Mastering A&P Chapter 13
How many major regions are contained within the diencephalon?
3
After returning to work, it was soon obvious to his coworkers that something was not right with Cesar. He seemed confused and complained of a lingering headache. They suspected that his injury was far worse than he realized. One of his coworkers insisted on taking him to an emergency room, where a CT scan showed a growing subdural hematoma. A hematoma is a collection of blood that develops within tissue when blood vessels are damaged. A subdural hematoma would form within which of the labeled regions?
2
Which letter indicates Broca's area, which controls the motor movements necessary for speaking?
A
Which letter indicates the region of the brain that has the greatest surface area due to the numerous surface convolutions?
A
Which of the following is a descending motor spinal tract?
pyramidal pathway
Which letter indicates an area that is characterized by huge neurons known as pyramidal cells?
B
Which letter indicates the corpus callosum, which is an area of white matter where axons from one cerebral hemisphere cross the midline to the opposite hemisphere?
B
Identify the passageway found in the spinal cord that is continuous with the ventricles.
Central canal
Where is the arbor vitae located?
Cerebellum
Which passageway connects the third and fourth ventricles?
Cerebral aqueduct
When the rock hit Cesar, the impact was softened by several protective features of the head. Which of the following structures would have helped to protect the brain from the external force?
Cerebrospinal fluid Hair Bone Dura mater
Which region of the brain contains gyri and sulci?
Cerebrum
Which region of the brain is necessary for consciousness?
Cerebrum
What structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus callosum
Which letter indicates Wernicke's area, which is important for understanding spoken words?
D
Which of the following regions cannot be observed superficially?
Diencephalon
Which of the following is the outer layer of the meninges?
Dura mater
Which letter indicates the medulla oblongata, the functional neural connection between the pons and the spinal cord?
E
Which letter indicates the primary visual cortex, which receives information from neurons in the retina of the eye?
E (visual cortex)
Which region of the diencephalon contains the pineal body?
Epithalamus
Drag and drop each function into the bin that correctly matches it with the lobe of the brain that houses that function.
FRONTAL: speech production, planning movement, voluntary movement, impulse control, social skills, empathy PARIETAL: general somatic sensation, ability to identify objects by touch TEMPORAL: understanding speech, smell, hearing
The brain is a solid organ that lacks cavities.
False
The cerebellum is present on the ventral surface of the sheep brain.
False
The pineal body secretes melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH).
False
The reticular activating system (RAS) contains structures that regulate and cause emotional responses.
False
What type of tissue makes up the cerebral cortex?
Gray matter
Which part of the diencephalon is connected to the pituitary gland?
Hypothalamus
Emergency room doctors ordered an X-ray of Jonah's vertebrae to try and determine what type of damage might be present. Vertebrae T4 and T5 were out of alignment with one another, which greatly concerned the doctors. Why? Select all that apply.
If the vertebrae are not properly aligned, the vertebral canal through which the spinal cord travels would not be aligned. Damage to the spinal cord in that region could cause paraplegia.
Which of the following structures attach the pituitary gland to the brain?
Infundibulum
Which of these statements is true of the hypothalamus?
It controls the autonomic nervous system and regulates hunger and thirst sensations.
What is the function of the cingulate gyrus?
It mediates emotional responses to sensory stimuli and generates visceral and behavioral responses to emotions.
Which of the following ventricles is found under the corpus callosum?
Lateral ventricles
What part of the corpora quadrigemina is clearly observed in a midsagittal section?
Superior colliculus
White matter has a fatty consistency.
True
Which of the following is not part of the basal ganglia?
Wernicke's area
Which letter indicates the corpora quadrigemina, meaning "four bodies?"
D
The ventricles are all interconnected.
True
Which areas of the brain are most likely to process and store motor skill memories?
the premotor cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum
The visual cortex is located in the _________ lobe.
occipital lobe
How many regions make up the brain stem?
3
The meninges consist of ___ layers.
3
In the olivary nuclei in the medulla, mostly proprioceptive sensory impulses are relayed to the cerebellum.
True
Which letter indicates a choroid plexus, which produces cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)in all four ventricles of the brain?
C
Which letter indicates the primary somatosensory cortex?
C
Which ventricles are divided by the septum pellucidum?
Lateral ventricles
Which of the following landmarks divides the cerebrum in half?
Longitudinal fissure
The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is connected to the hypothalamus and receives regulatory impulses that control the secretion of hormones.
True
Which area of the brain stem is in contact with the spinal cord?
Medulla oblongata
Name the membranous encasement surrounding the brain.
Meninges
Which region contains the corpora quadrigemina?
Midbrain
The vasomotor center of the medulla regulates blood pressure.
True
The white matter of the spinal cord contains ascending and descending pathways known as tracts.
True
Which of the following areas takes visual information from one side of the body and conveys it to the opposite side?
Optic chiasm
Which of the following structures is not part of the central nervous system?
Optic nerve
Drag and drop the labels to describe the proper order of sensory input and motor output.
