Mastering Biology Chapter 22
(Pre test Q. 6) Which one of the following researchers developed a theory of evolution that was very similar to Charles Darwin's?
Wallace
(activity) The wing of a bat is homologous to the _____ of a whale.
flipper
(Q. 40) Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, which develop from similar embryonic tissues. These structural similarities are an example of ________.
homology
(Q. 4) DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that ___?
humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor
(activity) Identify the four postulates of natural selection.
-Individuals with certain traits are more likely to survive and reproduce. -Individuals in a population vary in the traits they possess. -Some trait differences are heritable. -Survival and reproductive success are variable among individuals in a population.
(activity) Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 1 and 2 of natural selection?
Heritable variation exists for traits among individuals in a population.
(HHMI) When dark-colored fur gives mice a 1% competitive advantage and 1% of the population begins with dark fur, in about 1000 years, 95% of the population will have dark fur. Which of the following statements is true?
If dark-colored rock pocket mice had a competitive advantage of 0.1%, it would take longer for 95% of the population to have dark fur.
(activity) Does the ability of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell to infect a new host depend on its drug-resistant phenotype?
No, drug-susceptible cells and drug-resistant cells are equally likely to infect a new host.
(Q. 2) Which of the following observations helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification?
South American temperate plants are more similar to South American tropical plants than to European temperate ones.
(Misconception Question 107) In 1959, doctors began using the powerful antibiotic methicillin to treat infections of Staphylococcus aureus, but within two years, methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus (MRSA) appeared. How did the resistant strains of S. aureus emerge?
Staphylococcus aureus bacteria that were able to synthesize cell walls using a protein that was not affected by methicillin survived the methicillin treatments and reproduced at higher rates than did other individuals. Over time, these resistant individuals became increasingly common.
(activity) Which of the following statements describes the evolution by natural selection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in their new environment?
The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin.
(Get ready for this chapter: Q. 1) A heritable trait is one that _____.
is determined at least in part by genes passed from parents to offspring.
(Get ready for this chapter: Q. 3) A biologist observes that a particular plant species is found in a forest but not in a nearby meadow. She hypothesizes that the plants could grow in the meadow but are not found there because their seeds have yet to land in the meadow. Which of the following would be the most appropriate way to scientifically evaluate this hypothesis?
scattering seeds in several areas of the meadow and observing whether they start to grow
(HHMI) In the lab, Nachman examined dark mice from two different populations living hundreds of miles apart. The mice looked nearly identical. Their dark color was caused by two different genes. What does this tell you?
-Two completely different mutations in two separate genes can generate the same phenotype. -Dark fur color evolved independently on each lava flow. -Under very similar conditions, natural selection can favor very similar adaptations. -There are at least two genes involved in creating dark mouse fur.
(pre test Q. 7) Varieties of Staphylococcus aureus that are resistant to the drug methicillin __________.
-already existed in the population before methicillin was developed - were strongly selected for as methicillin became widely used to treat bacterial infections
(HHMI) When Charles Darwin set sail on the HMS Beagle, what did he and most of his contemporary scientists think about the origin of species?
Most scientists, including Darwin, thought each species was specially created by God in its present form and did not change over time
(Activity) Which of the following statements about natural selection is true?
Natural selection favors individuals that reproduce more than others
(Q. 5) The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data?
Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to the whale forelimb anatomy
(Everyday bio) A particular antibiotic kills 99% of a bacterial population. What will be the result of the continued application of this antibiotic?
Over time, the antibiotic will become less effective at killing the bacteria.
(Q. 26) Which of the following statements best describes evolution?
Populations change genetically from one generation to the next.
(Scientific Skills) What was the researchers' main hypothesis?
Predation results in selection for more drab color patterns in guppies.
(Scientific Skills) What conclusion would you draw from the data presented?
Predation results in selection for more drab coloration in pike-cichlid pools.
