Mechanisms of Evolution

A few drug-resistant viruses were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency.

Within a few weeks of treatment with the drug 3TC, a patient's HIV population consists entirely of 3TC-resistant viruses. How can this result best be explained?

The drug-resistance trait is an adaptation to the environment in which human hosts are medicated with the antibiotic rifampin.

Which of the following statements describes the evolution by natural selection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria in their new environment?

Heritable variation exists for traits among individuals in a population.

Which of the following statements is an accurate combination of postulates 1 and 2 of natural selection?

Adaptation

Which term describes a trait that increases an individual's ability to survive in a particular environment?

Heritability

Which term describes the ability of a trait to be passed on to offspring?

Charles Darwin

Who was the first person to propose a mechanism for evolution that was supported by evidence?

Artificial selection

A cow's ability to produce milk is a heritable trait that can be manipulated by

more recently they shared a common ancestor.

In Darwin's thinking, the more closely related two different organisms are, the

Biogeography

As a young biologist, Charles Darwin had expected the living plants of temperate South America would resemble those of temperate Europe, but he was surprised to find that they more closely resembled the plants of tropical South America. The biological explanation for this observation is most properly associated with the field of

Charles Lyell

Darwin's mechanism of natural selection required long time spans in order to modify species. From whom did Darwin get the concept of Earth's ancient age?

No, drug-susceptible cells and drug-resistant cells are equally likely to infect a new host.

Does the ability of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell to infect a new host depend on its drug-resistant phenotype?

Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.

During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?

13

How many finch species did Darwin send to the British Museum?

they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms.

If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that

Lamarck

In the mid-1900s, the Soviet geneticist Lysenko believed that his winter wheat plants, exposed to ever-colder temperatures, would eventually give rise to ever more cold-tolerant winter wheat. Lysenko's attempts in this regard were most in agreement with the ideas of

Natural Selection

Individuals who are better able to survive and reproduce are more likely to be selected for than individuals who don't survive or cannot reproduce. This describes what?

Biogeography

Monkeys of South and Central America have prehensile tails, meaning that their tails can be used to grasp objects. The tails of African and Asian monkeys are not prehensile. Which discipline is most likely to provide an evolutionary explanation for how this difference in tails came about?

Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits.

Over evolutionary time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses?

Humboldt current

The Galápagos Islands are cooled by the _____.

Variation in population, heritable variation, selection, differential survival or reproduction

What are the four postulates of natural selection?

All variation between individuals is due only to environmental factors.

What conditions should completely prevent the occurrence of natural selection in a population over time?

Alfred Wallace

Which naturalist synthesized a concept of natural selection independently of Darwin?

Genetic variation among individuals

Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?