Mastering A&P Cardiovascular Test 2
Red blood cells only live
100-120 days
How much blood does the average adult have
5 liters
What percentage of the blood is composed of plasma
55%
Calculate the stroke volume (SV) if end-systolic volume (ESV) is 50 ml and the end-diastolic volume (EDV) in a resting heart is 110 ml.
60ml
Calculate the cardiac output if the heart rate is 100 beats per minute and the stroke volume is 65 ml.
6500
Normal blood pH should fall between
7.35 and 7.45
Stroke volume averages about
70 ml per heart beat
Type A blood contains
A antigens and anti-B antibodies
According to the frank-starling law, a bigger preload will result in
A stronger contraction
Universal recipient of blood
AB+
Determine the process that will occur when net filtration pressure is negative
Absorption
What neurotransmitter decreases heart rate
Acetylcholine
What plasma protein is most important for the bloods colloid osmotic pressure
Albumin
How might coronary artery anastomoses help a patient with a coronary artery disease?
Anastomoses provide an alternate route of blood flow around a coronary artery that may be blocked.
The right and left coronary arteries receive blood from the
Aorta
What vessel delivers oxygenated blood to systemic capillaries for gas exchange
Aorta
Where should the left ventricle send blood
Aorta
What vessels typically carry blood away from the heart
Arteries
What hormone is released to decrease blood pressure
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
White blood cells that have an S shaped nucleus and large dark staining granules are
Basophils
Thee outward force that the blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels is called
Blood pressure
As peripheral resistance increases
Blood pressure increases
Artery on the arm
Brachial artery
The plateau phase of the cardiac action potential is due to __________.
Ca2+ influx
Cardiac muscle action potentials involve
Calcium voltage-gated channels
Autorhythmicity is the responsibility of
Cardiac pacemaker cells
The cusps of the atrioventricular valves attach directly to
Chordae tendineae
Which capillary would be least likely to allow substances to enter or exit the blood due to tight junctions that join the endothelial cells
Continuous capillaries
Coronary veins empty into a vessel known as the
Coronary sinus
What do vascular spasms contribute to the process of hemostasis
Decrease blood vessel diameter to limit blood loss
The right side of the heart receives
Deoxygenated blood from systemic circuit
An accumulation of excess interstitial fluid is known as
Edema
The visceral pericardium is the same as the
Epicardium
The process of red blood cell production is known as
Erythropoiesis
What is the most superficial layer of the pericardial sac
Fibrous pericardium
The percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes is called
Hematocrit
What is the oxygen binding protein found in erythrocytes
Hemoglobin
Hypertension is defined as
High blood pressure
Blood pressure is equivalent to
Hydrostatic pressure
The heart is located
In the mediastinum
Which of the following factors may contribute to an increase in stroke volume?__________.
Increase preload and contractility, and decrease afterload
Increased blood volume results in
Increased blood pressure
Baroreceptors detect
Increases in blood pressure
What characteristic differentiates cardiac muscle cells from skeletal muscle cells
Intercalated discs
What surface groove separates the right and left ventricles?
Interventricular sulcus
What organ serves as the control center for the regulation of erythropoiesis
Kidney
Blood returning from the lungs enters the
Left atrium
What organ secretes most of the plasma proteins
Liver
The pulmonary circuit involves blood flow from the heart to and from
Lungs
What cells are categorized as agranulocytes
Lymphocytes and monocytes
Leukocyte with a U-shaped nucleus
Monocyte
Large vessels with all three tunics and a well developed tunica media are called
Muscular arteries
Universal donor of blood
O-
What muscles, present in the ventricles, anchor by tendon like chords called chordae tnedineae
Papillary muscles
What is found between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium
Pericardial fluid
What forms the majority of blood
Plasma
When blood is centrifuged, what is found in the buffy coat
Platelets and leukocytes
Blood that leaves the right ventricle enters the
Pulmonary trunk
What vessels deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium
Pulmonary veins
A damaged right bundle branch will prevent the passage of the action potential to the
Purkinje fibers in the right ventricle
Archie took several deep breaths of air. By breathing deeply, what mechanism did he assist to return blood to his heart
Respiratory pump
What valve prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium
Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)
What normally serves as the pacemaker of the entire heart
Sinoatrial (SA) node
What type of capillaries have large pores within their endothelial cells and are the leakiest
Sinusoidal capillaries
What two values are needed in order to calculate cardiac output for a ventricle
Stroke volume and heart rate
Which blood vessels handle the highest blood pressure
Systemic arteries
Archie has a resting heart rate of 125 beats per minute what cardiac dysrhythmia does he have?