(Q. 36) Which of the following statements is most accurate in comparing scientific theories and scientific hypotheses?
Scientific theories are supported by, and make sense of, many observations, whereas scientific hypotheses are narrow, testable ideas.
(Everyday bio) Over time, bacteria have become increasingly resistant to antibiotics. Which of the following best explains this in terms of natural selection?
bacteria that happen to have resistance to antibiotics survived and reproduced
(Q. 25) Darwin used the phrase "descent with modification" to explain which of the following ideas?
both the unity and diversity of life
(Scientific Skills) Which of the following would help strengthen the researchers' conclusion?
if no other characteristics differed significantly between the source and transplanted populations
(Q. 22) After a drought in 1977, researchers hypothesized that on the Galapagos Island Daphne Major, medium ground finches with large, deep beaks survived better than those with smaller beaks because they could more easily crack and eat the tough Tribulus cistoides fruits. A tourist company sets up reliable feeding stations with a variety of bird seeds (different types and sizes) so that tourists can get a better look at the finches. Which of the following events is now most likely to occur to finch beaks on this island?
increased variation in beak size and shape over time
(pre test Q. 10) The theory of evolution through natural selection is considered a scientific theory because __________.
it is broad enough in scope to explain many observations; it is supported by a massive body of evidence from many disciplines; it is general enough to provide many testable hypotheses
(Activity) Which pair of chickens should a farmer breed to produce larger chickens?
large hen and large rooster
(Scientific Skills) What data should you collect in order to test your prediction?
predation rate on transplanted versus original source guppies, and color patterns of the population over time
(Pre test: Q.3) Charles Darwin _____.
proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution
(Q. 3) Within six months of effectively using methicillin to treat S. aureus infections in a community, all new S. aureus infections were caused by a resistant strain (MRSA). How can this best be explained?
some drug resistant bacteria were present at the beginning of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency.
(Q. 30) Currently, two living elephant species (X and Y) are classified in the genus Loxodonta, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Thus, which of the following statements would be accurate?
species X and Y share a greater number of homologies with each other than either does with species Z
(Q. 1) Which of the following is an observation or interference on which natural selection is based?
species produce more offspring than the environment can support
(Q. 7) Surface A x B C D If x indicates the earliest appearance of fossils of two closely related species, neither of which is extinct, then their remains may be found in which of these strata?
strata A and B only
(Everyday bio) Which of the following contributes the LEAST to the problem of antibiotic resistance?
taking the entire course of the antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor
(pre test Q. 1) Which of the following is an example of the pattern of evolution?
the fossil record of the evolution of modern cetaceans
(Scientific Skills) What was the experimental group in this study?
the transplanted population in the killifish pools
(HHMI) After his journey on the HMS Beagle, Darwin made this now-famous sketch in his notebook. Which ideas does it represent?
- all species are linked to one another by common ancestry - all species are connected to one another by a "family tree" - species descend from other species just as naturally as children come from parents
(Phenotypic traits) Based on the video and what you know about natural selection, which of the following must be true if evolution is the explanation for what the Grants have observed over time on Daphne? Select all that apply.
- beak depth and length must be heritable - beak depth and length must affect survival and or reproduction of birds - beak depth and length must show variation among individuals of a certain species
(HHMI) What does Dr. Carroll mean when he says, "while mutation is random, natural selection is not"?
-Mutations for advantageous traits are more likely to be passed on to the next generation. -Natural selection acts on traits. -Natural selection favors some mutations.
(Evidence for Evolution) Some monkey flowers (Mimulus guttatus) living near the sites of copper mines can grow in soil containing high concentrations of copper, which is toxic to most plants. Copper tolerance is a heritable trait. The map below shows the area near an old copper mine, which contaminated the nearby soil with copper. A stream flows past the mine toward the lake at the bottom right of the map. Select 3 true statements
-Nearly 100% of monkey flowers growing in copper-contaminated soil are copper tolerant. -If you were to test monkey flowers growing on the shore of the lake, you would expect nearly 100% of them to be copper tolerant. -The population that existed before mining must have included both copper-tolerant and copper-intolerant plants.
