MASTERY QUIZ SENSES

Retinal is manufactured from vitamin _________, occurring in rods once bright light has been removed.

A

The action potentials during this type of pain sensation tend to be propagated more slowly.

A burning, aching pain

The action potentials during this type of pain sensation tend to be propagated more quickly.

A sharp, prickling pain

The molecule that is required to reattach retinal to opsin is _________, thereby returning rhodopsin to the shape it had before being stimulated by light.

ATP or Energy

Which of the following receptors are most typically free nerve endings? (Select all that apply.)

Cold Itch Temperature

Identify the outermost layer of the wall of the eyeball.

Fibrous tunic

Identify the structural and functional characteristics of the cornea. (Select all that apply.)

Focuses light Transparent Allows light to enter eye Refracts light

What part of the retina has the greatest visual acuity?

Fovea centralis

The cranial nerves involved in taste sensation pathways are ______. (Select all that apply.)

IX VII X

Identify the structures that tears flow through, beginning with the structure that produces the tears.

Lacrimal gland Lacrimal ducts surface of the eye Lacrimal canaliculi Nasolacriminal duct Nasal cavity

Olfaction is the sense of ______.

Olfaction is the sense of ______.

Which of the following are among the general senses? (Select all that apply.)

Pressure Pain

Identify the functions of the sclera. Select all that apply.

Provides a point of attachment for the extrinsic eye muscles Maintains the shape of the eye Protects internal structures

Differentiate rods and cones. (Select all that apply.)

Rods are more common than cones Rods function in noncolor vision, and cones function in color vision and visual acuity.

Identify the components of the fibrous tunic. (Select all that apply.)

Sclera Cornea

Which are the special senses? (Select all that apply.)

Smell Hearing Taste Equilibrium Vision

Explain the function of the pigmented layer of the retina.

The pigmented layer enhances visual acuity by reducing the scattering of light.

The pigmented layer of the retina enhances visual acuity by reducing the scattering of light.

True

Match the class of general senses with the correct description.

Visceral senses - Senses that provide information mostly in regard to pain and pressure about internal organs Somatic senses - Senses that provide information about the body and the environment

Adaptation to odorants results in ______.

action potential transmission that is inhibited and sensitivity of receptors that is reduced

Feedback loops in the olfactory cortex can inhibit transmission of action potentials resulting from prolonged exposure to given odorants in a process called

adaptation

Ganglionic cells synapse with ___________ cells before converging to form the optic nerve.

bipolar or horizontal

The optic disc is called the _______________ because it does not contain any photoreceptors and therefore does not respond to light.

blind spot

The reflex that involves closing the eyelids to protect the eyes from foreign objects is the ___ reflex.

blink or blinking

The ducts in the medial angle of the eyes that drain excess tears are called the lacrimal

canaliculi

The posterior portion of the vascular tunic, associated with the sclera, is the

choroid

The posterior portion of the vascular tunic, which appears black from melanin-containing pigment cells, is the ______.

choroid

The anterior portion of the vascular tunic consists ____________ of the body and the iris.

ciliary

The anterior portion of the vascular tunic consists of the ___________ body and the iris.

ciliary

Smooth muscles called ciliary muscles are contained within the _____________.

ciliary body

Place the listed cells in the correct order as they are activated by photoreceptor cells responding to light.

cone bipolar cell ganglion cell optic nerve

Red, blue, and green are colors detected by ______.

cones

The photoreceptors that are involved in color vision and visual acuity are ________________ , whereas the photoreceptors that are involved in noncolor vision and vision under conditions of low light are __________________.

cones rods

The thin, transparent mucous membrane that covers the inner surface of the eyelid and covers the white of the eye is the ______.

conjunctiva

The anterior chamber is between the iris and the ___________ and is filled with _____ humor.

cornea aqueous

The avascular, transparent structure that refracts light as it enters the eye is the ___________

cornea or lens

Each olfactory tract terminates in an area of the brain called the olfactory

cortex

Papillae of the tongue are ______.

enlargements on the surface of the tongue

The tissue lining the superior part of the nasal cavity and containing the bipolar olfactory neurons is called the olfactory

epithelium

What are the muscles that move the eyeball called?

extrinsic eye muscles

In distant vision, the lens is _________ than in near vision.

flat

The point where light rays cross after passing through a concave lens is referred to as the ____ point.

focal or focus

What is the point where light rays cross after passing through a convex lens called?

focal point

The most common receptors, which are among the simplest structurally, are called

free nerve endings

The senses that have receptors distributed over a large part of the body are called ________ senses, and the senses that have receptors localized to specific regions of the body are called __________

general special

Somatic and visceral senses are two classes of ______.

