Mastering Physics 2 chapter 4,5,6,7

how many joules is needed to change the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1°C?

4.19 J

at what temperatures do the combines effects of contraction and expansion produce the smallest volume of liquid water

4°C

what is the magnitude of gravitational force between two 1-kg bodies that are 1m apart?

6.67 x 10^-11 N

what is the magnitude of the gravitational force between earth and a 1-kg body at its surface?

9.8N

use Q=cm🔼T to find how many joules it takes to raise the temp of 0.40 kg of water from 20 to 26°C. for the specific heat capacity use 4190 J/kg. °C

Q= 1.0 x 10^-4 J

Q= cm🔼T. use the formula to find how many cal it takes to raise the temp of 240g of water from 20 to 25°C. for the specific heat capacity,c. use 1 cal/g. °C.

Q=1200 cal

Why is one able to walk on red hot coals without getting ones feet burned

The coals are not good conductors of heat

How does the pressure exerted by bubbles in the water compare with the atmosphere pressure when the temperature of water in an open pressure cooker is below 100C and when it equals 100C?

The pressure exerted by the bubbles is less than the atmosphere pressure below 100C and equals the atmospheric pressure at 100C

a projectile is launched upward at an angle of 75° from the horizontal and strikes the ground a certain distance down range. for what other angle of launch at the same speed would this projector land just as far away?

15°

What do you use a pressure cooker for

To prevent boiling and cooling

is the temperature of an object a measure of the total translational kinetic energy of molecules in the object or a measure of the average translational kinetic energy per molecule in the object?

average translational kinetic energy per molecule

as entropy is a system increases, energy in the system _______

becomes less ordered

the moon falls toward earth in the sense that it falls

beneath the straight line path it would take without gravity

why does the strip behave as it does when dr hewitt heats it up?

both metals expand unequally.

when a satellite travels at constant speed, it's shape is an____

circle

a satellite in elliptical orbit about earth travels fastest when it moves_____

close to earth

the second law of thermodynamics tells us that heat flows from_____

cold to hot with work input

which of the following is thought to be more prevalent in the universe; ordinary matter, dark matter, or dark energy?

dark energy.

what is the state of pluto in the family of planets?

dwarf planet.

the amount of heat transferred to a system can be measured in______

either calories or joules

thé rock bottom coldest an object can hope to reach is____

either of these answers. (absolute zero, -273°C)

at what part of an alliptical orbit does an earth satellite have the greatest speed? the least speed?

greatest, when closest. least, when furthest.

how does heat differ from thermal energy

heat is thermal energy in motion

what is the reason for ice being less dense than water?

ice crystallizes with an open structure

under what condition is your weight equal to mg?

if you stand in equilibrium on a surface and drop an object that free falls at G due to gravity or the acceleration of the surface or a combination of both your weight is mg

when disorder in a system increases does entropy increase or decrease

increase

what happens if dr hewitt heats up the strip?

it bends

what can become of heat that is added to a system but doesn't increase the temperature of the system?

it can go bro changing the systems state. it can do external work.

in what sense does the moon "fall"

it falls away from the straight line it would follow if there were no force on it.

what happens to an object close to earths surface of it is given a speed exceeding 11.2 km/s

it has espace velocity and moves away from the earth never returning. it then enters an orbit about the sun.

how does the force of gravity between 2 bodies change when the distance between them is tripled?

it is 1/9 of the initial force.

Which of the following would best describe the conductive properties of wood?

it is a good insulator

a stone is thrown upward at an angle. neglecting air resistance, what happens to the horizontal component of its velocity along its trajectory?

it is constant.

microscopic slush in water tends to make the water___

less dense

hot sand cools off faster than do plants and vegetation. hence the specific heat capacity for sand is________

less than that of plants and vegetation

when a projectile achieves espace speed from earth, it _____

outruns the influence of earths gravity but is never beyond it.

the perturbations of uranus led to what greater discovery?

pluto

which law is thermodynamics is related to the direction of heat transfer

second law

which warms faster when heat is applied; iron or silver which has the lowest specific heat capacity?

