med term exam 3

arterial blood gas analysis

(ABG) measures the pH, oxygen, and carbon dioxide levels of arterial blood. This test is used to evaluate lung and kidney function and overall metabolism.

Ankylosing spondylitis

(AS) is a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae This type of chronic inflammatory back disorders is collectively called spondyloarthropathies.

partial knee replacement

(PKR) describes a proce- dure in which only part of the knee is replaced.

total hip replacement

(THR), also known as a total hip arthroplasty, is performed to restore a damaged hip to full function. During the surgery, a plastic lining is fitted into the acetabulum to restore a smooth sur- face. The head of the femur is removed and replaced with a metal ball attached to a metal shaft that is fitted into the femur These smooth sur- faces restore the function of the hip joint.

total knee replacement

(TKR) means that all of the parts of the knee were replaced. This procedure is also known as a total knee arthroplasty

white blood cell count

(WBC) is a determination of the number of leukocytes in the blood. An elevated count can be an indication of infection or inflammation.

callus

As the bone heals, a callus forms as a bulging deposit around the area of the break. This tissue eventually becomes bone. A callus is also a thickening of the skin caused by repeated rubbing.

complete blood count

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate Platelet count a red blood cell count A total hemoglobin test A white blood cell count white blood cell differential count

Curvatures of the Spine

I Kyphosis I Lordosis I Scoliosis

degenerative joint disease

OA is known as a degenerative joint disease because it is characterized by the wearing away of the articular cartilage within the joints.

implant.

The joint replacement part is a prosthesis that is commonly referred

dipstick.

This Is a plastic strip impregnated with chemicals that react with substances in the urine and change color when abnormalities are present

computed tomography (CT)

Uses x-radiation (x-rays) with computer assistance to produce multiple cross-sectional views of the body. Hard tissues are light, and soft tissues appear as shades of gray.

open reduction

When a closed reduction is not practical, a surgical procedure known as an open reduction is required to realign the bone parts.

X-ray

a form of energy that travels in waves

Crepitation

also known as crepitus, is the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together. This term refers to any unusual crackling sound or sensation within the body. It is frequently used to describe the popping or clicking sound heard in the movements of some joints.

Adhesive capsulitis

also known as frozen shoulder, is painful ankylosis of the shoulder It is caused by adlhesions forming in the synovial capsule surrounding the shoulder, making the joint become thicker and tighter.

Hip resurfacing

an alternative to removing the head of the femur. Function is restored to the hip by placing a metal cap over the head of the femur to allow it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum.

embolus

any foreign matter circulating in the blood that can become lodged and block the blood vessel.

Malignant

becoming progressively worse and life-threatening.

fat embolus

can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone mar- row are released into the blood.

Rheumatoid arthritis

commonly known as A, is a chronic autoimmune disor- der in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked.

intracranial pressure

describes the amount of pressure inside the skull.

The abbreviation pH

describes the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance.

hematocrit

describes the percentage, by volume, of a blood sample occupied by red cells This test is used to diagnose abnormal states of hydration(fluid levels in the body), polycythemia (excess red blood cells), and anemia (deficient red blood cells).

secondary bone cancer

describes tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs such as the breasts and lungs.

Acidosis

excessive acid in the body fluids. The opposite of acidosis is alkalosis.

Casts

fibrous or protein materials, such as pus and fats, that are thrown off into the urine in kidney disease.

Short stature,

formerly known as duarfism, is a condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk. More than 200 different conditions can cause short stature, which is defined as an average adult height of no more than 4 feet 10 inches. Some adults of short stature prefer to be referred to as ittle people.

Osteoarthritis is also characterized by

hypertrophy of bone and the formation of osteophytes also known as bone spurs.

pH value below 7

indicates acid urine and is an indication of acidosis.

pH value above 7

indicates alkaline urine and can indicate conditions such as a urinary tract infection.

osteochondroma

is a benign bony projection covered with cartilage

Paget's disease

is a chronic bone disease of unknown cause named for Sir James Paget. The condition is characterized by the abnormal breakdown of bone, usually in the pelvis, skull, spine and legs, followed by abnormal bone formation. The new bone is often structurally enlarged misshapen and weak.

Scoliosis

is an abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine

Arthrolysis

is the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint

synovectomy

is the surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint be performed endoscopically, is to repair joint damage One use of this procedure, which can caused by rheumatoid arthritis.

ostectomy

is the surgical removal of bone

Chondroplasty

is the surgical repair of damaged cartilage

cranioplasty

is the surgical repair of the skull

Osteorrhaphy

is the surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones

Mobility

means being capable of movement

Benign

means something that is not life-threatening and does not recur. This type of tumor is also known as an exusiosis

profile

means tests that are frequently performed as a group on automated multi-channel laboratory testing equipment.

Degenerative

means the breaking down or impairment of a body part.

oblique fracture

occurs at an angle across the bone.

sprain

occurs when a ligament that connects bones to a joint is wrenched or torn

pathologic fracture

occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain. This is due to bones being excessive impact

greenstick fracture,

or incomplete fracture, is one in which the bone is bent and only partially broken. This type of fracture occurs primarily in children.

