MasteringNutrition Chapter 4

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according to dietician cynthia sass, what specific food characteristics provide the best sources if soluble fiber

fruit with edible seeds, skin and membranes

name an example of a simple carbohydrate

galactose

what examples were provided in the study as treatment methods for children diagnosed with type 2 diabetes that can rid them of the disease

gastric bypass surgery or eating healthier to reduce body fat

what strategies have companies used to get us to eat more food?

giving larger portions for less money, making food available everywhere, dedicating huge marketing budgets to encourage consumer spending

when blood glucose levels drop, which hormone brings glucose out of storage to raise blood glucose levels

glucagon

what is the role of the hormone glucagon in regulating blood glucose?

glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis to increase blood glucose

diabetes is a condition in which the body does NOT properly regulate which of the following

glucose

what is the major monosaccharide found in the body?

glucose

which group of foods order from highest to lowest glycemic index?

glucose, white bread, white rice, apple

the glycemic load of a food is determined by the grams of carbohydrate is contains multiplied by its

glycemic index

if there is no immediate demand for glucose, it is stored as

glycogen

the storage form of glucose in animals is

glycogen

Dr. Johnson refers to sugars as the triple threat. He states that sugars

greatly increase caloric intake, have no nutritional value and displace healthy foods

the richest dietary source of resistant starch is

legumes

in the body, the major sites for glycogen are the muscles and

liver

many processed foods say that they contain whole grains. what is the easiest way to tell whether it is truly a whole grain product

look at the ingredient list

what may be diagnosed if a person has impaired fasting glucose levels that are higher than normal, but not high enough to indicate type 2 diabetes

prediabetes

the termed "enriched" on a food label signifies that

the nutrients in the food were lost during processing and then added back in

on average, American consume how many pounds of sugar per person each year?

156

the recommended daily allowance (RDA) for carbohydrates for adults is how many grams per day

130

what is the ratio of children diagnosed as overweight or obese in the United States

1 in 3

how many grams of carbohydrate per day are recommended to prevent ketosis in healthy individuals

130 grams

how many added grams of sugar do americans consume daily over the maximum recommendation

110 grams

disaccharides consist of how many molecules of sugar joined together?

2

the adequate intake (AI) of fiber for women is how many grams per day?

25

carbohydrates provide how many kcal of energy per gram

4

areas in the united states with the highest range of obesity report that what percentage of individuals being newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are children

40 percent

the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR) for carbohydrates is what percent of total energy intake?

45 to 65 percent

up to what percentage of a person's total energy intake should carbohydrates make up, based on the acceptable macronutrient distribution range (AMDR)

65%

describe glycemic index

the extent to which a given food raises blood glucose and insulin

people with diabetes should avoid

alcoholic beverages

in which ethic group is type 2 diabetes most common

american indians/alaska natives

due to the reduced circulation to the limbs, people with diabetes are at an increased risk of tissue death, which can result in

amputation

according to dietician cynthia sass, the purpose of fiber is to

bind with cholesterol for removal from the body and to strengthen digestive muscles to improve digestion

the glycemic index shows how foods affect our

blood glucose levels

what are affected when blood glucose levels increase and blucose molecules attach to proteins resulting in a sticky coating that causes damage and dysfunction

blood vessels

a technique employed by some endurance athletes to increase their storage of muscle glycogen is

carbohydrate loading

if you are physically active, it is especially important to replenish the fuel you burn by eating enough

carbohydrates

carbohydrates contain

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

according to the national cancer institiute research study, males consuming 30 grams and females consuming 25 grams of fiber per day decreased the risk of what specific diseases by 50% or greater

cardiovascular and respitatory diseases

what is a macrovascular complication of diabetes because high blood glucose levels damage the arterial walls of large blood vessels

cardiovascular disease

a high fiber diet might decrease blood cholesterol levels by

causing fiber to bind with bile and more cholesterol to be excreted

the insoluble fiber that provides the main structural component of plant cell walls is

cellulose

sugar alcohols are most often used in which of the following products

chewing gum

starch, glycogen and most types of fiber are examples of

complex carbohydrates

individuals with which untreated disease are at risk for developing ketoacidosis

diabetes

in the diet, the nondigestible parts of plants that form the support structures of leaves, stems and seeds are known as

dietary fiber

what is the substance in plant foods that is not absorbed by the body

dietary fiber

lactose, maltose and sucrose are

disaccaharides

what recommendations did Pilar Guzman make to help individuals reduce snacking, which she stated is typically a result of boredom

do something to distract yourself

how does Doctor Savard suggest you should incorporate fiber into your diet?

