Mastering Bio Chapter 10
Lipase is an enzyme (a type of protein) that breaks down fats. Which of the following statements about lipase are true? Select all that apply.
The base sequence that codes for the lipase enzyme is duplicated during DNA replication. A specific sequence of bases in a DNA molecule codes for the lipase enzyme.
A particular triplet of bases in the template strand of DNA is 5' AGT 3'. The corresponding codon for the mRNA transcribed is _____.
3' UCA 5'
Rank the following one-base point mutations (from most likely to least likely) with respect to their likelihood of affecting the structure of the corresponding polypeptide. 1. insertion mutation deep within an intron 2. substitution mutation at the third position of an exonic codon 3. substitution mutation at the second position of an exonic codon 4. deletion mutation within the first exon of the gene
4, 3, 2, 1
Which of these indicates an enhancer region?
A
Transcription begins at a promoter. What is a promoter?
A site in DNA that recruits the RNA Polymerase
A single cell, the zygote, can develop into an entirely new organism with many different specialized cells. Which of the following statements about this process is false?
Additional genetic information for the formation of specialized cells is passed on to the developing embryo via the mother.
What determines which base is to be added to an RNA strand during transcription?
Base pairing between the DNA template strand and the RNA nucleotides
Which of these directly bind(s) to the promoter?
C and D
DNA is a double helix composed of nucleotides. Suppose that a portion of one of the two strands of a DNA molecule has the sequence GCAGTAG. What is the sequence of the opposite strand?
CGTCATC
Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the newly synthesized RNA molecule and the DNA template strand?
Complementary
___ serves as the molecular basis for life.
DNA
Which of the following statements regarding DNA is false?
DNA contains the nitrogenous base uracil.
DNA is considered to be the molecule of life. Which two functions make DNA uniquely suited to this role?
DNA directs the production of proteins. DNA produces more of itself.
Why is the new DNA strand complementary to the 3' to 5' strands assembled in short segments?
DNA polymerase can assemble DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction
4. __________ of translation always happens at the start codon of the mRNA.
Initiation
What happens to RNA polymerase II after it has completed transcription of a gene?
It is free to bind to another promoter and begin transcription.
Once researchers identified DNA as the unit of inheritance, they asked how information was transferred from the DNA in the nucleus to the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. What is the mechanism of information transfer in eukarotes?
Messenger RNA is transcribed from a single gene and transfers information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis takes place.
DNA does not store the information to synthesize which of the following?
Organelles
One way that ___ is different from DNA is that it contains Us instead of Ts.
RNA
Which of the following statements regarding RNA is false?
RNA contains the sugar dextrose.
What name is given to the process in which pre-mRNA is edited into mRNA?
RNA processing
What controls the way in which a zygote differentiates?
Selective genes are turned on and off, depending on the fate of the cell.
Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify how nucleotides pair up. Labels can be used once, more than once, or not at all.
T A G C
Which of the following statements best describes the promoter of a protein-coding gene?
The promoter is a nontranscribed region of a gene.
What is the process called that converts the genetic information stored in DNA to an RNA copy?
Transcription
Generally speaking, which of the following mutations would most severely affect the protein coded for by a gene?
a frameshift deletion at the beginning of the gene
During RNA processing a(n) _____ is added to the 3' end of the RNA.
a long string of adenine nucleotides
Can you correctly label various parts of a DNA molecule?
a. double helix b. phosphate group c. deoxyribose d. hydrogen bond e. base pair f. nucleotide g. nitrogenous base
Drag the correct labels onto the diagram to identify the structures and molecules involved in translation.
a. mRNA b. Small submit of ribosome c. Large submit of ribosome d. Amino acid e. tRNA f. Anticodon
Label the four mutated DNA segments shown below according to the type of point mutation each represents. Use the codon table above to determine how each mutation would affect the amino acid coding for each segment.
a. silent mutation b. nonsense mutation c. missesnse mutation d. frameshift mutation
_____ bind(s) to DNA enhancer regions.
activators
Polypeptides are assembled from _____.
amino acids
1. Amino acids are attached to tRNA by enzymes called ___________________________
aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase.
In prokaryotes, a group of genes with related functions that are organized and regulated as a group is called __________.
an operon
There are five examples of a ____: A, G, C, T, and U.
base
Translation occurs in the _____.
cytoplasm
After DNA replication is completed, _____.
each new DNA double helix consists of one old DNA strand and one new DNA strand
The RNA segments joined to one another by spliceosomes are _____.
exons
If a segment of DNA were replicated without any errors, the replicated strand would have the following sequence of nucleotides: 5' - ACTACGTGA - 3' Sort the following replicated DNA sequences by the type of point mutation each contains (frameshift, base substitution, or neither), as compared to the correct sequence shown above.
frameshift mutation 5'-ACTCGTGA-3' 5'-ACTTACGTGA-3' base substitution mutation 5'-ACTAAGTGA-3' 5'-ACTACGTGT-3' neither none
Short segments of newly synthesized DNA are joined into a continuous strand by _____.
ligase
According to the central dogma, what molecule should go in the blank?DNA → _____ → Proteins
mRNA
RNA processing converts the RNA transcript into _____.
mRNA
What amino acid sequence will be generated, based on the following mRNA codon sequence?5' AUG-UCU-UCG-UUA-UCC-UUG 3'
met-ser-ser-leu-ser-leu
During RNA processing a(n) _____ is added to the 5' end of the RNA.
modified guanine nucleotide
The monomers of DNA and RNA are
nucleotides
A mutant bacterial cell has a defective aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase that attaches a lysine to tRNAs with the anticodon AAA instead of the normal phenylalanine. The consequence of this for the cell will be that _____.
proteins in the cell will include lysine instead of phenylalanine at amino acid positions specified by the codon UUU
DNA copies itself via the process of _____________.
replication
The action of helicase creates _____.
replication forks and replication bubbles
Transcription in eukaryotes requires which of the following in addition to RNA polymerase?
several transcription factors
Spliceosomes are composed of _____.
small RNAs and proteins
5. The RNA that has an amino acid attached to it, and that binds to the codon on the mRNA, is called at _____.
tRNA
An old DNA strand is used as a _____ for the assembly of a new DNA strand.
template
2. ______________ of translation happens when the ribosome hits a stop codon on the mRNA.
termination
A codon consists of _____ bases and specifies which _____ will be inserted into the polypeptide chain.
three ... amino acid
RNA is produced from DNA via the process of __________________.
transcription
What name is given to the process in which a strand of DNA is used as a template for the manufacture of a strand of pre-mRNA?
transcription
3. The process, performed by the ribosome, of reading mRNA and synthesizing a protein is called ______________.
translation
Proteins are produced from RNA via the process of _______________.
translation
What name is given to the process in which the information encoded in a strand of mRNA is used to construct a protein?
translation