Crossmatch tests

performed to determine the compatibility of blood donor and the recipient before a blood transfusion.

C-reactive protein test

performed to iden- tify high levels of inflammation within the body. The information provided by this test is obtained by the presence of the C-reactive protein, which is produced by the liver only during episodes of acute inflammation. Although this test does not identify the specific cause of the inflammation, an elevated level can indicate a heart attack, coronary artery disease, or an autoimmune disorder.

Routine urinalysis

performed to screen for urinary and systemic disorders. This test uses a dipstick.

white blood cell differential count

tests to see what percentage of the total white blood cell count is com- posed of each of the five types of leukocytes. This provides information about the patient's immune sys- tem, detects certain types of leukemia, and determines the severity of infection.

Urinalysis

the examination of the physical and chemical properties of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements.

arterial stick

the puncture of an artery, usually on the inside of the wrist, to obtain arterial blood. Arterial blood differs from venous blood mostly in the concentration of dissolved gases it contains.

Microscopic examination

the specimen is performed when more detailed testing of the specimen is necessary, for example to identify casts.

craniectomy

the surgical removal of a portion of the skull This procedure is performed to treat craniostenosis or to relieve increased intracranial pressure due to swelling of the brain.

RA progressively attacks

the synovial membranes, they become inflamed and thickened so that the joints are increasingly swollen, painful, and immobile.

fracture,

which is a broken bone, is described in terms of its complexity.

talipes

which is also known as clubfoot, describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus (ankle bones).

average normal pH range of urine

4.5 to 8.0.

External fixation

a fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing. When healing is complete, the appliance is removed

basic metabolic panel

a group of eight specific blood tests that provide important information about the current status of the patient's kidneys, electrolyte balance, blood sugar, and calcium levels. Significant changes in these test results can indicate acute problems such as kidney failure, diabetes-related complications, or respiratory problems

Osteoporosis

a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that frequently associated with aging

Osteitis

also spelled ostitis, is an inflammation of a bone

red blood cell count

determination of the number of erythrocytes in the blood. A depressed count can indicate anemia or an acute hemorrhage.

Spina bifida

is a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it. Spina means pertaining to the spine. Bifida means split. Some cases of spina bifida are due to a lack of the nutrient folic acid during the early stages of pregnancy.

Rickets

is a deficiency disease occurring in children. This condition is characterized by defective bone growth resulting from a lack of vitamin D necessary for the body to maintain calcium and phosphorus levels in the bones. Although rickets is uncommon in the United States, its incidence is increasing.

Craniostenosis

is a malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures

platelet count

measures the number of platelets in a specified amount of blood and is a screening test to evaluate platelet function. It is also used to monitor changes in the blood associated with chemotherapy and radiation therapy. These changes include thrombocytosis (an abnormal increase in the number of platelets) and thrombo cytopenia (an abnormal decrease in the number of platelets).

Colles' fracture,

named for the Irish sur- geon Abraham Colles, is also known as a fractured wrist. This fracture occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his or her hands. The impact of this fall causes the bone weakened by osteoporosis to break

total hemoglobin test

(Hb) is usually part of a complete blood count Elevated Hb levels indicate a higher than normal hemoglobin concentration in the plasma due to polycythemia or dehydration. Low Hb indicates lower than normal hemoglobin concentration due to anemia, recent hemorrhage, or fluid retention.

Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

(IRA) is an autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or younger. with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling. skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue. Many children with IRA outgrow it.

compression fracture,

also known as a vertebral crush fracture, occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself. These fractures are sometimes caused by the spontaneous collapse of weakened vertebrae or can be due to an injury. This results in pain, loss of height, and development of the spinal curvature known as dowager's hump.

Arthroscopic surgery

is a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint. For example, torn cartilage can be removed with the use of an arthroscope and instruments inserted through small incisions

Primary bone cancer

is a relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone.

complete blood cell count

is a series of tests performed as a group to evaluate several blood condi-tions.

myeloma

is a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow This condition can cause pathologic fractures and is often fatal.

Spondylosis

is also known as spi- nal osteoarthritis. This degenerative disorder can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function

Lordosis

is an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine This condition is also known as swayback

Kyphosis

is an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side This condition, also known as humphack or dowager's hump, is frequently associated with aging

periosteotomy

is an incision through the periosteum to the bone

Spondylolisthesis

is the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it

Ankylosis

is the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease. injury, or a surgical procedure

Subluxation

is the partial displacement of a bone from its joint.

Revision surgery

is the replacement of a worn or failed implant.

periosteotomy

is the surgical cutting of a bone This may include removing part or all of a bone, or cutting into or through a bone.

