MED TERM UNIT 5
Psychosexual Disorders: -philia
-philia - sexual feeling derived from something
weak vision
asthenopia
notogenesis
back
pons, pontis, m.
bridge
cephalotomy
cutting into the head
Feeling, Sensation, Perception
esthesi/o- sensation esthet/o- sensation aisthesis aisthetos
sciatica
hip pain inflammation of sciatic nerve
drug that is designed to lessen the size of the pupil
miotic
Memory
mneme- memory amnesia- lack of memory, lethe lethe was a river in greek mythology, a person would drink to forget their memories of their earthly life before they are reincarnated
atretos
no performation
palsy
paralysis
topo
place
gyrus, -i
ring, circle
tonos
tension, stretching, tone
lalein
to talk, to speak
aristotle would have preferred anopia over anacusis
true
ganglion
tumor can be normal or pathological
tympanum, -i
tympan/o - drum, ear drum tympanon- big tambourine
Ovid's Echo and Narcissus
- Echo - had a curse where she has to repeat what everyone else says - Narcissus- so in love with himself, he rebuffed all others, self-love - these stories are put together. echo loves narcissus, but echo can only repeat what he is saying, he rebuffs her again and she disappears to a place where you can only hear her voice
Euclid's Optics (c. 300BC)
- Greek Geometry - rays are a line that have on direction and are infinite in that direction, there is a cone (lots of rays closest to the eye), to see we need a ray to connect with an object - Perspective - Extramission- shoot rays from the eye opt/o, optic/o - vision
Ancient Brain Mapping
- Sensus Communis (koine aesthesis)- common sense, all of our sensory information goes into the first ventricle - Aristotle says just because you have sensation, doesn't mean you have perception - Galen makes us think we think with our ventricles o Visus- vision o Olfactus - smell o Gustus - taste o Tactus - touch o Auditus - hearing - Fantasia: image based on sensory inputs allows us to think about concepts - Imaginativa: image that does not require sensory input at the time FIRST THREE HAPPEN IN THE FIRST VENTRICLE - Cogitativa/Estimativa: cognitive, evaluate, think in terms of the value of something COGITATIVA/ESTIMATIVA HAPPEN IN THE SECOND VENTRICLE - Memorativa- memory MEMORATIVA HAPPENS IN THE THIRD VENTRICLE - the idea that there are mental faculties in the ventricles came from Galen - each feature is in a ventricle is a later development (namesea)
anxiety disorder example
- agoraphobia - hypochondriasis - panic disorder - obsessive-compulsive disorder
Structures of the Cerebrum
- gyrus: circle - sulcus: groove - cerebral cortex- - cerebral white matter- axons -fissures- deeper groove
The Brain Boggles the Mind
- what is the soul? does it exist? - physical aspect to the soul and the mind - the soul and the body are related, but the body is a tool of the soul
which of the following is true in regards to ancient Euclid's Optics
A. Euclid was an ancient physician interested in vision B. Euclid's Optics had an influence on European art: TRUE C. Euclid's extramission theory of vision is consistent with our modern understanding of how vision occurs
Which of the following is false concerning Galen's discussion of the brain in On the Use of the Parts?