ease into it slowly by drinking plenty of water and eating a variety of fiber

in addition to following the dietary guidelines for americans or the USDA food patterns, people with diabetes should

eat consistent amounts and types of food at set times

which dietary change is recommended for people living with diabetes

eat regular, consistent meals throughout the day

what is a component of metabolic syndrome

elevated blood pressure

what phrase does Dr. Johnson suggest you should keep in mind when thinking of sugar?

empty calories

what are the hormones involved in maintaining blood glucose levels

epinephrine, glucagon, insulin

t/f: because they are not digested in humans, resistant starches are harmful to the colon

false

t/f: carbohydrates must be consumed every 3 to 4 hours to prevent depletion of glucose in our blood

false

t/f: diabetes is more common in Caucasians than in other ethnic groups

false

t/f: eating large amounts of sugar can temporarily cause diabetes

false

t/f: honey is a more nutritious and healthful sweetener than table sugar

false

t/f: hypoglycemia is seen only in people with type 1 diabetes

false

t/f: it takes more than 8 hours for ingested carbohydrate to be digested, absorbed and circulated in the cells

false

t/f: the glycogen stored in muscle cells is used primarily to provide glucose for red blood cells

false

t/f: the tolerable upper intake level for sugar is 300 grams a day

false

what types of food did Pilar Guzman recommend to pair with naturally occuring sugars like fruit to stave off cravings

fats and proteins

what are the three things that fiber does to support weight loss and overall health

fiber fills you up, slows down the absorption of fats and sugars, and moves quickly through the digestive tract

food in which nutrients are added that did not originally exist in the food are known as

fortified

what types of seeds did Pilar Guzman recommend as a crunchy sweet sugar substitute that is high in protein containing essential amino acids such as omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids

hemp seeds

what are characteristics of the metabolic syndrome

hypertension, unhealthful levels of blood lipids and blood glucose, waist circumference in women greater than 35 inches

a condition marked by blood glucose levels that are below normal fasting levels is

hypoglycemia

after a meal, which hormone is responsible for moving glucose into the body's cells

insulin

which of the following hormones is released when you blood sugar is too high

insulin

obese people may begin to exhibit ____ as a result of inappropriate accumulation of lipids in the muscle, liver and beta cells of the pancreas

insulin insensitivity

insulin cannot be taken orally because

insulin is a protein and would be broken donw by the human digestive tract if taken orally

how does the body respond to high blood glucose levels

insulin secretion

type 1 diabetes destroys the

insulin- producing cells of the pancreas

as stated in the video, to burn off the calories from 1 ounce of potato chips, you must

jog for 15 minutes

fiber is excreted from the

large intestine

what is a strong risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes, and is diagnosed if certain criteria are met, including large waist circumference, elevated blood pressure, elevated blood glucose and unhealthful blood lipid levels

metabolic syndrome

an example of ___ caused from diabetes is swelling and leaking of blood vessels in the eyes

microvascular complication

the body absorbs which form of digested carbohydrates?

monosaccharide

why is meat not a good dietary source of glycogen?

most of the glycogen found in meat is broken down by the human digestive tract before it is absorbed in the small intestine

chemical digestion of carbohydrate begins in the

mouth

people with diabetes have a high rate of toe, foot and lower-leg amputations because of

neuropathy and reduced circulation

according to the center for science in oublic interest, consumers cannot trust food package labels when they state whole grain or wheat are ingredients because

no legal meaning for whole grain exists

according to the center for science and public interest, what amount of the ingredient must be in a product for it to be considered whole grain or wheat

no specific amount is currently required by law

a person with two fasting blood glucose values of 89 and 96 mg/dL would fall within the _____ range

normal

fasting blood gluccose levels range from 70 to 99 mg/L, insulin produced by the pancreas efficiently stimulates glucose transporters with body cells, glucose transporters efficiently prompt the uptake of glucose into body cells

normal function

what is a common risk factor that can lead to insulin insensitivity, prediabetes and type 2 diabetes

obesity

which of the following is (are) health problem (s) related to eating too much sugar?