(Misconception Question 110) Identify the pair of homologous structures. 1. maple leaf and maple seed 2. maple leaf and oak leaf 3. neither; plants do not have homologous structures
2. maple leaf and oak leaf
(Everyday bio) In the projected video showing the growth of bacteria, why did the bacteria grow up to the edge of the area with antibiotics, pause, then continue to grow across the area with antibiotics?
A few bacteria experienced random mutations in their DNA, which allowed some of them to grow even though antibiotics were present.
(Misconception Question 106) What is the meaning of Darwin's expression "descent with modification"?
descent with modification refers to evolutionary change over time
(Pre test: Q. 9) A challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species came from embryology, when it was discovered that _____.
embryos of dissimilar organisms, such as sharks and humans, resemble each other
(Q. 39) Of the following anatomical structures, which is most homologous to the bones in the wings of a bird?
Bones in the flippers of whales
(Q. 1) Which of the following statements best describes Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?
Darwin's theory emphasized that populations vary and change over time
(Q. 48) Which of the following statements about evolutionary trees is accurate?
Evolutionary trees are considered evolutionary hypotheses.
(Phenotypic traits) Given what you know about G. fortis, G. magnirostris, and the Big Bird lineage, what do you predict will happen as the drought continues? Immediate effects ---> long term effects
G. Fortis: individuals with larger beaks die ---> beaks become smaller in population G. Magnirostris: most individuals thrive ---> beaks remain large in the population Big Bird: Many individuals outcompete smaller birds for larger seeds ---> beaks remain the same size and the population fills a larger niche, eating a greater variety of seeds
(activity) Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 3 and 4 of natural selection?
Individuals experience differential success in their ability to survive or reproduce due to differences in certain traits.
(Q. 19) Which of these conditions do NOT occur in populations evolving due to natural selection?
Individuals pass on most traits that they acquire during their lifetime.
(Q. 44) Which of the following statements is accurate about an organ described as vestigial?
It must be homologous to some feature in an ancestor.
(Misconception Question 108) Soapberry bugs use needlelike "beaks" to feed on seeds within the fruits of various plants. Bugs feed most successfully when their beak length matches the size of the fruit on which they are feeding. For 25 years, populations of soapberry bugs in central Florida have been feeding on small golden rain tree fruits that were introduced to the area, rather than on the larger native balloon vine fruits that serve as food for other soapberry bug populations. Beak lengths of soapberry bugs are variable, but the average beak length is shorter in soapberry bug populations that feed on golden rain tree fruits than in populations that feed on balloon vine fruits, as shown in the graph. How does natural selection act on beak length in soapberry bug populations?
The action of natural selection on beak length is soapberry bug population varies with the environment
(Q. 37) DDT was once considered a "silver bullet" that would permanently eradicate insect pests. Instead, DDT is now largely ineffective against many insects. Which of the following possible actions would have had the best chance of preventing this evolution of DDT resistance?
The use of DDT should have been interspersed with the use of other pesticides that have a different mode of action.
(Everyday bio) What is the concern about using antibacterial and antimicrobial soaps?
The use of any chemical that kills bacteria can eventually lead to resistance to that chemical in the population of bacteria.
(Q. 17) Starting from the wild mustard Brassica oleracea, plant breeders have created the strains known as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Which of the following statements is correct with regard to the wild mustard?
There is enough heritable variation in the wild mustard to permit these different varieties.
(HHMI) Why do dark-colored rock pocket mice on dark lava flows have white bellies?
There is no selection for dark bellies by visual predators.
(Q. 38) If the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus experiences a cost for maintaining one or more antibiotic-resistance genes, what would be most likely to happen in environments that lack antibiotics?
These bacteria would be outcompeted and replaced by bacteria that have lost the antibiotic resistance genes.
