Material Culture Final Exam

scientific study of historic and prehistoric people and their culture by analysis of their artifacts, inscriptions, monuments, and other remains especially those that have been excavated

archaeology

objects:

are contemporary material culture, provide information about what we are like, provide information about how we live now

Drinking coke is a way for people all over the world to indicate a sense of

attachment to modernity and an american way of life and attachment to the USA

According to ______ _______, original work of art and original objects have _____.

authenticity.

culture is a collective name for all behavior patterns socially acquired and transmitted:

by means of symbols

Charles Sanders Price:

called his theory semiotics

marketers create new luxuries by:

changing fashions, intentionally limiting supplies, setting high prices for new innovations, producing serial collectibles, claiming new and improved technologies.

Marxism says that unequal distribution of goods leads to ___ ______.

class conflict.

compulsive hoarding includes the following:

collecting and keeping lot of items, even things that appear useless or of little value to most people, cluttering living spaces and keeping the hoarder from using their rooms as they were intended, causing distress or problems in day-to-day activities

by possessing certain brands we may come to feel that we are part of a brand

community with which we identify

When settlements of Native Americans were located near settlements of European Americans, cross cultural exchanges were commonplace and the features of clothing ____ ___ ______

could be influenced

_____ is not so much a set of things, but a process, a set of practices.

culture

ID:

demands immediate satisfaction

freudian psychoanalytic theory discusses:

ego

George Simmel believes that ______

fashionable items lose distinctiveness and are replaced.

theories of material culture include:

freudian psychoanalytic, semiotic, sociological, and marxist

manifest functions:

functions that are intended, functions of which we are conscious

ascribed status may be based on

gender, age, and status of the family in which we are born

The best solution to the global crisis is to change the policies of the __________ of developing countries

governments

At a base level, economic decisions are driven by:

greed, fear, and ego

the conscience can punish the ego by causing feelings of ____

guilt

when kula objects were exchanged the participants offered detail histories about who _________________

had owned them over the years.

the semiotic theory approach to material culture

has the ability to interpret objects and artifacts, explains how objects tie-in to cultural codes, explains how objects tie-in to socialization

jean baudrilliard said that peasants:

homes had no mirrors, thought of mirrors as magical, may have feared mirrors

semiotic approach:

is from greek semeion (signs), is a science that studies signs within society, regards artifacts as signs whose meaning and significance have to be determined by use of semiotic concepts

Belief in Divine providence

justified an unequal distribution of wealth, gave great comfort to the ruling class as it justified their positions and lifestyles, determines our economic fate.

symbols must be

learned

reasons to down-size a home include:

less financial stress, less maintenance, more freedom, more comfort

one of the most intense current fashion wars is between the _____ class fashions and ______ fashions

lower, elite

a theory is an optic that focuses on a specific subject ____

matter

artifacts:

may include buildings or parts of buildings and latin: artis (skill in joining) + facere (to make or do)

sociological theory:

may offer insights into the role objects and artifacts play in our lives. may raise questions about how objects function for people. may raise questions about what motivates people to purchase objects. may consider demographics

Masks

may serve as powerful statements about about perception. may change wearer's face by exaggerating or concealing features. may express the shadow personality found in each one of us. The making and wearing of masks is practiced in many cultures.

Thorstein Veblen said conspicious consumption is the _______

means by which men attempt to excel their neighbors and so attain to heightened self evaluation.

A ___ is an idea, behavior, or style that spreads from person to person within a culture and acts as a unit for carrying cultural ideas, symbols, or practices.

meme

achieved status may be based on

merits and job title

______ are only those persons who were born in 1990s.

millennials

As religious missionaries interacted with native american tribes, many native americans were converted to christianity. The previous, revealing clothing styles were deemed unsuitable for decent Christians and they were encouraged to adopt the _____, western styles of dress.

modest

By implementing sustainable practices, retail businesses can become more efficient and save

money

Myths are sacred _______ that have an important role in shaping human behaviors

narratives

According to theorists Karen Horney, Alfred Alder, and Carl Rogers, the image we have of our body is a major factor in:

our development at self, our identity, and the way we define ourselves and perceive the world.

