Mastering A&P Cardiovascular Test 2

Red blood cells only live

100-120 days

How much blood does the average adult have

5 liters

What percentage of the blood is composed of plasma

55%

Calculate the stroke volume (SV) if end-systolic volume (ESV) is 50 ml and the end-diastolic volume (EDV) in a resting heart is 110 ml.

60ml

Calculate the cardiac output if the heart rate is 100 beats per minute and the stroke volume is 65 ml.

6500

Normal blood pH should fall between

7.35 and 7.45

Stroke volume averages about

70 ml per heart beat

Type A blood contains

A antigens and anti-B antibodies

According to the frank-starling law, a bigger preload will result in

A stronger contraction

Universal recipient of blood

AB+

Determine the process that will occur when net filtration pressure is negative

Absorption

What neurotransmitter decreases heart rate

Acetylcholine

What plasma protein is most important for the bloods colloid osmotic pressure

Albumin

How might coronary artery anastomoses help a patient with a coronary artery disease?

Anastomoses provide an alternate route of blood flow around a coronary artery that may be blocked.

The right and left coronary arteries receive blood from the

Aorta

What vessel delivers oxygenated blood to systemic capillaries for gas exchange

Aorta

Where should the left ventricle send blood

Aorta

What vessels typically carry blood away from the heart

Arteries

What hormone is released to decrease blood pressure

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

White blood cells that have an S shaped nucleus and large dark staining granules are

Basophils

Thee outward force that the blood exerts on the walls of the blood vessels is called

Blood pressure

As peripheral resistance increases

Blood pressure increases

Artery on the arm

Brachial artery

The plateau phase of the cardiac action potential is due to __________.

Ca2+ influx

Cardiac muscle action potentials involve

Calcium voltage-gated channels

Autorhythmicity is the responsibility of

Cardiac pacemaker cells

The cusps of the atrioventricular valves attach directly to

Chordae tendineae

Which capillary would be least likely to allow substances to enter or exit the blood due to tight junctions that join the endothelial cells

Continuous capillaries

Coronary veins empty into a vessel known as the

Coronary sinus

What do vascular spasms contribute to the process of hemostasis

Decrease blood vessel diameter to limit blood loss

The right side of the heart receives

Deoxygenated blood from systemic circuit

An accumulation of excess interstitial fluid is known as

Edema

The visceral pericardium is the same as the

Epicardium

The process of red blood cell production is known as

Erythropoiesis

What is the most superficial layer of the pericardial sac

Fibrous pericardium

The percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes is called

Hematocrit

What is the oxygen binding protein found in erythrocytes

Hemoglobin

Hypertension is defined as

High blood pressure

Blood pressure is equivalent to

Hydrostatic pressure

The heart is located

In the mediastinum

Which of the following factors may contribute to an increase in stroke volume?__________.

Increase preload and contractility, and decrease afterload

Increased blood volume results in

Increased blood pressure

Baroreceptors detect

Increases in blood pressure

What characteristic differentiates cardiac muscle cells from skeletal muscle cells

Intercalated discs

What surface groove separates the right and left ventricles?

Interventricular sulcus

What organ serves as the control center for the regulation of erythropoiesis

Kidney

Blood returning from the lungs enters the

Left atrium

What organ secretes most of the plasma proteins

Liver

The pulmonary circuit involves blood flow from the heart to and from

Lungs

What cells are categorized as agranulocytes

Lymphocytes and monocytes

Leukocyte with a U-shaped nucleus

Monocyte

Large vessels with all three tunics and a well developed tunica media are called

Muscular arteries

Universal donor of blood

O-

What muscles, present in the ventricles, anchor by tendon like chords called chordae tnedineae

Papillary muscles

What is found between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium

Pericardial fluid

What forms the majority of blood

Plasma

When blood is centrifuged, what is found in the buffy coat

Platelets and leukocytes

Blood that leaves the right ventricle enters the

Pulmonary trunk

What vessels deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium

Pulmonary veins

A damaged right bundle branch will prevent the passage of the action potential to the

Purkinje fibers in the right ventricle

Archie took several deep breaths of air. By breathing deeply, what mechanism did he assist to return blood to his heart

Respiratory pump

What valve prevents the backflow of blood from the right ventricle into the right atrium

Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid valve)

What normally serves as the pacemaker of the entire heart

Sinoatrial (SA) node

What type of capillaries have large pores within their endothelial cells and are the leakiest

Sinusoidal capillaries

What two values are needed in order to calculate cardiac output for a ventricle

Stroke volume and heart rate

Which blood vessels handle the highest blood pressure

Systemic arteries

Archie has a resting heart rate of 125 beats per minute what cardiac dysrhythmia does he have?