Osteoclasis

is the surgical frac- ture of a bone to correct a deformity

arthroplasty

means the surgical repair of a damaged joint however, this term has come to mean the surgical placement of an artificial joint. These procedures are named for the involved joint and the amount of the joint that is replaced

thyroid-stimulating hormone assay

measures circulating blood levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) that can indicate abnormal thyroid activity

serum bilirubin test

measures the ability of the liver to take up, process, and secrete bilirubin into the bile. This test is useful in determining whether a patient has liver disease or a blocked bile duct.

blood urea nitrogen test

measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood due to the waste product urea. This test is performed to obtain an indication of kidney function.

phlebotomist

a medical professional who is trained to draw blood from patients for various laboratory tests and other procedures

Agglutination

a positive reaction that indicates the donor unit is not a suitable match. Agglutination is the clumping together of red blood cells.

Traction

a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment.

craniotomy

a surgical incision or opening into the skull This procedure is performed to gain access to the brain to remove a tumor, to relieve intracranial pressure, or to obtain access for other surgical procedures.

MRI

a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain

Euring's sarcome

a tumor that occurs in the bones of the upper arm, legs, pelvis, or rib. The peak incidence for the development of this condition is between ages 10 and 20 years.

lipid panel,

also called a lipid profile, measures the amounts of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycer- ides in a blood sample

Hallux valgus

also known as a Iunion, is an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe

osteoporotic hip fracture

also known as a broken hip, is usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall. Complications from these fractures can result in the loss of function, mobility, and independence, or death. Osteoporotic means pertaining to or caused by the porous condition of bones.

open fracture,

also known as a compound frac- ture, is one in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin.

Baker's cyst,

also known as a popliteal cyst, is a fluid-filled sac behind the knee. This usually results from a condition such as rheumatoid arthritis triggering the production of excess synovial fluid. The condition is named for British surgeon William Baker.

Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

also known as a sed rate, is a test based on the speed with which the red blood cells separate from the plasma and fall to the bottom of a specialized test tube. An elevated sed rate indicates the presence of inflam- mation in the body.

closed fracture,

also known as a simple fracture or a complete fracture, is one in which the bone is broken, but there is no open wound in the skin

herniated disk

also known as a slipped or ruptured disk, is the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots

Osteomalacia

also known as adult rickets, is abnormal softening of bones in adults This condition is usually caused by a deficiency of vitamin D, calcium, and/or phosphate.

Gout

also known as gouty arthritis, is a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid crystals in the joints, usually beginning with the big toe. Joints affected by gout are typically warm, red, and excruciatingly sensitive.

Lumbago

also known as low back pain, is pain of the lumbar region of the spine

Dislocation,

also known as luxation is the total displacement of a bone from its joint

Closed reduction,

also known as manipilation, is the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation. The affected bone is returned to its normal anatomic alignment by manually applied force and then is usually immobilized to maintain the realigned position during healing.

Internal fixation,

also known as open reduction internal fiaation (ORIF), is a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place. This form of fixation is not usually removed after the fracture has healed

Avascular necrosis,

also known as osteonecrosis, is an area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow It most commonly occurs in the hip joint, and often requires a hip replacement.

Prothrombin time

also known as pro time, is a coagulation test used to diag- nose conditions associated with abnormalities of clotting time and to monitor anticoagulant therapy. A longer prothrombin time can be caused by serious liver disease, bleeding disorders, blood-thinning medicines, or a lack of vitamin K.

Phlebotomy

also known as si is the puncture of a vein for the purpose of drawing blood

Immobilization,

also known as stabilization, is the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast.

Arthrodesis

also known as surgical ankylosis, is the surgical fusion (joining together) of two bones to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder This procedure is performed to treat severe arthritis or a damaged joint. Compare with arthrolysis.

Osteoarthritis

also known as wear-and-tear arthritis, is most commonly associated with aging

Bursitis

is an inflammation of a bursa

Osteomyelitis

is an inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone The bacterial infection that causes osteomyelitis often originates in another part of the body and spreads to the bone via the blood.

Costochondritis

is an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum

Periostitis

is an inflammation of the periosteum This condition is often associated with shin splints,

Arthritis

is an inflammatory condition of one or more joints There are more than 100 types of arthritis with many different causes.

Polymyalgia rheumatica

is an inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs Rheumatica is the Latin word for rheumatism, an obsolete term for arthritis and other disorders causing pain in the joints and supporting tissue.

Hemarthrosis

is blood within a joint This condition is frequently due to a joint injury. It also can occur spontaneously in patients taking blood- thinning medications or those having a blood clotting disorder such as hemophilia

Synovitis

is inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected jointcaused by arthritis, trauma, infection, or irritation produced by damaged cartilage.

comminuted fracture

is one in which the bone is splintered or crushed. Comminuted means crushed into small pieces.

Arthrosclerosis

is stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly

Chondromalacia

is the abnormal softening of cartilage

Osteotomy

is the surgical cutting of a bone This may include removing part or all of a bone, or cutting into or through a bone.

capillary puncture

the technique used when only a small amount of blood is needed as a specimen for a blood test. Named for where it is performed, a capillary puncture is usually known as a finger, heel, or earlobe stick.

Osteopenia

thinner- than-average bone density This term is used to describe the condition of someone who does not yet have osteoporosis but has a greater-than-average chance of developing it. Risk factors for osteopenia include aging, smoking, drinking, and a lack of calcium in the diet. Young females who do not consume enough calories may also develop the condition.