Mastering A&P Chapter 5

The term that refers to a bluish coloration of the skin is __________.

cyanosis

The peptide that is secreted by the pituitary gland and increases the rate of melanin production is __________.

MSH

When scar tissue formation continues beyond the requirements of tissue repair, __________ is formed.

a keloid

Special smooth muscles in the that produce 'goose bumps' when they contract are called __________.

arrector pili

The stage of repair of deep skin injury in which epidermal cells migrate under the scab is called the __________.

proliferation phase

What are the primary tissues comprising the hypodermis?

Areolar and adipose

Where can you find an apocrine sweat gland?

Armpits, nipples, and pubic region

Why are lines of cleavage clinically significant?

A cut parallel to a cleavage line will remain closed.

Which of the following factors does not increase the time needed for repair of an injury to the integument? A narrow slit-like wound Larger injured areas Infections A deep scrape

A narrow slit-like wound

What is the first step of integument repair following an injury?

Bleeding and inflammation

Which of the following statements describes the immediate response of the skin to an injury?

Bleeding occurs, and mast cells trigger an inflammatory response.

Which of the following would result in the loss of large portions of skin and lead to increased risk of infection and fluid loss? Burns Cyanosis Dermatitis Skin cancers

Burns

Which of the following is an orange-yellow pigment that is found in certain food items, such as carrots and squash?

Carotene

Which type of gland produces earwax?

Ceruminous gland

What are the two basic factors that interact to produce skin color?

Circulatory supply and pigment concentration

What change in the integument causes older people to be more sensitive to hot temperatures?

Decreased glandular activity

The reticular layer of the dermis is composed of what kind of tissue?

Dense irregular connective tissue

What are the two layers of the cutaneous membrane (skin)?

Dermis and epidermis

Which of the following is not an accessory structure in the integumentary system? Epidermis Glands Hair Nails

Epidermis

Full-thickness or third-degree burns are the most serious. Which of the following is not a major concern in the treatment and repair of these types of burns? Excessive blood loss Replacement of fluids and electrolytes Preventing infection Temperature regulation

Excessive blood loss

Which structure is an accessory structure rather than part of the cutaneous membrane? Exocrine glands Epidermis Papillary layer Reticular layer

Exocrine glands

Where is epidermal growth factor produced?

Glands of the duodenum

What is the subcutaneous layer that separates the integument from the deep fascia around other organs?

Hypodermis

Which of the following layers is composed of adipose and areolar tissues and is the site where subcutaneous injections are given?

Hypodermis

How do third-degree burns differ from first- and second-degree burns?

In a third-degree burn, the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are destroyed.

Why is limited exposure to the UV light in sunlight beneficial?

It converts a steroid into vitamin D3.

The hardness of the nails protects the dorsal surfaces of the fingers and toes. What substance causes the hardness?

Keratin

What is the water-resistant, fibrous protein that fills the cells of the outer layers of the epidermis and helps slow dehydration?

Keratin

Which type of cell is the most abundant epithelial cell in the body and dominates the cellular composition of the epidermis?

Keratinocyte

A decrease in the number of __________ leads to increased damage and infection associated with age.

Langerhans cells

Which of the following does the integument not synthesize or produce? Lipids Keratin Vitamin D Melanin

Lipids

Which of the following is a dark brown, yellow-brown, or black pigment produced by pigment cells in the stratum basale?

Melanin

Why does a person's hair turn white or gray with age?

Melanocyte activity decreases

Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the integumentary system? Melanocyte activity increases, darkening the skin. Glandular activity declines. Dendritic cells (and immunity) decrease. The epidermis and dermis thin.

Melanocyte activity increases, darkening the skin.

Which gland functions in thermoregulation?

Merocrine sweat gland

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Papillary and reticular layers

The integumentary system has a protective function. From which of the following does the skin not protect us? Pressure and pain stimuli Fluid loss Ultraviolet radiation Large temperature changes

Pressure and pain stimuli

What structure of the hair or hair follicle lets you feel your hair being blown out of place by the wind?