general senses

If pressure in the eye increases due to aqueous humor pathologies, the resulting condition is called

glaucoma

The three cone types in the eye are classified as ______.

green blue red

Besides red, the other two cone types are

green blue

The conjunctiva is a mucous membrane that covers/lines the ______. Select all that apply.

inner eyelid sclera

The structure of the eye that regulates the diameter of the pupil is the

iris

The collection of the tear-producing gland, nasolacrimal duct, and associated structures is called the ________ apparatus.

lacrimal

Ciliary muscles of the eye attach to the perimeter of the by _______ suspensory ligaments.

lens

The transparent, biconvex disc of the eye is called the

lens

Rods are most sensitive to ______, and cones are most sensitive to ______.

light; color

The small spot near the center of the posterior retina is called the

macula

The visual field is divided into two parts, which are the medial or the ____________, visual field and the lateral or the visual field and the lateral or the ____________ visual field.

nasal or central temporal or peripheral

The retina forms the ____________ tunic.

nervous or neural

Vitamin A deficiency can cause difficulty seeing in dim light, termed ___________ blindness

night

Airborne chemicals that enter the nasal cavity and are detected by the sense of smell are called

odorants

The sense of smell occurs in response to ______.

odorants

The sense of smell is called

olfaction

Axons from the olfactory neurons form nerves that pass through the foramina of the cribriform plate to enter the ___ bulb.

olfactory

Olfactory neurons are bipolar neurons within the _____________ epithelium, which lines the superior part of the nasal cavity.

olfactory

Where does each olfactory tract terminate?

olfactory cortex

The optic nerves cross, forming the

optic chiasm or chiasma

The optic chiasm forms as a result of the crossing of the ______.

optic nerves

Sensory receptors that respond to light are called

photoreceptors

The ______ layer of the retina is dark in order to enhance visual acuity by reducing light scattering, and the ______ layer of the retina converts light into action potentials.

pigmented; sensory

The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by the size of the

pupil

The convergence of deep sensory neurons from an inflamed deep organ and sensory neuron tracts from a superficial region results in pain frequently perceived to be in the superficial region. This pain is called ____ pain.

referred

The convergence of deep sensory neurons from an inflamed deep organ and sensory neuron tracts from a superficial region results in pain frequently perceived to be in the superficial region. This pain is called ____________ pain.

referred

Damage to the liver can cause pain the the right shoulder. This is an example of ______.

referred pain

Pain perceived to originate in a region of the body that is not the source of pain is called

referred pain

The bending of light is referred to as ______.

refraction

Night blindness can be caused by separation of the sensory retina from the pigmented retina; this condition is called

retinal detachment

When light strikes a rod cell, ______.

retinal changes shape and dissociates from the opsin molecule

The photosensitive pigment in rod cells is called

rhodopsin

What is the combination of opsin and retinal called?

rhodopsin

The photoreceptors that are most sensitive to light and can function in dim light are the

rods

Retinal detachment affects ______.

rods more than cones and more so in low light

The umani taste sensation is a ______ taste.

savory

The ____________ is the white outer layer that protects the internal structures of the eye, maintains the shape of the eye, and provides an attachment point for the extrinsic muscles of the eye.

sclera

The conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors is

sensation or perception

The five types of taste sensations are umami, bitter, sweet, ___________, and _____________.

sour salty

Vision is a type of

special sense

During near vision, the lens is ______, and during distant vision, the lens is ______.

spherical; flattened

The muscles that move the eyeball are the superior, inferior, medial, and lateral rectus, along with the_______ and ________ oblique muscles.

superior inferior

What are the sensory structures that detect taste stimuli called?

taste buds

Describe the order of structures in the neuronal pathway of taste sensation, beginning with reception of taste stimuli to the cerebral cortex.

taste buds cranial nerves VII, IX and X Brainstem Thalamus Cerebrum

Which lobes of the brain contain olfactory cortex?

temporal and frontal

Somatic senses provide sensory information about ______.

the body and the environment

Perception is defined as ______.

the conscious awareness of stimuli received by sensory receptors

The lens is normally ______.

transparent

The middle tunic of the eye, containing most of the blood vessels, is called the ___________ tunic.

vascular

The tunic of the eye, consisting of the choroid, ciliary body, and iris, is called the ___ tunic.

vascular

The senses that provide information about various internal organs, primarily involving pain and pressure, are ____ senses.

visceral

The transparent, jellylike substance that helps maintain pressure within the eye while holding the lens and retina in place is the _____ humor

vitreous

The interior eye chamber that is almost completely surrounded by the retina and is filled with vitreous humor is the ______ chamber

vitreous, postremal, or posterior