A. Galen's notiaios myelonos is the spinal cord B. Galen believed that the mental faculties of the brain were located in the cerebellum. FALSE C. Galen believed that nature placed a ventricle next to the spinal cord and cerebellum for a purpose D. Galen's parenkephalis is the cerebellum E. Galen links the mental faculties with the psychikon pneuma
Aristotle and the Sense of Hearing
Aristotle and the Ear Anacusis vs. Anopia - anopia- lack of vision - anacusis- lack of hearing - aristotle said he would rather be anaopia (blind) than to be anacusis (deaf) - animals can still communicate with each other Change and Perception - actuality vs. potentiality - needs to be a medium between eye and object for the eye to have the object - an actual change in the sense organ needs to happen Influence - aer implantatus / aer ingenitus - air born into your ear, pure air, necessary for you to hear - pneuma/air is the medium to hear, is between the sound and in the ear - we hear behind the tympanic membrane
Dreams and Medicine/Psychology
Dreams in Ancient Medicine - Hippocrates, Regiment IV - diagnoses and predictions through dreams - Asclepius - god of medicine, he would have patients sleep so the god would appear to you in a dream and cure you Dreams in Psychoanalysis - Freud and Jung - Greek Myths, Hypnosis - look at different dreams and interpret them
Greek Myths and Complexes
Oedipus Complex- a male child has to choose between a father and his mother, has an attraction to his mother, this causes ill feelings toward his father Electra Complex- same thing but with female child Cassandra Complex- Cassandra was a prophetess, rebuffed his advances, the curse is that she would know the future but no one would believe her
Mental Illnesses in Greek Medicine
Pathos of the Psyche - rage, lovesickness (from an emotion that is out of control - treatment: distract person from the thing that is causing it, go on walks, wine, gentle rocking, change diet Nosos of the Soma - any disease of the body that would affect the mental faculties - mania (madness that doesn't have fever), hydrophobia (fear of water, rabies), phrenitis (confusion associated with fever) - treatment: treat the humoral pathologies through dietetics, pharmaca, surgical means
The Senses
Sensus Communis (koine aesthesis) (in the first ventricle) - visus - vision - olfactus (-osmia, -osphresis) - smell - gustus (-geusia, -geusis) -taste - tactus (tang/o) - touch - auditis - hearing
Vitruvius and Acoustics
Vitruvius, De architectura - material and shape matters Acoustics of theaters - dissonance - sound carries up and strikes against the bodies and bounces back, causes a problem with the second sound - circumsonance- sound around, voices spread in all directions and reflected into the middle and confuses the case endings which is huge problem - resonance - the voice comes in contact with a solid object and is reflected and messes up case endings - understand that sound comes through waves Bronze Vessels - put throughout the theater, different sizes and have different amount of water put into them. why? help cut down on sound itself, enhancing the sound, resonating to focus the sound in different notes/octaves
praxis
a doing, act
apathy
a lack of display of emotion
Hypochondriasis and Melancholia
a person who has thoughts of disease think they have multiple diseases source of black bile would be in the hypochondriac area disorders associated with black bile
trop/o
a turn or turning -tropion (the eyelid) - entropion- turning of the eyelid in, eyelid rubs against the eye ectropion- the eyelid turns out -tropia (strabismus, squinting, the eyeball) esotropia- the eye is turned in exotropia- the eye is turned out hypertropia- the eye is turned up
partial paralysis of the extremities
acroparesis
amygdale
almond, tonsil, amygdala
Theater, Amphitheatre, and Arena
ambi- both, both sides, around, or about - theater- a viewing place, semicircle raised seating - amphitheatre- both theatres, a theatre placed around, Colosseum, used for gladiator battles and staging hunts - arena- sand at the bottom and open at the top
double vision
ambiopia
dull hearing
amblyacousia or amblyacusis
inability to swallow
aphagia
inability to speak
aphasia
dyskinesia that is defined by an inability to perform a given task/activity
apraxia
arteriae palpebrae lateralis
arteries of the lateral eyelid
paralysis of the joints
arthropalsy
Hysteria and the Wandering Womb
associated with the womb and women the uterus would move upward and push on the diaphragm causing rapid breathing, lose consciousness, be mentally agitated symptoms associated with being hysterical began being associated with both male and female
dyskinesia defined by a lack of coordination
ataxia
pinna, auricle, aricula
auricul/o external portion of the ear
penna
auricula
anatomy of the ear
auris externa- tympanic membrane out to the pinna auris media - tympanic membrane to the oval window (ausculs) auris interna- oval window into the cochlea/semicircular canals
axis axle, axis
axons get their name from an axle, has something going around it (myelin)
rock formed by great pressure
barolith
rock formed deep in the earth
batholith
phor-
bearing, carrying
macropinna microstoma
big wings and small mouth
mood disorder examples
bipolar disorder cyclothymia dysthymia depression
an abnormal erotic interest in eyelids
blepharophilia
limbic system root word
border
plexus, plexus
braided
pons, pontis, m..