obesity, diabetes, tooth decay

which of the following conditions is NOT associated with untreated diabetes

osteoporosis

carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen and

oxygen

insulin is synthesized and released by the

pancreas

insulin is synthesized and secreted by the

pancreas

name an example of soluble fiber

pectins

people have a greater number of choices because the food industry has pushed the mass distribution of low- cost products. according to the segment, what do critics say about these products?

people eat more because the are encouraged by a greater number of choices

individuals with the disease phenylketonuria (PKU) should not consume the artificial sweetener aspartame. why

people with PKU cannot metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine

the term complex carbohydrate refers to

polysaccharides

fasting blood glucose levels range 100 to 125 mg/dL, cells begin to exhibit insulin insensitivity

prediabetes

according to the national cancer institute, eating at least 25 grams of fiber or more per day will

reduce the risk of an early death

insoluble fiber consumption is associated with decreased

risk of diverticulosis

what is a controllable risk for type 2 diabetes?

sedentary lifestyle

the recommended treatment for type 2 diabetes includes

selecting carbohydrates that are rich in fiber

the vast majority of new foods on the market are foods that

should be eaten less

what type of fiber binds with cholesterol to prevent absorption, reducing blood cholesterol levels

soluble

which of the following artificial sweeteners is made from sucrose?

sucralose

when fructose and glucose are bonded together, they form

sucrose

what occurs when blood glucose levels rise following the ingestion of a glucose- rich meal

the beta cells of the pancreas release insulin

Dr. Katz suggests checking the fiber content on the nutrition facts panel to ascertain whether a product is whole grain. what should you look for

the product should contain at least 2 grams of fiber per 100 calories

describe carbohydrate digestion

there is an enzyme in our saliva that begins the digestion of carbohydrates, carbohydrate digestion breaks larger carbohydrates into smaller units and some chemical reactions occur in the stomach

according to the center for science in the public interest, consumers should read what part of the nutritional information label on food packages to ensure they are getting whole grain or wheat?

top of the ingredient list

t/f: a diet high in simple sugars has been shown to increase both triglycerides and "bad" cholesterol in the blood

true

t/f: carbohydrate digestion ceases in the stomach because the ph of the stomach inactivates salivary amylase

true

t/f: excessive production of insulin can result in hypoglycemia

true

t/f: fiber is not digested by the human digestive tract

true

t/f: gestational diabetes occurs only during pregnancy

true

t/f: glucose is absorbed mostly through the lining of the small intestine

true

t/f: glucose requires insulin to cross cell membranes

true

t/f: insulin is released when blood glucose levels rise

true

t/f: insulin stimulates the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles

true

t/f: it is safe for pregnant women to consume artificial sweeteners in moderate amounts

true

t/f: not all monosaccharides are absorbed by active transport

true

t/f: red blood cells can only use glucose for energy

true

t/f: sweetened soft drinks are the most common source of added sugars in the American diet

true

t/f: the liver converts fructose and galactose to glucose

true

t/f: type 2 diabetes shares many of the same symptoms as type 1 diabetes

true

t/f: when consumed, a high glycemic- index food can cause a sudden rise in blood glucose levels

true

a disaccharide is formed by the chemical bonding of

two monosaccharides

beta cells of the pancreas are damaged or destroyed, this condition accounts for approximately 5 percent of all diabetes cases, little or no insulin in the bloodstream

type 1 diabetes

what is classified as an autoimmune disease, and is most often diagnosed in children 10-14 years of age

type 1 diabetes

what is the prevalent form of diabetes

type 2

increased age is a risk factor for ____, which develops progressively over time when insulin is still being produced, but body cells become resistant to it

type 2 diabetes

it is estimated that 80% to 90% of people with this disease are overweight or obese, changes in the body develop progressively over a lond period of time and result in disease

type 2 diabetes

Dr. Marie Savard lists five groupings of fiber. What are they?

whole grains, nuts and seeds, fruits and vegetables, beans, psyllium supplements

according to the study, what is the only product the FDA requires by law to have 100% whole wheat as part of the ingredients

whole wheat bread

the number of cases of type 2 diabetes has more than doubled to 347 million since 1980 in what location of the world

worldwide


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