(HHMI) Why did dark-colored rock pocket mice first appear in a population of light-colored rock pocket mice?They have a genetic mutation that affects their fur color.
They have a genetic mutation that affects their fur color.
(Evidence for evolution) The island fox shares a common ancestor with the gray fox, Urocyon cinereoargenteus, which is found on the mainland. Both species have similar coloration and a diploid chromosome number of 66. One structural difference between the two species is the reduced size of the island fox, a feature known as dwarfism. The various island subspecies also differ from each other in size, number of tail vertebrae, and other characteristics.The phylogenetic tree below shows the evolutionary relationships between the island fox subspecies and the gray fox. Drag the labels to their appropriate locations on the tree.
a. ancestor of gray foxes and island foxes b. ancestor of Santa Rosa and San Miguel foxes c. Dwarfism d. ancestor of northern channel island foxes e. most closely related f. ancestor of southern channel island foxes g. ancestor of island foxes h. ancestor of Santa Catalina and San Clemente foxes
(Q. 3) Which of the following statements is most consistent with data obtained from the fossil record?
older strata carry fossils that differ greatly from living organisms
(Pre test: Q. 4)From his observations of organisms in the Galapagos islands, Darwin reasoned that _____.
organisms had adapted to new environments, giving rise to new species
(Q. 23) Claytonia virginica is a plant with flowers that vary from white, to pale pink, to bright pink. Slugs prefer to eat pink-flowering over white-flowering plants (due to chemical differences between the two), and plants experiencing severe herbivory are more likely to die. The bees that pollinate this plant also prefer pink over white flowers, so that Claytonia with pink flowers produce more seeds than Claytonia with white flowers. A researcher observes that the percentage of different flower colors remains stable in the study population from year to year. Given no other information, if the researcher removes all slugs from the study population, what do you predict will most likely happen to the percentage of flower colors in the population over time?
the percentage of pink flowers will increase over time
(Pre test Q. 8) A group of small fish live in a lake with a uniformly light-brown sandy bottom. Most of the fish are light brown, but about 10 are mottled. This fish species is often prey for large birds that live on the shore. A construction company dumps a load of gravel in the bottom of the lake, giving it a mottled appearance. Which of these statements presents the most accurate prediction of what will happen to this fish population?
the proportion of mottled fish will increase over time
(Scientific Skills) What was the control group in this study?
the source population in the pike-cichlid pools
(HHMI) Darwin and Wallace independently arrived at the same conclusion that species change over time. Which observations supported their conclusions?
- Bird families clustered geographically: cockatoos in the Malay Archipelago and Australia, macaws and hummingbirds in the Americas. - Tortoises from different Galapagos islands have distinct shells. - The fossilized remains of giant sloths were similar to the smaller, living sloths Darwin encountered. - Mockingbirds from different Galapagos islands had subtle, consistent differences. - The bony shells of armadillos resembled fossilized shells from the extinct Glyptodon. - Birdwing butterflies were found throughout the Malay archipelago, but species differed slightly from island to island.
(HHMI) Darwin and Wallace made independent observations in different parts of the world. Which statements are true?
- Both observed slightly different species on nearby islands and concluded that species could change over time - Both collected huge numbers of specimens and realized that individuals vary within species - Both witnessed nature close up and realized it was a battlefield with massive casualties
(Pre test Q. 5) Which of the following observations led to Darwin's major inferences?
- Members of a population vary in their heritable traits - Although organisms can produce huge numbers of offspring, many of these offspring do not survive.
(HHMI) Which observations led Darwin to establish a relationship between extinct and living animals?
- The bony shells of armadillos resembled she shells of ancient Glyptodon fossils - the fossilized remains of giant sloths were found in places where similar sloths now live
(Phenotypic traits) The Grants collected the data represented in the graph. Each oval shows the distribution of bird beaks they measured in the population. F represents G. fortis, BB represents the Big Bird lineage, and M represents G. magnirostris. Use the graph to answer the following questions.