silver. silver.

when an astronaut in orbit is weightless he or she is ______

still in grips of earths gravity

what role does temperature have in the direction of thermal energy flow?

temperature differences specify the direction of heat flow from hot to cold.

state newtons law of universal gravitation in words. then express it in one equation.

two bodies attract each other woth a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. F~m1m2/d^2

why does a bimetallic ship bend with changes in temperature

two different metal plates bonded to each other have different expansions as temperature changes

would the springs inside a bathroom scale be more compressed or less compressed if you weighed yourself in an elevator that moved upward at a constant velocity? what about in an elevator that moved downward at a constant velocity?

up: no change. down: no change.

would the springs inside a bathroom scale be more compressed or less compressed if you weighed yourself in an elevator that accelerated upward? accelerated downward?

upward; more compressed. downward; less compressed.

temperature is generally proportional to a substances _____

average translational kinetic energy of its particles

a projectile is launched vertically at 100 m/s. if air resistance can be neglected, at what speed does it return to its initial level?

100 m/s.

by how much does the pressure of a gas in a rigid vessel decrease when the temperature is decreased from 0°C to -1°C?

1/273

F= G m1m2// d^2 calculate the force of gravity between a newborn baby mass of 3.5 kg and the obstetrician mass of 110kg. who is 0.46 m away from the baby.

F= 1.2 x 10^-7 N

F=G m1m2//d^2 form the force of gravity between earth (mass= 6 x 10^24 kg) and the moon (mass= 7.4 x 10^22 kg) the average earth moon distance is 3.8 x 10^8 m.

F= 2.1 x 10^20 N

which exerts a gravitational force on the baby. mars (mass=6.4 x 10^23 kg, distance= 5.6 x 10^10) or the obstetrician ? the obstetrician. by how much?

Fobs/Fmars= 2.5

what name is given to "thermal energy in transit"

Heat

How does using a pressure cooker affect the amount of internal energy in the water inside the pressure cooker and why

It increases the amount of internal energy because it does not allow the heat to boil the water.

What happens to the conductive properties of wood when it gets very hot

It will continue to remain a good insulator

How would you walk on red hot coals without getting your feet burned

Walk fast

distinguish between a calorie a Calorie and a joule.

a calorie is the energy needed to warm 1g of water by 1°C. a Calorie is 1000 calories. a calorie is 4.19 joules

of a satellite were beyond earths gravity what path would it follow?

a straight line

what kind of strips is dr hewitt holding in his hand?

a strip consisting of brass on one side and steel on the other, welded together.... a bimetallic strip

under what condition does a thermometer measure the temperature of its surroundings? why do we say that "a thermometer measures its own temperature "

a thermometer measures the temperature of its surroundings when the it has reached equilibrium at the temperature of its surroundings

to say that water has a high specific heat capacity means that water ___

absorbs a lot of energy for a small increase in temperature.........releases a lot of energy in cooling.......requires a lot of energy in order to increase in temperature.

earth is gravitationally pulled toward______

all of the above. (jupiter, mars, the sun)

when the temperature of a strip of iron is increased, the length of the strip____

also increases.

a storm is thrown upward at an angle. neglecting air resistance, what happens to the vertical component of its velocity along its trajectory?

at first it slows down, then reversed direction and speeds up

where do you weigh more- sea level or atop one of the peaks of the rocky mountains?

at sea level because your distance to the center of the earth is at least at sea level.

newton did not discover gravity, for early humans discovered that whenever they fell. What newton did discover is that gravity______

extends through the universe

which law of thermodynamics consists of the conservation of energy applied or thermal systems

first law

cute a way in which the energy value of foods is determined

food is burned

what are the temperatures for freezing water on the delicious and the fahrenheit scales, respectively? for boiling water?

freezing water 0°C,32°F. boiling: 100°C,212°F

what are the temperatures for freezing water and boiling water on the kelvin scale?

freezing: 273 K. boiling: 373 K

why is it important that a satellite remain above earths atmosphere?

