MasteringNutrition Chapter 4
according to dietician cynthia sass, what specific food characteristics provide the best sources if soluble fiber
fruit with edible seeds, skin and membranes
name an example of a simple carbohydrate
galactose
what examples were provided in the study as treatment methods for children diagnosed with type 2 diabetes that can rid them of the disease
gastric bypass surgery or eating healthier to reduce body fat
what strategies have companies used to get us to eat more food?
giving larger portions for less money, making food available everywhere, dedicating huge marketing budgets to encourage consumer spending
when blood glucose levels drop, which hormone brings glucose out of storage to raise blood glucose levels
glucagon
what is the role of the hormone glucagon in regulating blood glucose?
glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis to increase blood glucose
diabetes is a condition in which the body does NOT properly regulate which of the following
glucose
what is the major monosaccharide found in the body?
glucose
which group of foods order from highest to lowest glycemic index?
glucose, white bread, white rice, apple
the glycemic load of a food is determined by the grams of carbohydrate is contains multiplied by its
glycemic index
if there is no immediate demand for glucose, it is stored as
glycogen
the storage form of glucose in animals is
glycogen
Dr. Johnson refers to sugars as the triple threat. He states that sugars
greatly increase caloric intake, have no nutritional value and displace healthy foods
the richest dietary source of resistant starch is
legumes
in the body, the major sites for glycogen are the muscles and
liver
many processed foods say that they contain whole grains. what is the easiest way to tell whether it is truly a whole grain product
look at the ingredient list
what may be diagnosed if a person has impaired fasting glucose levels that are higher than normal, but not high enough to indicate type 2 diabetes
prediabetes
the termed "enriched" on a food label signifies that
the nutrients in the food were lost during processing and then added back in
on average, American consume how many pounds of sugar per person each year?
156
the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for carbohydrates for adults is how many grams per day
130
what is the ratio of children diagnosed as overweight or obese in the United States
1 in 3
how many grams of carbohydrate per day are recommended to prevent ketosis in healthy individuals
130 grams
how many added grams of sugar do americans consume daily over the maximum recommendation
110 grams
disaccharides consist of how many molecules of sugar joined together?
2
the adequate intake (AI) of fiber for women is how many grams per day?
25
carbohydrates provide how many kcal of energy per gram
4
areas in the united states with the highest range of obesity report that what percentage of individuals being newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are children
40 percent
the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) for carbohydrates is what percent of total energy intake?
45 to 65 percent
up to what percentage of a person's total energy intake should carbohydrates make up, based on the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR)
65%
describe glycemic index
the extent to which a given food raises blood glucose and insulin
people with diabetes should avoid
alcoholic beverages
in which ethic group is type 2 diabetes most common
american indians/alaska natives
due to the reduced circulation to the limbs, people with diabetes are at an increased risk of tissue death, which can result in
amputation
according to dietician cynthia sass, the purpose of fiber is to
bind with cholesterol for removal from the body and to strengthen digestive muscles to improve digestion
the glycemic index shows how foods affect our
blood glucose levels
what are affected when blood glucose levels increase and blucose molecules attach to proteins resulting in a sticky coating that causes damage and dysfunction
blood vessels
a technique employed by some endurance athletes to increase their storage of muscle glycogen is
carbohydrate loading
if you are physically active, it is especially important to replenish the fuel you burn by eating enough
carbohydrates
carbohydrates contain
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen
according to the national cancer institiute research study, males consuming 30 grams and females consuming 25 grams of fiber per day decreased the risk of what specific diseases by 50% or greater
cardiovascular and respitatory diseases
what is a macrovascular complication of diabetes because high blood glucose levels damage the arterial walls of large blood vessels
cardiovascular disease
a high fiber diet might decrease blood cholesterol levels by
causing fiber to bind with bile and more cholesterol to be excreted
the insoluble fiber that provides the main structural component of plant cell walls is
cellulose
sugar alcohols are most often used in which of the following products
chewing gum
starch, glycogen and most types of fiber are examples of
complex carbohydrates
individuals with which untreated disease are at risk for developing ketoacidosis
diabetes
in the diet, the nondigestible parts of plants that form the support structures of leaves, stems and seeds are known as
dietary fiber
what is the substance in plant foods that is not absorbed by the body
dietary fiber
lactose, maltose and sucrose are
disaccaharides
what recommendations did Pilar Guzman make to help individuals reduce snacking, which she stated is typically a result of boredom
do something to distract yourself
how does Doctor Savard suggest you should incorporate fiber into your diet?