the clothes we wear send messages to others about

ourselves

coca-cola adopted the classic contour bottle in 2005 which differentiated coca-cola between other drinks since it was

painted glass

sociological theory attempts to understand how institutions functions in society and always focuses on

people

archaeology is the study of ______, social, and cultural development of man

physical

material culture is the world of things that people make, purchase, or ____

possess

-According to Marxism we develop strong emotional attachments to our:

possessions

Marxism says that globalism is the strongest influence on the attitudes people have towards ______.

possessions.

freudian psychoanalytic theory allows us to analyze material culture in terms of the way artifacts

reflect various unconscious needs and desires and relate to our psychological makeup.

materialism may be found in

rich countries, the united states of america, developing countries, may be found in countries regardless of economic status

a theory is a way of:

seeing

Jacques Lacan, a french psychoanalyst, talked about the mirror stage "Stade de mirroir" in the development of children between ____ ____ ______.

six months and 18 months

It is vital for you to know:

the key buying motivation for your product or service.

Proletariat refers to ____

those persons exploited by bourgeoisie and workers.

goals for sociology include:

to know, in order to predict, in order to control

Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) indicated:

we are 2 beings in 1, we are individuals and social beings, duality has consequences

Marxists say needs are not real, needs are artificially imposed by advertising agencies and marketers and ____

we become convinced we need to purchase products to be really happy.

In Roshomon, 4 different people give 4 different versions of reality and we wonder:

who is telling the truth?

Malinowski suggested enthnographers should ____________________ since it is impossible to identify any rules that shape peoples' behavior.

"dismiss as trivial the various activities of the people they study"

Roshomon is a film by ____ ______

Akira Kurosawa

_____ is a French word used in political economy, political philosophy, sociology, and history. Originally denoted wealthy stratum of middle class that originated during the latter part of the middle ages. The utilization and specific application of this word is from the realm of social sciences.

Bourgeoisie

The ____ _______ means the operational sequence through which we may trace how objects were made in order to understand the objects.

Chaine operatoire

regarding the "cute" phenomenon in Japanese material culture:

Cute phenomenon may be seen in fashionable clothes and accessories, childish behavior and attitudes among young women. may include the adulation of idol singers, may be seen in Pokemon products.

_____ _______, A futurist who writes about technology, indicated smart mobs: the next social revolution, the text messaging has led to enormous changes in everyday lives; helped shape social relationships, and has had profound impact on politics globally.

Howard Rheingold

___ ______' Grid group theory says that objects and services we buy and possess are culturally defined and best understood as being tied to our lifestyles.

Mary Douglas

In the 1700s, Cris Caple wrote _________ which discussed a photograph made by Peake the Elder showing King Arthur with a goblet. The photograph was important because it showed how artifacts can be mass-produced and still used by royal persons.

Objects: Reluctant Witnesses to the Past (WRONG)

in ____ ______: _______ ____ ________, it is stated that coca-cola is the most widely recognized commercial product in the world.

Pop Iconology: Looking at the Coke Bottle

An artifact may be classified as corresponding to ID, Ego, or ___ ______

Super-ego

Clotaire Rapaille wrote:

The Culture Code: An Ingenious Way to Understand People Around the World.

In _____ ____ ____ _____, Veblen said, as fast as a person makes new acquisitions and becomes accustomed to a new standard of wealth, the new standard ceases to afford appreciably greater satisfaction than the earlier standard did.

The Theory of Leisure Class

an example of an icon is:

a coin with an important person's face on it

marxists say blue jeans are

a reflection of insubordination by the young, formal dress codes, an object of mass culture, and a protest against bourgeoisie "stuffed shirt" gentleman's fashion and bourgeoisie culture.

The contour of the coca-cola bottle may respresent

a return to infancy and oral gratification

"we are the 99 percent"

a slogan meant to highlight the growing wealth gap, frequently quoted by protestors, the populist cry of the occupy wall street protestors around the country

A person may not possess both ascribed status and ____ status

achieved (FALSE)

Patai explained that

advertisements increase our pleasure, coke consumers participate, vicariously, in a much larger experience, and to drink coke

The primary factor leading people to focus attention on purchases:

alienation

a theory is a mode of explanation and interpretation that

always constructs connections

the _____ _____ may be considered a sign

american flag

_______ is a greek word which comes from "logos" (meaning words) about "anthropo" (man or humans).

anthropology