McGraw Hill Connect Chapter 7

Disorganized attachment is thought to occur in at least ______ of low-risk infants.

10%

Jonas has gained self-awareness since he is able to recognize himself in the mirror. This tells us that Jonas is ______ months of age.

18-24

At what age do girls begin to prefer the color pink and want toys designed specifically for girls?

2-3 years

What percent of children were considered "easy?"

40

Which individuals are displaying self-conscious emotions?

7-year-old Harry, who is embarrassed 4-year-old Sam, who feels shame

In the United States, separation anxiety typically begins at about the age of

8 months.

The Strange Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment, was developed by

Ainsworth.

Gannon, who is 3 years old, wipes a tear from his sister's eye. This is an example of what type of behavior?

Altruistic

Newborn infants have four patterns of communication through crying, which include which of the following feelings?

Anger Frustration Hunger

Baby Heather smiles as she looks at the bottle that has been prepared for her. The bottle is standing on the table while Heather's mother tucks blankets into the baby's crib. Heather kicks happily as she looks away from the bottle and watches her mother, still smiling. What form of communication is Heather demonstrating?

Anticipatory smiling

The close emotional bond between mothers and infants is known as

Attachment

What factor is most likely to be associated with peer competence as a child grows into adolescence?

Attachment security in infancy

What type of attachment are irritable babies more likely to have?

Avoidant

What factors can either reinforce or soften a child's behavioral inhibition?

Culture Relationships with friends and teachers Birth order

What type of attachment is a reliable predictor of later behavioral problems?

Disorganized

How do babies acquire temperament?

Each baby is born with a unique temperament.

What is being demonstrated by a baby who begins crying because other babies are crying?

Empathy

What characteristics are typically first demonstrated during a child's infancy?

Fairness Altruism Empathy

The __________ _____________ is a research procedure developed by Mary Ainsworth, in which a mother leaves her infant alone in a room or with an unknown person.

Field 1: Strange Field 2: Situation

Infants who cry and cling when their caregivers leave them are experiencing

Field 1: separation or seperation Field 2: protest or anxiety

One-year-old Bryan sees a man with a beard approaching him and his mother. Brian looks at his mother's face to get a clue as to whether or not he should be alarmed. His reliance on his mother to "show" him how to react is an example of

Field 1: social Field 2: referencing

Baby Marlow uses his mom as a base from which to explore the environment. When his mom leaves, he protests mildly, and when his mom returns, he reestablishes positive interactions with her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Marlow?

He is a securely attached baby.

Baby Jordan engages in little interaction with his mother, is not distressed when she leaves the room, does not reestablish contact with her on her return, and may even turn his back on her. Which of Ainsworth's categories best describes Jordan?

He is an avoidant baby.

A child's first altruistic behavior tends to appear naturally at about what stage of life?

Infant

Which theorist first developed a temperament classification system based on inhibition and lack of inhibition?

Kagan

What special brain cells might underlie the human tendency to feel empathy and altruism?

Mirror neurons

Compared to insecurely attached toddlers, those who are securely attached tend to have which of the following characteristics?

More positive interactions with peers Less distress and fear More joy

At age 2, Cole is continually saying "no" to everything his parents tell him. Which of the following characteristics is Cole exhibiting?

Negativism Resistance to authority Independence

What type of emotions require self-awareness and a sense of "me?"

Self-conscious emotions

What areas of socialization are part of moral development during the toddler years?

Self-regulation and conscience

What three primary psychological issues of development do toddlers and their caregivers face?

Sense of self Autonomy Socialization

What is the difference between guilt and shame?

Shame involves feeling a lack of self-worth.

Among toddlers with a behavioral inhibition that causes them to feel afraid, some are less apt to develop social withdrawal when they become teenagers. What personality trait helps them reduce their anxiety?

Shifting their attention away from things that scare them

According to Chess and Thomas' classification system, what type of child is mild but slow to adapt to new people and situations?

Slow-to-warm-up

Goodness of fit refers to the relationship between a child's personality and which of the following?

Social environment Behavior of caregivers

Along with an emerging sense of self, a toddler experiences growth in what key areas of psychosocial development?

Socialization Autonomy

Ainsworth created the ________ Situation, an observational way to identify differences in infant attachment.

Strange

What is not fully developed at birth and continues to develop as emotions and self-regulatory capacities emerge?

Temperament

Two parents are clowning around to amuse their baby, and the baby laughs because something unexpected happened. What does this reveal about the baby's cognitive development?

The child knows what would usually be expected in that situation. The child has developed a sense of humor.

What evidence suggests that children might be born with a preference for toys designed for either boys or girls?

The preference appears in infants as young as 3 months old.

True or false: Affection can be present even if there is sibling rivalry.

True

Which vocalizations linked to smiling are typically seen in a child less than 1 year old? Choose all correct answers.

Visual recognition smiling Shrieking with laughter Social smiling

Preschoolers are least likely to befriend a child who is

aggressive. disruptive and demanding. a different age.

A 2-year-old baby who is willing to share toys and offer comfort to another is exhibiting ___________ behavior.

altruistic

By 12-15 months, infants will intentionally smile at an object and then gaze at the adult's face. This behavior is called

anticipatory smiling.

The Strange Situation is a procedure designed to assess ______ patterns between an infant and an adult.

attachment

The development of an enduring emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver is identified as

attachment.