Tachycardia

Predict the position of the valves during the ventricular ejection phase.

The AV valves are shut while both semilunar valves are forced open.

As their name suggests, calcium ion channel blockers block calcium ion channels in the sarcolemma of pacemaker and contractile cardiac muscle cells and slow calcium ion entry into the cell during an action potential. What effects would these drugs have on the myocardial cells?

There would be a decrease in contractility

Compared to veins, arteries have

Thicker tunica media

The enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin is

Thrombin

Where do T lymphocytes mature

Thymus gland

Blood in the right atrium should travel next pass the

Tricuspid valve and into the right ventricle

Which cranial nerves have a negative chronotropic effect on heart rate

Vagus nerve

Steps of hemostasis

Vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, thrombolysis

The baroreceptor reflex response to high blood pressure is

Vasodilation and decreased cardiac output

Both left and right atria receive blood from

Veins

Which vessels have the lowest blood pressure

Veins

Which vessels serve as the blood reservoirs of the body

Veins

The chambers that have just emptied when the second heart sound is heard are the

Ventricles

What vitamin is essential for the production of clotting factors

Vitamin K

Carbohydrate groups on the surfaces of erythrocytes determine blood type are known as

antigens

Which vessel supplies the systemic circuit with oxygenated blood?

aorta

What is NOT part of the cardiac conduction system?

atrioventricular (AV) valve

Which pressure remains the same along the length of the capillary

colloid osmotic pressure

Generally, coronary veins empty into a vessel known as the:

coronary sinus

Certain drugs used to treat dysrhythmias, called local anesthetics, work by blocking voltage gated sodium ion channels and slowing the entry of sodium ions into the cell during an action potential. What effects would you see?

decrease depolarization of the cell

The electrical impulse is __________ as it passes through the AV node, which permits the atria to contract __________ ventricles.

delayed, before

The visceral pericardium is also known as the __________.

epicardium

The visceral pericardium is the same as the:

epicardium

Which opening in the interatrial septum of the fetal heart connects the right and left atrium?

foramen ovale

Coronary circulation involves the delivery of oxygenated blood to the:

heart

The apex of the heart is __________.

inferior

Unlike skeletal muscle action potentials, cardiac muscle action potentials __________.

involve calcium voltage-gated channels

As ventricular systole begins, all four heart valves are closed during the:

isovolumetric contraction phase

When is the S2 heart sound heard?

isovolumetric relaxation phase

An insufficient mitral valve (bicuspid valve, or left atrioventricular valve) would allow the backflow of blood into the:

left atrium

The cardiac chamber with the thickest wall is the __________.

left ventricle

Platelets are cell fragments formed from

megakaryocytes

Which of the following valves would be affected if papillary muscles and/or chordae tendinae stopped functioning?

mitral valve

The cells that rhythmically and spontaneously generate action potentials in the heart are called __________.

pacemaker cells

The length of the cardiac action potential is dependent upon the

plateau phase

Hemostasis is mediated by

platelets

The AV valves close when __________.

pressure in the ventricles increases

Blood that leaves the right ventricle enters the __________.

pulmonary trunk

Which vessel is guarded by a semilunar valve at its base?

pulmonary trunk

High blood pressure in the ventricles forces

semilunar valves open

The right and left atria depolarize and contract following the arrival of the action potential from the:

sinoatrial node

What wave on the electrocardiogram (ECG) occurs during the ventricular ejection phase of the cardiac cycle?

t wave

As a result of the long refractory period in the contractile cell refractory period, cardiac muscle can not exhibit

tetany

Which two arteries arise from the right coronary artery?

the right marginal artery and the right posterior interventricular artery

The left side of the heart is often called the systemic pump due to blood flow to the body.

true

The T wave of an ECG corresponds to __________.

ventricular repolarization