Mastering Biology Chapter 8
The sister chromatids separate and begin moving toward opposite poles of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
Anaphase
The centrosomes move away from each other and the nuclear envelop breaks up during which phase of mitosis?
Prophase
A cell preparing to undergo meiosis duplicates its chromosomes during
interphase.
Gametes are produced by __________.
meiosis
The above figure shows that
meiosis results in the formation of four haploid daughter cells
During __________ chromosomes align single file along the equator of a haploid cell.
metaphase II
Which of the following is the correct order for the four main stages of mitosis?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
A benign tumor is a condition in which tumor cells ____________.
remain confined to their original site
A duplicated chromosome consists of two ____________.
sister chromatids
A typical body cell with 23 pairs for chromosomes is called a ______________.
somatic cell
At the end of __________ and cytokinesis, haploid cells contain chromosomes that each consist of two sister chromatids.
telophase I
At the end of _________ and cytokinesis there are four haploid cells.
telophase II
Anaphase II is essentially the same as mitotic anaphase except that in anaphase II _________ and in mitotic anaphase ______________.
the cells are haploid and sister chromatids separate... the cells have the same number of chromosomes as the original cell and sister chromatids separate
The mitotic cell cycle results in the production of ____________.
two cells, each with the same amount of genetic material and the same genetic information
What chromosomes belong to a typical human female?
44 autosomes and 2 X chromosomes
_____________ reproduction, in contrast, generates genetically unique offspring.
Sexual
The chromosomes arrive at the poles and nuclear envelopes form during which phase of mitosis?
Telophase
What name is given to this process?
asexual reproduction
Chromosomes that do not determine the sex of an individual are called __________.
autosomes
Homologous chromosomes _____________.
carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics
Most of an organism's DNA is carried by its ______________.
chromosomes
Ordinary cell division produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical. This type of cell division is important for all of the following functions EXCEPT
production of sperm and eggs.
During meiosis, segments of nonsister chromatids can trade places. This recombination of maternal and paternal genetic material is a key feature of meiosis. During what phase of meiosis does recombination occur?
prophase I
The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during which phase of mitosis?
Metaphase
Normal human gametes carry __________ chromosomes.
23
Can you identify the similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis?
a. Mitosis b. Prophase c. Metaphase d. Anaphase, Telophase, & Cytokinesis e. Meiosis f. Prophase I g. Metaphase I h. Anaphase I, Telophase I, & Cytokinesis i. Meiosis II
Can you label the events and stages of mitosis?
a. Mitotic spindle forming b. Sister chromatids centered c. Chromosomes separating d. Nuclear envelopes forming e. Interphase f. Prophase g. Metaphase h. Anaphase i. Telophase and cytokenesis
Can you correctly label these images of chromosomes?
a. homologous chromosomes b. centromere c. sister chromatids d. autosomes e. sex chromosomes f. karyotype
Meiosis and cytokinesis result in the formation of ___________.
four haploid cells
One difference between mitosis and meiosis is _________.
mitosis produces cells genetically identical to the parent cell, but meiosis does not
The chromosomes of eukaryotic cells are found in the ___________.
nucleus
As shown in the following figures, plant cell cytokinesis differs from animal cell cytokinesis because _____________.
plant cells form a cell plate and animal cells do not
Synapsis occurs during ___________.
prophase I
____________ reproduction is a means of creating new individuals solely by __________, the form of cell division that creates genetically identical daughter cells.
Asexual... mitosis
Which of these cells is (are) haploid?
C and D
What must happen before a cell can begin mitosis?
The chromosomes must be duplicated.
Can you identify the structures of a chromosome?
a. Pair of homologous chromosomes b. Centromere c. Sister chromatids
Can you correctly label this diagram of the human life cycle?
a. gametes b. haploid c. meiosis d. fertilization e. diploid f. zygote g. mitosis
Homologous chromosomes migrate to opposite poles during __________.
anaphase I
During ___________ sister chromatids separate.
anaphase II
Meiosis starts with a single diploid cell and produces
four haploid cells
Meiosis II typically produces ___________ cells, each of which is __________.
four... haploid
To accomplish this, an organism must produce _________ -- sperm and egg -- through the process of ____________.
gametes... meiosis
Crossing over during prophase I results in ___________.
genetic recombination
Such cells are produced only in the ___________.
gonads
The cells produced this way will be ___________, meaning that they contain a single set of chromosomes.
haploid
A cell that completed the cell cycle without undergoing cytokinesis would _____________.
have two nuclei
During prophase I of meiosis,
homologous chromosomes stick together in pairs.
The correct order of events during meiosis is
prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, meiosis II.
During ____________ a spindle forms in a haploid cell.
prophase II
Meiosis I produces ___________ cells, each of which is __________.
two... haploid
Can you label the stages of the cell cycle? Drag the labels onto the diagram to identify the stages of the cell cycle.
1. Most of the cell's life is spent in interphase, when growth occurs. Cells that are about to divide replicate their DNA. 2. In prophase microtubules form the mitotic spindle, and the nuclear envelope breaks up. 3. At metaphase, the mitotic spindle is fully formed and chromosomes are lined up in the center of the cell. 4. In anaphase, sister chromatids separate and become full-fledged chromosomes that move to opposite poles. 5. In telophase chromosomes become less condensed and new nuclear envelopes form. In cytokinesis the cytoplasm divides.
A diploid organism whose somatic (nonsex) cells each contain 32 chromosomes produces gametes containing ___________ chromosomes.
16
What chromosomes belong to a typical human male?
44 autosomes, one X chromosome, and one Y chromosome
With the exception of gametes, a human cell contains __________ chromosomes.
46
Which of the following is a function of the cell cycle that, in eukaryotes, involves mitosis?
cell replacement
Sister chromatids are joined at the _____________.
centromere
During metaphase _____________.
chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
At the end of the mitotic (M) phase, the cytoplasm divides in a process called ___________.
cytokinesis