ease into it slowly by drinking plenty of water and eating a variety of fiber
in addition to following the dietary guidelines for americans or the USDA food patterns, people with diabetes should
eat consistent amounts and types of food at set times
which dietary change is recommended for people living with diabetes
eat regular, consistent meals throughout the day
what is a component of metabolic syndrome
elevated blood pressure
what phrase does Dr. Johnson suggest you should keep in mind when thinking of sugar?
empty calories
what are the hormones involved in maintaining blood glucose levels
epinephrine, glucagon, insulin
t/f: because they are not digested in humans, resistant starches are harmful to the colon
false
t/f: carbohydrates must be consumed every 3 to 4 hours to prevent depletion of glucose in our blood
false
t/f: diabetes is more common in Caucasians than in other ethnic groups
false
t/f: eating large amounts of sugar can temporarily cause diabetes
false
t/f: honey is a more nutritious and healthful sweetener than table sugar
false
t/f: hypoglycemia is seen only in people with type 1 diabetes
false
t/f: it takes more than 8 hours for ingested carbohydrate to be digested, absorbed and circulated in the cells
false
t/f: the glycogen stored in muscle cells is used primarily to provide glucose for red blood cells
false
t/f: the tolerable upper intake level for sugar is 300 grams a day
false
what types of food did Pilar Guzman recommend to pair with naturally occuring sugars like fruit to stave off cravings
fats and proteins
what are the three things that fiber does to support weight loss and overall health
fiber fills you up, slows down the absorption of fats and sugars, and moves quickly through the digestive tract
food in which nutrients are added that did not originally exist in the food are known as
fortified
what types of seeds did Pilar Guzman recommend as a crunchy sweet sugar substitute that is high in protein containing essential amino acids such as omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids
hemp seeds
what are characteristics of the metabolic syndrome
hypertension, unhealthful levels of blood lipids and blood glucose, waist circumference in women greater than 35 inches
a condition marked by blood glucose levels that are below normal fasting levels is
hypoglycemia
after a meal, which hormone is responsible for moving glucose into the body's cells
insulin
which of the following hormones is released when you blood sugar is too high
insulin
obese people may begin to exhibit ____ as a result of inappropriate accumulation of lipids in the muscle, liver and beta cells of the pancreas
insulin insensitivity
insulin cannot be taken orally because
insulin is a protein and would be broken donw by the human digestive tract if taken orally
how does the body respond to high blood glucose levels
insulin secretion
type 1 diabetes destroys the
insulin- producing cells of the pancreas
as stated in the video, to burn off the calories from 1 ounce of potato chips, you must
jog for 15 minutes
fiber is excreted from the
large intestine
what is a strong risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes, and is diagnosed if certain criteria are met, including large waist circumference, elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose and unhealthful blood lipid levels
metabolic syndrome
an example of ___ caused from diabetes is swelling and leaking of blood vessels in the eyes
microvascular complication
the body absorbs which form of digested carbohydrates?
monosaccharide
why is meat not a good dietary source of glycogen?
most of the glycogen found in meat is broken down by the human digestive tract before it is absorbed in the small intestine
chemical digestion of carbohydrate begins in the
mouth
people with diabetes have a high rate of toe, foot and lower-leg amputations because of
neuropathy and reduced circulation
according to the center for science in oublic interest, consumers cannot trust food package labels when they state whole grain or wheat are ingredients because
no legal meaning for whole grain exists
according to the center for science and public interest, what amount of the ingredient must be in a product for it to be considered whole grain or wheat
no specific amount is currently required by law
a person with two fasting blood glucose values of 89 and 96 mg/dL would fall within the _____ range
normal
fasting blood gluccose levels range from 70 to 99 mg/L, insulin produced by the pancreas efficiently stimulates glucose transporters with body cells, glucose transporters efficiently prompt the uptake of glucose into body cells
normal function
what is a common risk factor that can lead to insulin insensitivity, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes
obesity
which of the following is (are) health problem (s) related to eating too much sugar?