bridge, helps with connecting
camera, -ae
camer/o, chamber, vault, cavity bicameral- two chambers aque/o- water, water-like, aqueous humor vitr/o. vitreo- glass, glass-like, vitreous humor hyal/o- glass, glass-like, vitreous humor
largest part of the brain
cerebrum
cerebrum, -i
cerebrum largest portion of the brain
earwax
cerumin/o
kyklos
circle, wheel, ciliary body cili/o, ciliar/o cilium, -i: eyelash, hair-like process
gyrification of tissue literally involves the making of what?
circles
keramos
clay, ceramics, ceramodontia
abnormal erotic interest in snail shells
cochleophilia
hemiplegia
complete paralysis of one side of the body
concha, -ae cochlea, -ae
conch/o - shell looks like a conch cochle/o- spiral land snail shell
dysphrasia dyslalia dysphasia dyslogia
condition of difficult speech
clonus
confusion, turmoil
conjunctiva, -ae
conjunctivitis- inflammation of the mucus membrane, pink eye pterygium- conjunctiva grows across the sclera pteryg/o, -pteryxm pter/o - wing, feather
spasmos
convulsion, wrenching, involuntary contraction
pupil
core/o
process of measuring the pupil
coreometry or pupillometry
cornea, -ae
cornea, horn keratos, horn; cornea
Grey matter of the spinal cord
cornu - horn polios- gray nux, nucis - nut nucelus, -i - kernel, little nut kary/o- kernel, cell nucleus fugere- to flee, efferent petere- to seek, afferent
in botany, a plant bearing bark
corticoferous
synonym for corticoafferent
corticopetal
rami nervorum craniales
cranial rami of the nerves
craniotomy
cutting into the skull
Traumatic Brain Injury
damage to the brain resulting from impact, blast waves, or a penetrating projectile
choreia
dancing, dancing movement use for dyskinetic movements
scotoma: root meaning
darkness
skotos
darkness scotoma- lone word, a thing of darkness, black spot in the middle of someone's vision nyct/o, noct/o - night
delirium
de + lira - away from the furrow state of mental confusion deviant behavior - someone off the path
dementia
de + mens, mentis, mind out of mind a loss of higher brain function, progressive
coma
deep sleep unresponsive to stimuli
delusion
deludere - to deceive persistent belief that is not based on reality
coreolysis
destruction of the pupil
hyperopia
difficulty seeing objects close up but able to see them far away
myopia
difficulty seeing objects far away but is able to see things close up
paralysis of two limbs
diplegia
medicus oculi
doctor of the eye hordeolum (sty)- lesion at the edge of the eyelid, infection chalazion- hail stone, different type of lesion on the eyelid, big knot, sebaceous cyst trichiasis- condition of the hair/eyelash, eyelash is rubbing against the eye epiphora- excessive tears cataracts/glaucoma- waterfall, thing that looks silvery (for them) couching of a cataract- take a needle and stick it into the eye and push the lens down to help someone see, they thought this would restore vision
another name for pachymeninx
dura mater
dystonia vs. dyskinesia
dystonia- resting tension of muscles dyskinesia- faulty movement pattern
auricul/o
ear
auris, is
ear
ototomy
ear
aur/o
ear aural atresia- no hole
ot/o
ear barotitis- pressure causing inflammation bathotitis- inflammation of the ear associated with depth
aur/o
ear or gold
cerumen, ceruminus cerumin/o
earwax
vomiting
emesis
encephalon
encephal/o - entire brain
complete paralysis of the brain
encephaloplegia or encephalopalsy
grand mal seizure (tonic-clonic seizure)
epilepsy that is a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups characterized by violent movements
Ancient Theories of Vision
extramission- light emitted from the eye intromission- light comes into the eye krystalloieideis/crystalline lens- this is where sight occurs according to them mittere, missium - to send mit-, miss- mitt-
snellen eye chart
eye chart used by eye care professionals and others to measure visual acuity
syncope
fainting
in which chamber (ventricle) of the brain, does the sensus communis exist according to Nemesius and later theorists.