Tachycardia
Predict the position of the valves during the ventricular ejection phase.
The AV valves are shut while both semilunar valves are forced open.
As their name suggests, calcium ion channel blockers block calcium ion channels in the sarcolemma of pacemaker and contractile cardiac muscle cells and slow calcium ion entry into the cell during an action potential. What effects would these drugs have on the myocardial cells?
There would be a decrease in contractility
Compared to veins, arteries have
Thicker tunica media
The enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin is
Thrombin
Where do T lymphocytes mature
Thymus gland
Blood in the right atrium should travel next pass the
Tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle
Which cranial nerves have a negative chronotropic effect on heart rate
Vagus nerve
Steps of hemostasis
Vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis
The baroreceptor reflex response to high blood pressure is
Vasodilation and decreased cardiac output
Both left and right atria receive blood from
Veins
Which vessels have the lowest blood pressure
Veins
Which vessels serve as the blood reservoirs of the body
Veins
The chambers that have just emptied when the second heart sound is heard are the
Ventricles
What vitamin is essential for the production of clotting factors
Vitamin K
Carbohydrate groups on the surfaces of erythrocytes determine blood type are known as
antigens
Which vessel supplies the systemic circuit with oxygenated blood?
aorta
What is NOT part of the cardiac conduction system?
atrioventricular (AV) valve
Which pressure remains the same along the length of the capillary
colloid osmotic pressure
Generally, coronary veins empty into a vessel known as the:
coronary sinus
Certain drugs used to treat dysrhythmias, called local anesthetics, work by blocking voltage gated sodium ion channels and slowing the entry of sodium ions into the cell during an action potential. What effects would you see?
decrease depolarization of the cell
The electrical impulse is __________ as it passes through the AV node, which permits the atria to contract __________ ventricles.
delayed, before
The visceral pericardium is also known as the __________.
epicardium
The visceral pericardium is the same as the:
epicardium
Which opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart connects the right and left atrium?
foramen ovale
Coronary circulation involves the delivery of oxygenated blood to the:
heart
The apex of the heart is __________.
inferior
Unlike skeletal muscle action potentials, cardiac muscle action potentials __________.
involve calcium voltage-gated channels
As ventricular systole begins, all four heart valves are closed during the:
isovolumetric contraction phase
When is the S2 heart sound heard?
isovolumetric relaxation phase
An insufficient mitral valve (bicuspid valve, or left atrioventricular valve) would allow the backflow of blood into the:
left atrium
The cardiac chamber with the thickest wall is the __________.
left ventricle
Platelets are cell fragments formed from
megakaryocytes
Which of the following valves would be affected if papillary muscles and/or chordae tendinae stopped functioning?
mitral valve
The cells that rhythmically and spontaneously generate action potentials in the heart are called __________.
pacemaker cells
The length of the cardiac action potential is dependent upon the
plateau phase
Hemostasis is mediated by
platelets
The AV valves close when __________.
pressure in the ventricles increases
Blood that leaves the right ventricle enters the __________.
pulmonary trunk
Which vessel is guarded by a semilunar valve at its base?
pulmonary trunk
High blood pressure in the ventricles forces
semilunar valves open
The right and left atria depolarize and contract following the arrival of the action potential from the:
sinoatrial node
What wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) occurs during the ventricular ejection phase of the cardiac cycle?
t wave
As a result of the long refractory period in the contractile cell refractory period, cardiac muscle can not exhibit
tetany
Which two arteries arise from the right coronary artery?
the right marginal artery and the right posterior interventricular artery
The left side of the heart is often called the systemic pump due to blood flow to the body.
true
The T wave of an ECG corresponds to __________.
ventricular repolarization