagram of the Citric Acid Cycle showing the distribution of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms through one complete turn. Figure 25-1 The Citric Acid Cycle What is the molecule labeled "1"? citric acid phosphoglyceric acid FADH2 pyruvate NADH

pyruvate

When glycolysis *cannot* be followed immediately by the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain (usually because there is not enough oxygen around), the digestion products of glycolysis are *fermented* (in humans) into... pyruvate *lots* of carbon dioxide ethanol lactic acid (lactate)

pyruvate

Which of these is NOT required for glycolysis? glucose ATP inorganic phosphate pyruvic acid

pyruvic acid

The duplication of DNA is called ________, the copying of DNA to mRNA is called ________, and the reading of the mRNA by the cell to make a protein is called ________. replication; translation; transcription interphase; replication; active transport mitosis; duplication; protein synthesis reproduction; duplication; initiation replication; transcription; translation

replication; transcription; translation

Facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion in that facilitated diffusion __________. doesn't need a gradient requires a protein carrier is an ion pump needs ATP

requires a protein carrier

The "r" in rRNA stands for radiation. ribosomal. rebuilding. regeneration. recurrence.

ribosomal.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of a typical eukaryotic cell? ribosome cytoplasm plasma membrane nucleus

ribosome

The site of translation is the cell nucleus. the Golgi apparatus. the plasma membrane. ribosomes in the cell nucleus. ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm.

ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm.

In a eukaryotic cell, a protein needing post-translational modifications will first enter the lumen of the _______. lysosome smooth ER Golgi rough ER

rough ER

Which form of endoplasmic reticulum modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins? smooth endoplasmic reticulum all forms of endoplasmic reticulum raised endoplasmic reticulum simple endoplasmic reticulum rough endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which membranous organelle is responsible for protein synthesis? rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus mitochondrion smooth endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following consists of a network of intracellular membranes with attached ribosomes? smooth endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria Golgi apparatus nucleoli rough endoplasmic reticulum

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following is a characteristic of the cell membrane? semipermeable not permeable fully permeable impermeable

semipermeable

The plasma membrane does not include _____ glycolipids .phospholipids .silk mesh. cholesterol .integral proteins.

silk mesh.

In this activity, the solutes were transported through the dialysis membrane by _______. active transport simple diffusion osmosis facilitated diffusion

simple diffusion

Which of the following is least likely to increase the rate of diffusion? high temperature higher concentration of molecules small concentration gradient small molecule size

small concentration gradient

Synthesis of lipids and glycogen takes place at the ______ mitochondria. smooth ER. Golgi apparatus. rough ER. ribosomes.

smooth ER

In order to maintain cellular homeostasis, one abundant type of exchange pump ejects ________ ions from the cell and imports ________ ions. sodium; calcium sodium; potassium potassium; sodium potassium; calcium calcium; sodium

sodium; potassium

Examination of a sample of glandular cells reveals an extensive network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Which of the following is the likeliest product of these cells? transport proteins steroid hormones digestive enzymes protein hormones antibodies

steroid hormones

Which of the following is not a function of membrane proteins? bind to ligands act as anchors or stabilizers for the cell membrane store cellular nutrients regulate the passage of ions act as carrier molecules for various solutes

store cellular nutrients

One function of the cytoskeleton is to provide __________. energy production sensitivity the division of the cell strength and integrity to the cell

strength and integrity to the cell *Terminal Web*

The formation of GTP from GDP in the citric acid cycle is an example of _____. oxidative phosphorylation. cellular respiration. aerobic metabolism. decarboxylation. substrate-level phosphorylation.

substrate-level phosphorylation.

Before a cell divides, its DNA must be replicated to replace genetic instructions used by the original cell. supply each new cell with a full set of the genetic material. replace the DNA lost during transcription. use as an energy source during cytokinesis. provide a backup copy of DNA in case the original DNA is damaged during mitosis.

supply each new cell with a full set of the genetic material.

The main purpose of the citric acid cycle is to phosphorylate glucose molecules. produce Acetyl CoA so that the citric acid cycle can continue. supply hydrogen atoms to the Electron Transport System. produce citric acid to make vitamin C in the mitochondria. produce proteins for energy storage.

supply hydrogen atoms to the Electron Transport System.

Coupled transporters that move solutes in the same direction are called _______. antiporters isoporters uniporters symporters

symporters

This area of the endoplasmic reticulum indicated by the red arrow is involved in __________ the synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates synthesizing, modifying, and packaging proteins synthesis of steroid hormones intracellular storage, like calcium in muscle cells

synthesizing, modifying, and packaging proteins *This is the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum*

Amino acids are transferred to the ribosome to be incorporated into a growing polypeptide chain by mRNA. pRNA. tRNA. aRNA. rRNA.

tRNA.

The chromosomal structure that limits the number of cell divisions of a cell is the __________. histones telomere kinetochore centromere

telomere

During this phase of cell division, the chromosomes uncoil, the nuclear membrane forms, and cytokinesis occurs. prophase interphase metaphase anaphase telophase

telophase

The major steps in oxidative phosphorylation include all of the following except _____. the breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds. decreasing the energy level of electrons passing through the electron transport chain. ionization of hydrogen atoms. removal of hydrogen atoms from a substrate molecule by coenzymes. the acceptance of electrons by oxygen atoms.

the breaking of carbon-carbon covalent bonds.

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during ..... the formation of water. glycolysis. the citric acid cycle. electron transport. the formation of pyruvic acid.

the citric acid cycle.

What is the original source of all of the CO2 molecules in the process shown in this diagram? the oxygen inhaled the pyruvate from the cytoplasm the glucose, glycerol and amino acids from the diet the enzymes of the citric acid cycle

the glucose, glycerol and amino acids from the diet

What is the energy source used by the calcium pump during its normal operation? the ATP concentration gradient the calcium concentration gradient the hydrolysis of ATP the calcium pump

the hydrolysis of ATP

For solutes that move by simple diffusion, which of the following does NOT affect the rate of simple diffusion across a membrane? Check all that apply. the concentration of the solute the membrane pore size the potential energy of the solute the size of the solute

the membrane pore size the potential energy of the solute

What is the first part of the cell that is affected when the pH of extracellular fluid changes? the nucleolus the cytosol the nucleus the plasma membrane the cytoskeleton

the plasma membrane

During mitosis, two daughter cells form, each of which has half as many chromosomes as the original cell. a different number of chromosomes than the original cell. a lesser number of chromosomes than the original cell. the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. twice as many chromosomes as the original cell.

the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.

Cytology is the study of _____ the origins of life on Earth. causes and treatment of cancer. the structure and function of cells genes and their function.biological macromolecules.

the structure and function of cells

Embryonic stem cells might be used to replace neurons lost in Parkinson's Disease because _____. they have not yet differentiated. they are young and vigorous. they divide quickly. they are readily available. they are taken from the brain of the embryo.

they have not yet differentiated.

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