friction with the air will exert forces on the satellite slowing it down.

in which direction does thermal energy spontaneously flow between hot and cold objects?

from hot to cold

what was the cause of perturbations discovered in the orbit of planet uranus?

gravitational pulls from neptune

which of the following generally expands more for an equal increase in temperature. solids or liquids?

liquids.

is the period longer or shorter for orbits of greater altitude?

longer

when you toss a projectile sideways it curves as it falls. it will be an earth satellite if the curve it makes ________

matches the curved surface of the earth

when the temperature of ice cold water is increased slightly does it undergo a met expansion or a net contraction

net contraction

a dropped ball accelerated as it falls. but a ball rolling on a horizontal surface has zero acceleration because_____

no horizontal force acts on it.

a space vehicle can outrun earths gravity, but can it get entirely beyond earths gravity?

no. earths gravity extends to infinity, decreasing the inverse square of the distance.

when a satellite is above earths atmosphere, is it also beyond the pull of earths gravity? defend your answer.

no. gravity is an inverse square law force and extends to infinite distance.

suppose that we replace the aluminum with a mystery metal and repeat the experiment in the video. as in the video, the mass of the metal is the same as that of the water. room temperature is about 20°C before the start of the experiment. the water heats up to 40°C and the mystery metal heats up to 80°C. compared to that of water, the heat capacity of our mystery metal is_______

one third as great. 1/3.

consider a space probe three times as far from earths center as it would be at earths surface. compared to at earths surface it's gravitational attraction to earth at this distance is about _____

one- nineth as much.

which law of thermodynamics is related to a system reaching 0 K?

third

why does the force of gravity change the speed of a satellite in an elliptical orbit?

the force of gravity has a component parallel to the velocity of the satellite

what is the relationship between waters high specific heat capacity and europe's climate

the gulf stream carries warm water to the coast of europe where winds blow water warmed air over europe keeping winters mild

why is heat measured in joules

the international metric system specified that heat should be measured in joules

which exerts a gravitational force on the baby. mars (mass=6.4 x 10^23 kg, distance= 5.6 x 10^10) or the obstetrician ?

the obstetrician.

what did newton discover about gravity

the same laws of gravity apply on the earth and in the heavens.

what connection does earths curvature have with the speed needed for a projectile to orbit earth?

the speed has to be great enough that the distance the projectile falls each second matches the earths curvature.

why doesn't the force of gravity change the speed of a bowling ball as it fills along a bowling lane?

there is no component of the force in the direction of motion of the ball.

why doesn't the force of gravity change the speed of a satellite in circular orbit?

there is no component of the force in the direction of motion of the satellite

explain why occupants of the international space station are firmly in the grip of earths gravity even though they have no weight.

there is no support force in free fall so they are weightless, but earths gravity still pulls on them and accelerates them

does a hot object contain a thermal energy or does it contain heat?

thermal energy

heat is simply another word for_____

thermal energy that flows from hot to cold.

recall that the water balloon did not pop because most of the candles thermal energy went into heating the water. let's think about the process in detail. the high heat capacity of water means that the water in the balloon warmed only slowly. contact with this relatively cool water kept the balloons thin rubber skin from getting hot to melt. rubber conducts heat slower than water. if u make the rubber skin thicker wi the skin be more or less likely to melt? think about the conduction of heat across the skin between the hot side facing the candle and the cooler side in contact with water. what change will make the balloon more likely to pop? __________

use a thicker balloon......use a liquid that has a LOWER heat capacity than water.

how does the specific heat capacity of water compare with the specific heat capacities of other common materials?

water and a higher specific heat capacity than other common materials

under what condition can the entropy of a system be decreased

when work is done on the system

when can thermal energy in a system move from lower to higher temperatures

when work is done on the system

If you are able to grab a hot pan and pull it out by the handle without burning yourself, what kind of handle must the pan have and why

wood handle because it's a better insulator

how much energy can be removed from a system at 0 K?

zero energy

what pressure would you expect in a rigid container of 0°C gas cooled to -273°C?

zero pressure