first
deepest/separates lobes on an organ anatomical groove
fissura
Absence seizures (petit mal)
form of seizure consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings not that obvious
proso-, prostho-
forward, in front of, prosthetic
Parts of the Cerebrum
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe
glue
gli/o
glia
glue
Knowing, Comprehension
gnosis- knowing, comprehending gnomon-a means of knowing, comprehension
substantia grisea
gray matter of the brain cell bodies making it look gray
chloropsia
green vision
which input would be processed by the sensus communis
gustus
hallucination
halucinari - to wander in mind, to dream when you sense something that is not actually there
labe
handle
acoust/o, acust/o
hearing
audi/o, audit/o
hearing
-acusis
hearing - presbyacusis- old age hearing - oxyacusis- keen hearing - bradyacusis- slow hearing -dysacusis- faulty or painful hearing -diplacusis- hearing things twice, echo -odynacusis- painful hearing
-acousia
hearing -amblyacousia- dull hearing -hemianacousia- hearing in one ear -paracousia- abnormal hearing
paralysis of the left side of the body
hemiplegia
inordinate fear of glass
hyalophobia vitreophobia
a super touchy dinosaur
hypertangosaurus supertangosaurus supertactosaurus hypertactosaurus
sleep seizures
hypnolepsy
hypnos
hypnosis, sleep, sleep inducing
abnormally low resting tension in his muscles
hypotonia
surgical removal of the aduitory ossicle called the anvil
incudectomy
surgical reconstruction of the anvil
incudoplasty
pachymeningitis
inflammation of the dura mater
leptomeningitis
inflammation of the pia mater
thalamus, -i
inner room, chamber, anterior portion of brain stem
noos, nous (noe-)
intellect, mind
iris, iridis
irid/o, ir/o - iris, rainbow this is where the eye color is iris is the goddess of the rainbow
colorful part of the eye
iris
cornea
kerat/o
lacrima, -ae, lacrimalis, -e
lacrim/o - tear dacry/o - tear
lex
law
lens, lentis
lent/o - lentil, lens phak/o, phac/o - lentil, lens important for the refraction of light
reading and diction
lex/o
Limbic System
limbus- edge, border collection of different structures short term and long term memory to be converted processing of emotional and autonomic sensory info to be put into memory
cerebellum, -i
little brain
fish-like dinosaur with large fins
macropennoichthyosaurus
large-winged dinosaur
macropinnosaurus macropennosaurus macropterosaurus macropterygosaurus
surgical removal of the auditory ossicle called the hammer
mallectomy
ossicles
malleus, i incus, incudis stapes, stepedis malle/o - hammer incud/o - anvil steped/o - stirrup
mania
mania- madness, frenzy, associated with bipolar disorder Maenad- would get in a frenzied state, usually female, associated with worshiping Dionysus -mania (as a suffix)- excessive fascination with
medulla, -ae
marrow
Meninges of the Nervous System
mater, matris- mother dura mater- hard mother pia mater- devoted mother subdural hematoma- blood tumor below the dura mater alma mater- nourishing mother maternal- mother matricide- killing of your mother
dinosaur with a large shell
megaconchosaurus
meninx, meningis, f.
membrane, film names for them were originally in Arabic and were translated into Latin
meninx, meningis, f.
membrane, used for the different membranes that envelop the brain
topomnesia
memory of places
midbrain
mesencephalon
miotic vs. mydriatic
mi/o or mei/o- less, fewer miotic- shrinkning of the pupil mydriatic- expansion of the pupil plei/o, pli/o, ple/o- more
phren
midriff, diaphragm, mind
mens, mentis
mind
weakness of muscles
myasthenia
durg designed to increase the size of the pupil
mydratic
myringa
myring/o - eardrum
tympanum
myringa
neurosis named after the mythological figure who fell in love with his own reflection
narcissism
rhinopalpebral
nasoblepharal
Galen, On the Use of the Parts III
nature does everything for a purpose, purpose for the creature (function) makes the best out of the matter of the universe neura (neuron)- nerves soma (somat/o)- body kephale- head parenkephalis- alongside the brain, the cerebellum notiaios myelos- spine marrow not/o- back koilos (coel-)- cavity, pouch psychikon pneuma- breath/soul of mental faculties prosthioai koiliai- forward cavities (ventricles) all the nerves should be coming off of the cerebellum, makes sense because we have a cavity. the rational soul exists in these cavities. nature puts a cavity by the cerebellum because you want that rational soul close to where the nerves are.
