MED TERM UNIT 5

Psychosexual Disorders: -philia

-philia - sexual feeling derived from something

weak vision

asthenopia

notogenesis

back

pons, pontis, m.

bridge

cephalotomy

cutting into the head

Feeling, Sensation, Perception

esthesi/o- sensation esthet/o- sensation aisthesis aisthetos

sciatica

hip pain inflammation of sciatic nerve

drug that is designed to lessen the size of the pupil

miotic

Memory

mneme- memory amnesia- lack of memory, lethe lethe was a river in greek mythology, a person would drink to forget their memories of their earthly life before they are reincarnated

atretos

no performation

palsy

paralysis

topo

place

gyrus, -i

ring, circle

tonos

tension, stretching, tone

lalein

to talk, to speak

aristotle would have preferred anopia over anacusis

true

ganglion

tumor can be normal or pathological

tympanum, -i

tympan/o - drum, ear drum tympanon- big tambourine

Ovid's Echo and Narcissus

- Echo - had a curse where she has to repeat what everyone else says - Narcissus- so in love with himself, he rebuffed all others, self-love - these stories are put together. echo loves narcissus, but echo can only repeat what he is saying, he rebuffs her again and she disappears to a place where you can only hear her voice

Euclid's Optics (c. 300BC)

- Greek Geometry - rays are a line that have on direction and are infinite in that direction, there is a cone (lots of rays closest to the eye), to see we need a ray to connect with an object - Perspective - Extramission- shoot rays from the eye opt/o, optic/o - vision

Ancient Brain Mapping

- Sensus Communis (koine aesthesis)- common sense, all of our sensory information goes into the first ventricle - Aristotle says just because you have sensation, doesn't mean you have perception - Galen makes us think we think with our ventricles o Visus- vision o Olfactus - smell o Gustus - taste o Tactus - touch o Auditus - hearing - Fantasia: image based on sensory inputs allows us to think about concepts - Imaginativa: image that does not require sensory input at the time FIRST THREE HAPPEN IN THE FIRST VENTRICLE - Cogitativa/Estimativa: cognitive, evaluate, think in terms of the value of something COGITATIVA/ESTIMATIVA HAPPEN IN THE SECOND VENTRICLE - Memorativa- memory MEMORATIVA HAPPENS IN THE THIRD VENTRICLE - the idea that there are mental faculties in the ventricles came from Galen - each feature is in a ventricle is a later development (namesea)

anxiety disorder example

- agoraphobia - hypochondriasis - panic disorder - obsessive-compulsive disorder

Structures of the Cerebrum

- gyrus: circle - sulcus: groove - cerebral cortex- - cerebral white matter- axons -fissures- deeper groove

The Brain Boggles the Mind

- what is the soul? does it exist? - physical aspect to the soul and the mind - the soul and the body are related, but the body is a tool of the soul

which of the following is true in regards to ancient Euclid's Optics

A. Euclid was an ancient physician interested in vision B. Euclid's Optics had an influence on European art: TRUE C. Euclid's extramission theory of vision is consistent with our modern understanding of how vision occurs

Which of the following is false concerning Galen's discussion of the brain in On the Use of the Parts?

A. Galen's notiaios myelonos is the spinal cord B. Galen believed that the mental faculties of the brain were located in the cerebellum. FALSE C. Galen believed that nature placed a ventricle next to the spinal cord and cerebellum for a purpose D. Galen's parenkephalis is the cerebellum E. Galen links the mental faculties with the psychikon pneuma

Aristotle and the Sense of Hearing

Aristotle and the Ear Anacusis vs. Anopia - anopia- lack of vision - anacusis- lack of hearing - aristotle said he would rather be anaopia (blind) than to be anacusis (deaf) - animals can still communicate with each other Change and Perception - actuality vs. potentiality - needs to be a medium between eye and object for the eye to have the object - an actual change in the sense organ needs to happen Influence - aer implantatus / aer ingenitus - air born into your ear, pure air, necessary for you to hear - pneuma/air is the medium to hear, is between the sound and in the ear - we hear behind the tympanic membrane

Dreams and Medicine/Psychology

Dreams in Ancient Medicine - Hippocrates, Regiment IV - diagnoses and predictions through dreams - Asclepius - god of medicine, he would have patients sleep so the god would appear to you in a dream and cure you Dreams in Psychoanalysis - Freud and Jung - Greek Myths, Hypnosis - look at different dreams and interpret them