1. The beak length of G. Fortis ranges from 8-12mm 2. The beak depth of G. Magnirostris is about 18 mm 3. Based on beak dimensions, G. magnirostris likely eat the largest, hardest seeds. 4. Big Birds likely eat seeds that are larger than the seeds that G. fortis eat and smaller than the seeds that G. magnirostris eat. 5. A bird with a very long, shallow beak (like a hummingbird) would appear on the graph in the lower right quadrant.
(Get ready for this chapter: Q. 2) What does it mean that organisms have a nearly universal genetic code?
A specific DNA sequence encodes the same information in one species as it would in nearly any other.
(Activity) A farmer wishes to develop a strain of high-yield corn that is also resistant to drought. He has the following individuals from the current year's crop: Individual A—Yield: 179 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual B—Yield: 220 bushels/acre; drought resistance: low Individual C—Yield: 185 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Individual D—Yield: 140 bushels/acre; drought resistance: high Individual E—Yield: 200 bushels/acre; drought resistance: medium Which of the following crosses would produce the highest corn yield with the highest resistance to drought?
A&E
(Q. 42) Which of the following observations most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth?
All organisms use essentially the same genetic code.
(Everyday bio) Which of the following correctly describes what the video referred to as a "microbial cure"?
Antibiotics are used to kill all of the infectious bacteria in a person.
(Q. 21) Which of the following statements best defines artificial selection?
Artificial selection is a process in which humans decide which plants and/or animals will and will not breed.
(Q. 16) The cow Bos primigenius (which is farmed for meat and milk) has a smaller brain and larger eyes than closely related species of wild ungulates. Which of the following statements best describes the process that led to differences between domesticated/farmed cows and their wild relatives?
Artificial selection resulted in changes in the lineage leading to domesticated cows because humans wanted animals with high milk output and high muscle content.
(Misconception Question 109) What happened in the soapberry bug population in central Florida when the bugs began to feed on seeds from the golden rain tree fruits which are much closer to the fruit surface?
Bugs with shorter beaks had more access to food, allowing them to produce more offspring.
(Q. 6) Surface A x B C D If x indicates the location of fossils of two closely related species, then fossils of their most-recent common ancestor are most likely to occur in which stratum?
C
(Scientific Skills) This experiment is an example of hypothesis-based science. What question did the researchers ask?
Can predation result in selection for color patterns in guppies?
(Q. 32) Cotton-topped tamarins are small primates with tufts of long white hair on their heads. While studying these creatures, a scientist noticed that males with longer hair get more opportunities to mate and that they father more offspring than males with shorter hair. Which of the following possible studies would be the best design for testing if longer hair is an adaptive trait? Assume that hair length is a trait that is inherited.
Capture a group of males with long hair at random, and cut the hair very short in half of the males; then, compare the number of matings of males with their hair left unchanged vs. males with shortened hair
(Q. 34) Fossils of Thrinaxodon, a species that lived during the Triassic period, have been found in both South Africa and Antarctica. Thrinaxodon had a reptile-like skeleton and laid eggs, but small depressions on the front of its skull suggest it had whiskers and, therefore, fur. Thrinaxodon may have been endothermic (able to generate its own internal heat). Which of the following statements is likely most accurate about Thrinaxodon?
Mammals evolved from a relative of Thrinaxodon.
(Evidence for Evolution) Scientific evidence documents the pattern of evolution. The evidence exists in a variety of categories, including direct observation of evolutionary change, the fossil record, homology, and biogeography. Sort the following examples into the correct categories.
Direct observation of evolutionary change: Development of drug resistant bacteria Fossil record: Discovery of transitional forms of horses, Discovery of shells of extinct species Homology: Similarities in mammalian forelimbs, Same genetic code in fireflies and tobacco plants, Vestigial pelvis in right whales Biogeography: Similarity of endemic island species to nearby mainland species, The high concentration of marsupial species in Australia
(Activity) Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring?