PAIN RECEPTOR IN FOOT Somatic sensory neuron to dorsal horn of spinal cord Interneurons through white matter of spinal cord to thalamus Interneuron between thalamus and primary somatosensory cortex Interneuron from primary motor cortex to ventral horn of spinal cord in lumbar region Somatic motor neuron from ventral horn of spinal cord to skeletal muscles of leg MUSCLE CONTRACTION IN LEG
Which of the following glands can be observed on the ventral surface of the sheep brain?
Pituitary gland
After a long recovery, Cesar was able to return to work. But his coworkers noticed some drastic changes. Cesar had once been a smart dresser, but now he was unkempt. Once a person you could entrust with secrets, he now revealed the most-secret office gossip to everyone. Most notable was his habit of washing his socks in the employee lounge. What region of Cesar's brain was affected by the subdural hematoma?
Prefrontal cortex
When Jonah wakes up, he is told that he could have spinal cord damage. Clinicians check his motor responses and ask him about what he can feel when they prick different regions on his legs and feet with a pin. Jonah is able to feel the pricks, but is unable to move his legs. How is this possible? Refer to regions A and B in the image to help answer the question, and select all that apply.
Somatic motor neurons leave the spinal cord at location B, so there must be damage to the anterior region of the spinal cord. Somatic sensory neurons enter the spinal cord at location A, so this portion of the spinal cord must be undamaged.
Which of the following areas form the central core of the brain?
Thalamus
Which region acts as a relay center for sensory messages ascending to the cerebrum?
Thalamus
Referring to the segments of the sensorimotor pathway, which part of the pathway would have to be disrupted to cause the problems Jonah is experiencing?
The damage must be to the anterior region of the spinal cord between the primary motor cortex and lumbar region of the spinal cord.
The amygdala is part of the limbic system and has neurons that process the emotions and reactions to fear.
True
The composition of gray matter includes neuron cell bodies.
True
How are the right and left cerebral hemispheres specialized for different functions?
The left cerebral hemisphere has greater control over math and language.
The diencephalon is found in between the brain stem and the cerebrum.
True
The foramen magnum marks the border between the medulla oblongata and spinal cord.
True
The hypothalamus, in addition to the cerebral cortex, is in control of emotional responses.
True
The inferior colliculi are part of the corpora quadrigemina.
True
Cutting the corpus callosum would lead to which of the following?
The right cerebral hemisphere cannot communicate directly with the left hemisphere.
Why does the size of the ventral horns of the spinal cord vary along its length?
The size of the ventral horns reflects the amount of skeletal musculature innervated at each level.
The limbic system has neural ties to the autonomic nervous system, the hypothalamus, and the reticular formation.
True
The medullary respiratory center controls the rhythm and rate of breathing.
True
What is the role of the inferior colliculi of the corpora quadrigemina?
They induce reflexive responses to unexpected sounds, which results in head and eye tracking movements in response to the auditory stimuli.
Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the spinal cord?
Through the cranial nerves that attach to it, the spinal cord is involved in sensory and motor innervation of the head and neck.
Which of the following landmarks separate the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
Transverse fissure
All three regions of the brain stem can be observed on the ventral surface of the brain.
True
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced within the ventricles.
True
A patient can understand words spoken to him, but has an impaired ability to speak. Which area of the brain related to speech is functioning normally and which area has been damaged?
Wernicke's area; Broca's area
The structure indicated by the arrow is a _________. (B)
commissural fiber tract
It is easy to confuse the terms sulcus and gyrus (on the cerebral cortex). The difference between these two terms is that
a gyrus is a ridge, and a sulcus is a groove.
What and where is the "dorsal stream"?
a multimodal association area and visual processing center responsible for perceiving spatial relationships; extends from the posterior parietal cortex to the postcentral gyrus
Which symptom is LEAST suggestive of a cerebellar disorder?
abnormal and painful sensations in one's legs and feet
Which of the following is associated with Alzheimer's disease?
accumulation of protein plaques around neurons
The function of arachnoid granulations is to __________.
act as valves that allow CSF to pass from the subarachnoid space into the dural blood sinuses
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?
arachnoid and pia
Identify the area indicated by the arrow.
arbor vitae
An individual is paraplegic when spinal cord injury occurs __________.
between T1 and L2 spinal segments
All of the following are structures of the limbic system except the
caudate nucleus.
Posterior gray horns of the spinal cord consist of
cell bodies of interneurons.
The fluid-filled ventricles within the cerebrum are similar in function to the ________ of the spinal cord.
central canal
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by choroid plexuses in all the following locations except the
central canal.
Which of these regions of the brain, besides the cerebrum, has an outer cortical layer of gray matter?
cerebellum
The insula is considered to be part of the ________.
cerebrum
Which of these regions has two hemispheres connected by the corpus callosum?
cerebrum
Which of these regions of the brain contains the basal forebrain nuclei in the deep gray matter?
cerebrum
Which of these regions of the brain has frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes, as well as the insula?
cerebrum
Trace the path of circulation of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) from production to absorption.
choroid plexus, ventricles of the brain, subarachnoid space, arachnoid villi, superior sagittal sinus
Two parts of the brain that are most involved in emotions are the
cingulate gyrus and hypothalamus.