When infants are outwardly unaffected when their parents either leave or return, they are demonstrating _______ attachment.

avoidant

When infants are outwardly unaffected when their parents either leave or return, they are demonstrating _________ attachment.

avoidant

The term "sex" refers to ______ between males and females.

biological differences

Bowlby's internal working model of attachment

can be different when the baby interacts with various people.

A 6-month-old baby giggles when the mother puts a towel over her face, whereas a 10-month-old baby will laugh when trying to replace the towel back on her face. This is one way to note

cognitive development.

During the process of emotional development,

complex emotions develop from simpler ones.

Children who are successfully socialized (comply/struggle) with rules.

comply

Our image of ourselves, our total picture of our abilities and traits, is our self-

concept

A child who has developed a ______ will experience emotional discomfort about doing something wrong and be able to refrain from doing it.

conscience

When Jacob feels uncomfortable after he has done something wrong, and thus refrains from doing it again, he is demonstrating that he has a(n)

conscience or consceince

An infant's most powerful means of communicating is through

crying

Our self-concept helps us to

describe what we know and how we feel about ourselves. guide our actions.

According to Ainsworth's model, ______ babies may show confusion and fearfulness around their caregivers.

disorganized

In the Strange Situation model, insecure _________ babies are disoriented; they might show strong patterns of avoidance and resistance or display behaviors such as extreme fearfulness around the caregiver.

disorganized

A child with an _________ temperament is generally happy and calm, is rhythmic in biological functioning, is easy to put on a schedule, and accepts new experiences.

easy

Cody notices everyone is quiet at his grandmother's funeral. He responds with quiet behavior, demonstrating ______ to the people around him.

empathy

Having the ability to imagine how another person might feel in a particular situation is called

empathy or empathetic

Cachi is upset when his parents leave him, but yet he kicks and rebels when they return. Cachi is acting in an ambivalent resistant manner due to his

fear. anger.

The term used to identify one's self as being either male or female in a psychological manner is called

gender

The way people dress, play, and move their bodies demonstrates the role that _______ plays in our lives.

gender

The more secure a child's attachment is to a nurturing adult, the more likely it is that the child will develop

good relationships with others.

When they encounter a new stimulus, about 20% of infants became too aroused, and usually they cry. These infants are considered to be

high in behavioral inhibition.

According to Erickson's eight stages of psychosocial development, as infants develop trust, they gain the virtue of

hope

Erikson's concept of trust versus mistrust is a developmental stage that occurs

in the first 18 months of life.

Kagan is responsible for the temperament classification system that involves behavioral

inhibition or inhibitation

Securely attached toddlers tend to demonstrate less fear than those who are ______ attached.

insecurely

Regarding temperament, infants that stay calm and immediately show interest in new stimuli are considered to be

low in behavioral inhibition.

The tendency of toddlers to shout "No!" just for the sake of resisting authority is called

negativism

When baby Jacob is placed in front of the mirror, he becomes very excited and kisses the baby. This would demonstrate Jacob's self-

recognition

Social ______ involves the processing of emotional cues to determine how to act in a particular situation.

referencing

A major foundation of early socialization is a child's ability to self-

regulate or regulation

Janey and her mother are sensitive and appropriate in their responses, which indicates an emotional and mental state called mutual

regulation

The ability to control behavior to conform to a caregiver's demands, even when the caregiver is not present, is called self-

regulation

The ability of an infant and caregiver to respond appropriately and sensitively to each other's mental and emotional states is known as mutual

regulation.

Attachment is a ______ process between the child's temperament and the parenting style.

relational

According to Ainsworth's model, a(n) __________ baby often clings to the caregiver and then may fight against closeness, perhaps by kicking or pushing away.

resistant or ambivalent

A visual recognition smile is typically seen during the

second month.

When infants protest the mother leaving but are able to effectively gain comfort when she returns, they are seen as having __________ attachment.

secure

The Strange Situation laboratory technique revealed that the most common pattern of attachment for North American babies is

secure.

Complex emotions unfold from ______ ones.

simpler or simple

Andy is mild and somewhat negative, and he needs time to adapt to new people and situations. According to Chess & Thomas' classification system, he is most likely a(n) ______ child.

slow-to-warm-up

Sibling conflicts can be a way of helping the child understand

social relationships.

The process by which children develop habits, skills, values, and motives that make them responsible, productive members of society is called

socialization

In a pioneering study on __________ patterns, researchers followed 133 infants into adulthood and asked their parents how their children adapted to changes in routine.

temperament

Cultural beliefs that influence how parents raise their children might affect the child's

temperament.

The relatively consistent and predictable way that individual babies respond to their environment is known as

temperament.

Jeremy is a very active toddler whose parents try to avoid putting him in situations in which he must sit still for long periods of time. This illustrates

the concept of goodness of fit.

Gender refers to

the social construction of what biological differences mean.

Children who are successfully socialized comply with rules because Blank______.

they believe them to be right and true

Ainsworth's Strange Situation experiment found ______ main pattern(s) of attachment among North American babies.

three

In a pioneering study, researchers followed 133 infants into adulthood and gathered data on their temperament patterns. Researchers used data to place children into one of Blank______ temperament categories.

three

Bowlby argued that infants develop an internal ______ of attachment

working model

Both guilt and shame are distinct emotions and are responses to

wrongdoing.