Heritability
(HHMI) What did Wallace conclude from observing that the bones in manatee flippers look similar to the bones in a human arm and hand?
Manatees' arm and finger bones are evidence that manatees share a common ancestor with land mammals
(Q. 45) It has been observed that organisms on many islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. Which of the following possible conclusions is best derived from this observation?
Island forms descended from mainland forms
(Q. 2) Which of the following statements best describes Linnaeus' method of classifying organisms?
Linnaeus grouped organisms into increasingly more inclusive categories.
(activity) In the United States today, about half of the corn crop is genetically engineered with a protein that is toxic to corn borers, an insect pest of corn. Which of the following conditions would be necessary for evolution of resistance to the toxic protein to occur in the corn borer?
The corn borer must have or generate (by mutation) heritable variation in resistance to the toxic protein. The resistant corn borers must survive better or reproduce more than nonresistant corn borers.
(Q. 43) Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar way to perform about the same function. Which of the following observations would suggest that the relationship more likely represents homology than convergent evolution?
The embryological development of the two structures are similar.
(HHMI) As Wallace traveled the Malay Archipelago, he noticed that western islands had placental mammals, like monkeys. Eastern islands had marsupial mammals, like kangaroos. How did Wallace explain this distribution?
The western islands were once connected to Asia and the eastern islands had been connected to Australia. The islands had never been connected to each other.
(Scientific Skills) Suppose that after 22 months, guppies from the transplanted population were returned to the source pool. What would most likely happen to those guppies?
They would experience a higher rate of predation than the native population, and over time they would evolve and resemble the original source population.
(Scientific Skills) How did the types of data the researchers collected enable them to test their prediction?
Tracking the number and area of colored spots provided a quantitative way to compare the brightness of different populations.
(Q. 20) A farmer uses triazine herbicide to control pigweed in his field. For the first few years, the triazine works well and almost all the pigweed dies; however, after several years, the farmer sees more and more pigweed growing once again in the fields. Which of the following statements best explains the return of pigweed to the farmer's fields?
Triazine-resistant weeds were more likely to survive and reproduce than were non-resistant individuals.
(activity) True or false? It would be difficult to assess whether the drug-susceptible or drug-resistant phenotype in a population of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was more fit in an environment without antibiotics.
True
(Q. 41) Over long periods of time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses?
Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, natural selection reduced each of these structures because they presented greater costs than benefits.
(Scientific Skills) Researchers further hypothesized that if predation pressure is reduced, drab coloration would become less beneficial (since females prefer brightly colored mates). Based on this hypothesis, what prediction did the researchers test in this experiment?
When guppies with drab colors are transferred to a pool with only killifish, the transplanted population will evolve brighter colors than the original source population.
(Q. 31) Currently, two of the living elephant species (X and Y) are placed in the genus Loxodonta, and a third surviving species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Assuming this classification reflects evolutionary relatedness, which of the following is the most accurate evolutionary tree?
__________________Z I ----------- I------Y I-------I I------X
(HHMI) Mutations are always __________
a change in an individual's DNA
(Activity) Which of the following organisms could be produced by artificial selection?
a cow that produces a large quantity of milk
(Pre test Q. 2) An adaptation is
a trait that gives an organism a reproductive advantage in the current environment
(Activity) Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment?
adaptation
(Q. 27) Which of the following factors would most likely cause an increase in population size of a prey animal?
an improvement in eyesight
(Q. 46) Given what we know about evolutionary biology, which of the following places would be the most likely to have the highest number of species that are unique to the area (that is, that had evolved in that place)? Assume that the conditions have existed for at least a few million years.
an isolated group of ocean islands
(Everyday bio) In the video, what does the UK's Chief Medical Officer suggest for promoting the development of new antibiotics?
encouraging big pharmaceutical companies to start investing again in new drug research and development