nervi ventriculorum cerebri lateralis
nerves of the ventricles of the lateral cerebrum
mind
no/o or phren/o
salpingemphraxis
obstruction of the Eustachian tube
oculus, -i
ophthalmo/o -eye ocul/o- eye
healthcare practitioner who works specifically with diseases of the eye
ophthalmologist
pars optica retinae posterioris
optic part of the posterior retina
healthcare practitioner whose name indicates that he or she measures vision
optometrist
taxis
order, arrangement, coordination
correct knowledge of comprehension
orthognosia
correct memory
orthomnesia
palpebra, -ae
palbebr/o - eyelid blephar/o - eyelid
type of hallucination
paracusis
abnormal/distorted speech
paralalia
-plegia
paralysis
Cerebral Palsy
paralysis caused by damage to the area of the brain responsible for movement quadriplegia, diplegia, hemplegia, triplegia, monoplegia
problem affecting one's emotions
parathymia
meatus, -us meat/o
passage, pathway
Phobos and Phobias
phobos - fear phobias - excessive fear of something, illfounded agoraphobia- fear of being in public acrophobia- fear of heights ataxophobia- fear of disorder ergophobia- fear of work Phobos was a son of Aries, Aries was a bad connotation of war, Phobos associated with Mars, he is the god of fear and strikes it into people during war
light
phos, photos lumen, luminis
hedone
pleasure
lobus, -i
pod, lobe
Stigma, Stigmata
point or mark astigmatism- there is a refractive error where the light coming into the eye does not have a focal point, multiple different area, irregularity in the cornea that causes this, vision problems stigmata- comes from roman catholic tradition, those who are closest to Christ will receive the same marks at Jesus did at Crucifixion.
inflammation of the grey matter of the whole brain
polioencephalitis or encephalopolitis
inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord
poliomyelitis
part of the brain whose name means bridge
pons
pars optica retinae posterior
posterior optic part of the retina
forebrain
prosencephalon
psychosis vs. neurosis
psychosis- disorientation, difficulty interacting with the world around them, more serious neurosis- psychological condition, anxiety present, faulty thinking or thought pattern, odd behaviors that can become crippling, no undistorted reality literal meaning is same, medical meaning is different
pupilla, -ae
pupill/o - pupil, little doll core/o, -coria - pupil, little doll if you look in a pupil, you see a small image of yourself and you look like a doll
a plant bearing roots
radicoferous
Spinal Nerves: radix, ramus
radix - root ramus - branch motor and sensory
Spinal Nerves: radix
radix, radicis (radiculus) - root rhiza - root
rami nervorum cranialium
rami of the cranial nerves
pathology of a nerve branch
ramopathy
Spinal Nerves: ramus
ramus, -i - branch
Pan and Panic Disorders
recurrent attacks of intense feelings with physical symptoms of a heart attack Pan - god that had goat legs, associated with creating anxiety/panic among people, this can happen in the woods or in war
thalamus, -i
relays sensory information from the cortex
retina, -ae
retin/o - retina looks like a net -schisis- split macul/o - spot
nasolacrimal
rhinodacryal
pathology of a nerve root
rhizopathy
cortex, corticis, m
rind. bark
a funiculoform structure is shaped like a __________
rope
tuba auditoria salpinx
salping/o - long tube, Eustachian tube, Fallopian tube came from the long thing with the bell on the end to call troops to order ears pop!