obesity, diabetes, tooth decay
which of the following conditions is NOT associated with untreated diabetes
osteoporosis
carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and
oxygen
insulin is synthesized and released by the
pancreas
insulin is synthesized and secreted by the
pancreas
name an example of soluble fiber
pectins
people have a greater number of choices because the food industry has pushed the mass distribution of low- cost products. according to the segment, what do critics say about these products?
people eat more because the are encouraged by a greater number of choices
individuals with the disease phenylketonuria (PKU) should not consume the artificial sweetener aspartame. why
people with PKU cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine
the term complex carbohydrate refers to
polysaccharides
fasting blood glucose levels range 100 to 125 mg/dL, cells begin to exhibit insulin insensitivity
prediabetes
according to the national cancer institute, eating at least 25 grams of fiber or more per day will
reduce the risk of an early death
insoluble fiber consumption is associated with decreased
risk of diverticulosis
what is a controllable risk for type 2 diabetes?
sedentary lifestyle
the recommended treatment for type 2 diabetes includes
selecting carbohydrates that are rich in fiber
the vast majority of new foods on the market are foods that
should be eaten less
what type of fiber binds with cholesterol to prevent absorption, reducing blood cholesterol levels
soluble
which of the following artificial sweeteners is made from sucrose?
sucralose
when fructose and glucose are bonded together, they form
sucrose
what occurs when blood glucose levels rise following the ingestion of a glucose- rich meal
the beta cells of the pancreas release insulin
Dr. Katz suggests checking the fiber content on the nutrition facts panel to ascertain whether a product is whole grain. what should you look for
the product should contain at least 2 grams of fiber per 100 calories
describe carbohydrate digestion
there is an enzyme in our saliva that begins the digestion of carbohydrates, carbohydrate digestion breaks larger carbohydrates into smaller units and some chemical reactions occur in the stomach
according to the center for science in the public interest, consumers should read what part of the nutritional information label on food packages to ensure they are getting whole grain or wheat?
top of the ingredient list
t/f: a diet high in simple sugars has been shown to increase both triglycerides and "bad" cholesterol in the blood
true
t/f: carbohydrate digestion ceases in the stomach because the ph of the stomach inactivates salivary amylase
true
t/f: excessive production of insulin can result in hypoglycemia
true
t/f: fiber is not digested by the human digestive tract
true
t/f: gestational diabetes occurs only during pregnancy
true
t/f: glucose is absorbed mostly through the lining of the small intestine
true
t/f: glucose requires insulin to cross cell membranes
true
t/f: insulin is released when blood glucose levels rise
true
t/f: insulin stimulates the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles
true
t/f: it is safe for pregnant women to consume artificial sweeteners in moderate amounts
true
t/f: not all monosaccharides are absorbed by active transport
true
t/f: red blood cells can only use glucose for energy
true
t/f: sweetened soft drinks are the most common source of added sugars in the American diet
true
t/f: the liver converts fructose and galactose to glucose
true
t/f: type 2 diabetes shares many of the same symptoms as type 1 diabetes
true
t/f: when consumed, a high glycemic- index food can cause a sudden rise in blood glucose levels
true
a disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of
two monosaccharides
beta cells of the pancreas are damaged or destroyed, this condition accounts for approximately 5 percent of all diabetes cases, little or no insulin in the bloodstream
type 1 diabetes
what is classified as an autoimmune disease, and is most often diagnosed in children 10-14 years of age
type 1 diabetes
what is the prevalent form of diabetes
type 2
increased age is a risk factor for ____, which develops progressively over time when insulin is still being produced, but body cells become resistant to it
type 2 diabetes
it is estimated that 80% to 90% of people with this disease are overweight or obese, changes in the body develop progressively over a lond period of time and result in disease
type 2 diabetes
Dr. Marie Savard lists five groupings of fiber. What are they?
whole grains, nuts and seeds, fruits and vegetables, beans, psyllium supplements
according to the study, what is the only product the FDA requires by law to have 100% whole wheat as part of the ingredients
whole wheat bread
the number of cases of type 2 diabetes has more than doubled to 347 million since 1980 in what location of the world
worldwide