Root hair plexus

Which gland produces an oily secretion that lubricates the hair and skin?

Sebaceous gland

Sebaceous glands release which type of secretion?

Sebum

Which of the following is not an effect of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on the epidermis? Stimulating the synthesis of melanin Stimulating division of cells in stratum basale Accelerating keratin production Stimulating repair of the epidermis after injury

Stimulating the synthesis of melanin

In which layers of the epidermis do mitotic divisions occur?

Stratum basale and stratum spinosum

In thick skin, what is the thickest (most cell layers) stratum of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum

What is the most superficial layer of the epidermis?

Stratum corneum

Which epidermal stratum is the most superficial and is composed of 15-30 layers of dead, keratinized cells that eventually are shed from its surface?

Stratum corneum

Which epidermal layer is found only in thick skin?

Stratum lucidum

The adipose tissue in the hypodermis performs a variety of functions. Which function does the adipose tissue not perform? Strengthening the hypodermis Energy reserve Insulation Shock absorbtion

Strengthening the hypodermis

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the skin? Synthesis of B vitamins Detection of sensory information Excretions of salts, organic wastes, and water Maintenance of normal body temperatures

Synthesis of B vitamins

Why are malignant melanomas extremely dangerous and life-threatening?

The melanocytes grow rapidly and metastasize through the lymphatic system.

What is the natural factor responsible for varying shades of hair color?

Type of melanin present

Bone strength and density decrease as a person ages. There are multiple factors that can cause this. What change in the integumentary system can contribute to this?

Vitamin D3 production decreases.

Which of the following are benign tumors that occur in the skin? Warts Contusions Hives Keloids

Warts

Sagging and wrinkling of the integument are due to __________.

a decrease in the elastic fiber network of the dermis

The hypodermis is useful for subcutaneous injection by hypodermic needle because it has __________.

a limited number of capillaries and no vital organs

When the body temperature becomes abnormally high, thermoregulatory homeostasis is maintained by __________.

an increase in sweat gland activity and an increase in blood flow to the skin

The color of the nail bed underneath the body of the nail is due to__________.

blood vessels

When ruptured dermal blood vessels leak into the dermis, a __________ may form.

bruise

Hair turns gray or white because of __________.

decreased melanocyte activity

The tissue that overlays the exposed nail is the __________.

eponychium or cuticle

The term for the redness that develops with a first-degree burn is __________.

erythema

Ceruminous glands are modified sweat glands located in the __________.

external auditory canal

Accessory structures of the skin include the __________.

hair follicles and the sebaceous and sweat glands

A thick, raised area of scar tissue that grows into the tissue surrounding an injury site is called __________.

keloid

The stage of repair of a wound in which a fibroblast moves into the wound area is called the __________.

migratory phase

Nail production begins at the __________.

nail root

The practical limit to the healing process of the skin is the formation of inflexible, fibrous, noncellular __________.

scar tissue

The secretion that lubricates the skin and inhibits growth of bacteria is called __________.

sebum

Excessive exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation may cause redness, edema, blisters, and pain. The presence of blisters characterizes the burn as __________.

second-degree

An important function of the hypodermis is to __________. stabilize the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues monitor sensory receptors adjust gland secretion rates provide sensations of pain and temperature

stabilize the position of the skin in relation to underlying tissues

Psoriasis is a skin disorder in which there is abnormally increased mitotic activity in the __________.

stratum basale

What is the correct order of strata from the basement membrane to the free surface of the epidermis?

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

The type of hairs that are found on the head of an adult and are actively growing are __________.

terminal hairs

Differences in skin color among individuals are the result of __________.

the different levels of melanin synthesis

Sensible perspiration released by the eccrine sweat glands serves __________.

to cool the surface of the skin, to reduce body temperature, and to dilute harmful chemicals

The primary benefit of having fingernails and toenails is __________.

to protect the dorsal surface of the tips of the fingers and toes