Mastering Biology: Chapter 6 In Class Work

Thylakoids, DNA, and ribosomes are all components found in ___________.

chloroplasts

A cell with a predominance of free ribosomes is likely _______.

primarily producing proteins in the cytosol

Cells require which of the following to form cilia or flagella?

tubulin

Cell size is limited by _________.

surface to volume ratios

The Golgi apparatus has a polarity, or sideness, to its structure and function. Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity?

All of the listed responses correctly describe the polarity characteristics of the Golgi function.

Which structure is NOT part of the endomembrane system?

Chloroplast

Prokaryotes are classified as belonging to two different domains. What are the domains?

Bacteria and Archaea

Using data from the table above, select the best explanation for why that cell will be able to eliminate waste more efficiently?

Cell 2 since it has the highest surface are-to-volume ratio which facilitates the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment.

Both the volume and surface area for three different cells were measured. These values are listed in the following table: Using data from the table above, select the best explanations for why that cell will be able to eliminate waste most efficiently?

Cell 2 since it has the highest surface area to volume ratio which facilitates the exchange of materials between a cell and its environment.

What name is given to the rigid structure, found outside the plasma membrane, that surrounds and supports the bacterial cell?

Cell wall

Which of the following is a major difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

Eukaryotic cells have more intracellular organelles than prokaryotes.

_____ are surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to a surface.

Fimbriae

A mutation that disrupts the ability of an animal cell to add polysaccharide modifications to proteins would most likely cause defects in its_________.

Golgi apparatus and extracellular matrix

What is the function of the nuclear pore complex found in eukaryotes?

It regulates the movement of proteins and RNA's into and out of the nucleus.

Cyanide binds with at least one molecule involved in producing ATP. If a cell is exposed to cyanide, most of the cyanide will be found within the ____________.

Mitochondria

Suppose a young boy is always tired and fatigued, suffering from a metabolic disease. Which of the following organelles is most likely involved in this disease?

Mitochondria

Which of the following statements about the cytoskeleton is true?

Movement of cilia and flagella is the result of motor proteins causing microtubules to move relative to each other.

Suppose a cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. It could be a cell from________.

Nearly any eukaryotic organism

Where is a bacterial cell's DNA found?

Nucleoid region

The_____ is the bacterial structure that acts as a selective barrier, allowing nutrients to enter the cell and wastes to leave the cell.

Plasma membrane

What is the function of a bacterium's capsule?

Protection

Large numbers of ribosomes are present in cells that specialize in producing which of the following molecules?

Proteins

Which of the following statements correctly describes some aspect of protein secretion from prokaryotic cells?

Proteins secreted by prokaryotes are synthesized on ribosomes bound the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane.

Which of the following is present in a prokaryotic cell?

Ribosome

In a bacterium, where are proteins synthesized?

Ribosomes

You have a cube of modeling clay in your hands. Which of the following changes to the shape of this cube of clay will decrease its surface area relative to its volume?

Round the clay up into a sphere.

In a fractionation of homogenized cells using centrifugation, the primary factor that determines whether a specific cellular component ends up in the supernatant or the pellet is the_________.

Size and weight of the component

What technique would be most appropriate to use to observe the movements of condensed chromosomes during cell division?

Standard light microscopy

H.V. Wilson worked with sponges to gain some insight into exactly what was responsible for holding adjacent cells together. He exposed two species of differently pigmented sponges to a chemical that disrupted the cell-cell interaction (cell junctions), and the cells of the sponges dissociated. Wilson then mixed the cells of the two species and removed the chemical that caused the cells to dissociate. Wilson found that the sponges reassembled into two separate species. The cells from one species did not interact or form associations with the cells of the other species. How do you explain the results of Wilson's experiments?

The molecules responsible for cell-cell adhesion (cell junctions) differed between the two species of sponge.

The cell walls of bacteria, fungi, and plant cells and the extracellular matrix of animal cells are all external to the plasma membrane. Which of the following is a characteristic common to al of these extracellular structures?

They are constructed of polymers that are synthesized in the cytoplasm and then transported out of the cell.

Which organelle often takes up much of the volume of a plant cell?

Vacuole

Cilia and flagella bend because of ___________.

a motor protein called dynein

In plant cells, the middle lamella_____________.

allows adjacent cells to adhere to one another

All of the following are part of a prokaryotic cel EXCEPT ________.

an endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following is NOT true? Both chloroplasts and mitochondria_________.

are part of the endomembrane system

The smallest cell structure that would most likely be visible with a standard (not super-resolution) research-grade light microscope is a_________. a. ribosome b. microtubule c. mitochondrion d. microfilament

c. Mitochondrion

Which organelle or structure is absent in plant cells?

centrosomes

Which of the following contain the 9+2 arrangement of microtubules, consisting of nine doublets of microtubules surrounding a pair of single microtubules?

flagella and motile cilia

The difference in a lipid and protein composition between the membranes of the endomembrane system is largely determines by the ______.

function of the Golgi apparatus in sorting and directing membrane components.

Ions can travel directly from the cytoplasm of one animal cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell through__________.

gap junctions

Plasmodesmata in plant cells are most similar in function to which of the following structures in animal cells?

gap junctions

Where would you expect to find tight junctions?

in the epithelium of an animal's stomach

In a plant cell, DNA may be found________.

in the nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.

The extracellular matrix is thought to participate in the regulation of animal cell behavior by communicating information from the outside to the inside of the cell via which of the following?

integrins

The advantage of light microscopy over electron microscopy is that________.

light microscopy allows one to view dynamic processes in living cells (doesn't kill them).

Asbestos is a material that was once used extensively in construction. One risk from working in a building that contains asbestos is the development of asbestosis caused by the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Cells will phagocytize asbestos, but are not able to degrade it. As a result, asbestos fibers accumulate in ________.

lysosomes

Which of the following macromolecules leaves the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell through pores in the nuclear membrane?

mRNA

Which organelle is the primary site of ATP synthesis in eukaryotic cells?

mitochondrion

Which structure is common to plant and animal cells?

mitochondrion

Researchers tried to explain how vesicular transport occurs in cells by attempting to assemble the transport components. They set up microtubular tracks along which vesicles could be transported, and they added vesicles and ATP (because they knew the transport process would require energy). Yet, when they put everything together, there was no movement or transport of vesicles. What were they missing?

motor proteins

Which structure is the site of the synthesis of proteins that may be exported from the cell?

rough ER

Vinblastine, a drug that inhibits microtubule polymerization, is used to treat some forms of cancer. Cancer cells given vinblastine would be unable to ________.

separate chromosomes during cell division

The liver is involved in detoxification of many poisons and drugs. Which of the following structures is primarily involved in this process and, therefore abundant in liver cells?

smooth ER

A cell with an extensive area of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is specialized to ______.

synthesize large quantities of lipids

Tay-Sachs disease is a human genetic abnormality that results in cells accumulating and becoming clogged with very large, complex, undigested lipids. Which cellular organelles must be involved in this condition?

the lysosome?

In a bacterium, we will find DNA in ______.

the nucleoid