sclera, -ae
scler/o - sclera, hard sclera of the eye- white part
white outer coat of the eye
sclera
lepsis
seizure
somnus
sleep
sopor
sleep
-paresis
slight paralysis
stereo
solid, 3-dimensional
neuron
soma, axon, dendron neuron - nerve, sinew soma, somatos- body tendon
phacolysis
something that dissolves the lens
psyche
soul, mind
thymos
soul, seat of emotion dysthymia- condition of faulty emotion, low level depression cyclothymia- low level bipolarism, cycles of depression and mania without the full extremes
acousm/o, acousmat/o
sound
son/o
sound
phrasis
speech, phrase
arachn/o
spider arachnoid membrane resembles a spider web arachne- says she is good at weaving, even better than manerva, manerva reveals herself and arachne still says she is better than she is, they have a competition, manerva tries to show the greatness of the gods in her tapestry, but arachne shows sexual interactions of the gods, manerva loses, manerva hits arachne over the head with the beam of the loom and arachne is cursed to turn into a spider and will be weaving the rest of her life
sthen/o
strength
Stroke and Spinal Cord Injuries
stroke --> hemiplegia spinal cord injury --> paraplegia or quadriplegia
narke
stupor, sleep
Subdural vs. Epidural Hematoma
subdural- below dura mater - slower, very dangerous - symptoms: lack of coordination (ataxia), cephalalgia (headache), confusion (look at orientation) epidural- upon the dura mater
hard matter of the cerebrum
substantia dura cerebri
grey matter of the cerebrum
substantia grisea cerebri
pathos
suffering/affection; disease, emotion
Anatomical Grooves
sulcus, -i: furrow fissura (fissure), -ae: cleave, deeper fossa,-ae- shallow groove, similar to sulcus
arteriae auris superficiales
superficial arteries of the ear
excessive fascination with order
taxomania
Temperament
temperamentum, mixture based on humoral pathologies that lead to certain personality type 1. choleric - excessive amount of bile, considered easily angered or disturbed 2. melancholic - black bile, depressed 3. phlegmatic - excessive amount of phlegm, lethargic, slow 4. sanguine - excessive amount of blood, jovial and happy
part of the brain that filters and modifies information coming from the cerebral cortex whose name means room or chamber
thalamus
Refractive Error - Ametropia
the focal point is not hitting directly on the back side ametropia- lack of measured refraction myopia- near sighted, can see close, the focal point is too close hyperopia- far sighted, can see far away, the focal point is way behind
The Ventricular System of the Human Brain
the ventricles hold on the psychikon pneuma in the brain
vertigo
the world is spinning OR you are spinning
labyrinth
theseus and the minotaur- he kills the minotaur in the maze labyrinthus osseus- bony labyrinthus vestibularis- vestibular, balance, little room labyrinthus cochlearis- cochlea, shape of snail shell
θύμος vs. θυμός
thymo is a homomorphism: can mean thymus gland or seat of emotion θύμος - watery excretion from the thymus gland θυμός - rage of Achilles
kineein
to move
movere, motum
to move
ambul/o
to walk
tactic
touch
White Matter Terms
tractus- pathway, a dragging funiculus- funis, rope fasciculus, -i- fascis, a bundle of sticks
dendron
tree, branched structure
cerebrofugal blood flow moves away from the cerebrum
true
cerebropetal blood flow moves toward the cerebrum
true
the term melancholic comes from the ancient greek medical theory that human begins were born with certain humoral temperaments
true
Hippocampus
turning things into long term memory meaning horse hippocampus- things that pulled Poseidon chariot if you turn the hippocampus a certain way, it looks like a seahorse
condition of narrowing of the eardrum
tympanostenosis myringostenosis tympanostenia myringostenia
Parts of Vestibular System: utriculus and sacculus
utricul/o - small sac/bag, two large sacs in the labyrinth saccul/o- small sac endolymphatic duct uter/o- could mean uterus
ventriculi cerebri lateralis
ventricles of the lateral cerebrum
spondylogensis combining form meaning
vertebra
-opia, -opsia, -opsis
vision hyperopia - can see far away, far-sighted myopia - can see close up, near-sighted ambiopia/diplopia - both vision, double vision isopia- equal vision asthenopia- weak vision amblyopia- dull vision presbyopia- old age vision, close vision is bad meropia- partial vision achloropsia- lack of green vision erythropsia- you only see red stereopsis- can see 3-D object cyclopia and cyclops- cyclopia has only eye orbit, birth defect, both eye sockets are joined together, cyclops really meant round face, lots of pictures show cyclops with multiple eyes
scop/o
vision, view
cera, -ae cer/o
wax
concussion
when the brain is shaken violently concussus- shaken violently signs: 1. emesis- vomiting 2. nausea- sickness without vomiting 3. amnesia- lack of memory 4. hematoma - collection of blood
substantia alba
white matter myelnated axons make it look white
fenestra, -ae fenestr/o
window, opening
pinna, penna
wing, fin, feather
lexis
word, reading
logos
word, speech, thought