Which fiber tract carries the sensations of discriminative touch and proprioception?
dorsal column
The tough, dense fibrous connective tissue meningeal layer is the
dura mater.
The sheet of dura mater that separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres is the
falx cerebri.
Which ventricle is located within the brain stem?
fourth ventricle
Which of the following is a motor area for vision?
frontal eye field
Areas of the cerebral cortex involved with the initiation of motor impulses are localized to the posterior aspect of the __________.
frontal lobe
Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for planning and initiating voluntary motor movement?
frontal lobe
Which of these lobes of the cerebrum lies anterior to the central sulcus?
frontal lobe
The function of the blood-brain barrier is to
help protect the central nervous system.
Sleep-wake cycles are controlled by the pineal gland and the
hypothalamus
The main visceral control center of the brain is the
hypothalamus
Which of these regions lies between the optic chiasma and the posterior border of the mammillary bodies?
hypothalamus
Which of these regions of the brain regulates body temperature, hunger, and thirst?
hypothalamus
Which of these regions of the brain regulates hormonal secretions from the pituitary gland (hypophysis)?
hypothalamus
Region of the adult telencephalon that is covered by parts of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes.
insula
The thalamus __________.
is a colletion of approximately 12 nuclei where every type of sensory impulse except olfactory impulses synapse; it is the "gateway" to the cerebral cortex
The gray matter of the spinal cord __________.
is a mixture of neuronal cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, dendrites, and neuroglia
The cauda equina
is a series of nerve roots in the lumbar and sacral region.
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) __________.
is formed in the choroid plexuses of all four brain ventricles
The falx cerebri passes through the _________.
longitudinal fissure
Which brain region coordinates all of these critical functions: adjusts the rate and force of heart contractions, adjusts blood vessel diameter to regulate blood pressure, and regulates respiration rates?
medulla oblongata
Neural centers that control heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the
medulla.
ALS would NOT be associated with which of the following?
memory difficulty
In which brain region are the cerebral peduncles located?
midbrain
The brain stem consists of the
midbrain, medulla, and pons.
The visual association area of the cerebral cortex is located in the
occipital lobe.
Identify cranial nerve I.
olfactory nerve
What types of sensory information are conveyed toward the brain in the lateral spinothalamic tracts?
pain and temperature
The only one of the meninges that follows the brain surface into a cerebral sulcus is the
pia mater.
The axons in the inferior olivary nuclei relay sensory impulses for
proprioception.
The __________ governs arousal of the brain as a whole, and maintains consciousness and alertness.
reticular formation
The cell bodies located in the anteriormost region of the spinal cord's gray matter belong to this group.
somatic motor
The cell bodies located in the posteriormost region of the spinal cord's gray matter belong to this group.
somatic sensory
Damage to which region of the brain would result in someone being unable to identify an item in his or her pocket by touch alone?
somatosensory association cortex
The__________pathway carries information on pain, temperature, deep pressure, and coarser aspects of the sense of touchâ€"stimuli that we are aware of but cannot localize precisely.
spinothalamic
Cerebrospinal fluid is located within the
subarachnoid space.
A shallow groove on the surface of the cerebral cortex is called a
sulcus
Three "seeing/vision" nuclei that occupy the midbrain of humans are the
superior colliculi, motor nucleus for oculomotor nerve, and motor nucleus for trochlear nerve.
Which of these regions functions to direct nearly all sensory input, except olfactory impulses, to the cerebral cortex?
thalamus
Which of these regions is the largest part of the diencephalon and forms the upper and lateral walls of the third ventricle?
thalamus
If a person's corpus callosum was severed __________.
that person would experience a lack of communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres
A lesion to the inferior olivary nucleus in the medulla would interfere with the function of which other structure(s)?
the cerebellum
Cell bodies of the sensory neurons of the spinal nerves are located in
the dorsal root ganglia external to the spinal cord.
After someone faints, smelling salts of ammonia may be placed under the person's nose. The person breathes the ammonia vapors, which deliver a sharp jolt to the nasal membranes, and the person wakes up. This illustrates
the function of sensory input to the reticular activating system.
A cerebrovascular accident patient who is unable to recognize faces and objects but can still visually perceive spatial arrangement of objects most likely has damage to
the temporal lobe.
In an ascending (sensory) pathway, second-order interneurons synapse with third-order interneurons in __________.
the thalamus
What is the function of white matter?
transmits messages
Which of the following grooves separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?
transverse cerebral fissure
Neural plasticity may occur when __________.
undamaged neurons in the brain sprout new cytoplasmic branches after a stroke that partially restores lost functions
A "motor homunculus" can be visualized as an overlay on the precentral gyrus. The reason why the facial region of this homunculus covers such a large surface area is because
we have very expressive faces.