Greek Myths and Complexes

Oedipus Complex- a male child has to choose between a father and his mother, has an attraction to his mother, this causes ill feelings toward his father Electra Complex- same thing but with female child Cassandra Complex- Cassandra was a prophetess, rebuffed his advances, the curse is that she would know the future but no one would believe her

Mental Illnesses in Greek Medicine

Pathos of the Psyche - rage, lovesickness (from an emotion that is out of control - treatment: distract person from the thing that is causing it, go on walks, wine, gentle rocking, change diet Nosos of the Soma - any disease of the body that would affect the mental faculties - mania (madness that doesn't have fever), hydrophobia (fear of water, rabies), phrenitis (confusion associated with fever) - treatment: treat the humoral pathologies through dietetics, pharmaca, surgical means

The Senses

Sensus Communis (koine aesthesis) (in the first ventricle) - visus - vision - olfactus (-osmia, -osphresis) - smell - gustus (-geusia, -geusis) -taste - tactus (tang/o) - touch - auditis - hearing

Vitruvius and Acoustics

Vitruvius, De architectura - material and shape matters Acoustics of theaters - dissonance - sound carries up and strikes against the bodies and bounces back, causes a problem with the second sound - circumsonance- sound around, voices spread in all directions and reflected into the middle and confuses the case endings which is huge problem - resonance - the voice comes in contact with a solid object and is reflected and messes up case endings - understand that sound comes through waves Bronze Vessels - put throughout the theater, different sizes and have different amount of water put into them. why? help cut down on sound itself, enhancing the sound, resonating to focus the sound in different notes/octaves

praxis

a doing, act

apathy

a lack of display of emotion

Hypochondriasis and Melancholia

a person who has thoughts of disease think they have multiple diseases source of black bile would be in the hypochondriac area disorders associated with black bile

trop/o

a turn or turning -tropion (the eyelid) - entropion- turning of the eyelid in, eyelid rubs against the eye ectropion- the eyelid turns out -tropia (strabismus, squinting, the eyeball) esotropia- the eye is turned in exotropia- the eye is turned out hypertropia- the eye is turned up

partial paralysis of the extremities

acroparesis

amygdale

almond, tonsil, amygdala

Theater, Amphitheatre, and Arena

ambi- both, both sides, around, or about - theater- a viewing place, semicircle raised seating - amphitheatre- both theatres, a theatre placed around, Colosseum, used for gladiator battles and staging hunts - arena- sand at the bottom and open at the top

double vision

ambiopia

dull hearing

amblyacousia or amblyacusis

inability to swallow

aphagia

inability to speak

aphasia

dyskinesia that is defined by an inability to perform a given task/activity

apraxia

arteriae palpebrae lateralis

arteries of the lateral eyelid

paralysis of the joints

arthropalsy

Hysteria and the Wandering Womb

associated with the womb and women the uterus would move upward and push on the diaphragm causing rapid breathing, lose consciousness, be mentally agitated symptoms associated with being hysterical began being associated with both male and female

dyskinesia defined by a lack of coordination

ataxia

pinna, auricle, aricula

auricul/o external portion of the ear

penna

auricula

anatomy of the ear

auris externa- tympanic membrane out to the pinna auris media - tympanic membrane to the oval window (ausculs) auris interna- oval window into the cochlea/semicircular canals

axis axle, axis

axons get their name from an axle, has something going around it (myelin)

rock formed by great pressure

barolith

rock formed deep in the earth

batholith

phor-

bearing, carrying

macropinna microstoma

big wings and small mouth

mood disorder examples

bipolar disorder cyclothymia dysthymia depression

an abnormal erotic interest in eyelids

blepharophilia

limbic system root word

border

plexus, plexus

braided

pons, pontis, m..

bridge, helps with connecting

camera, -ae

camer/o, chamber, vault, cavity bicameral- two chambers aque/o- water, water-like, aqueous humor vitr/o. vitreo- glass, glass-like, vitreous humor hyal/o- glass, glass-like, vitreous humor

largest part of the brain

cerebrum

cerebrum, -i

cerebrum largest portion of the brain

earwax

cerumin/o

kyklos

circle, wheel, ciliary body cili/o, ciliar/o cilium, -i: eyelash, hair-like process

gyrification of tissue literally involves the making of what?

circles

keramos

clay, ceramics, ceramodontia

abnormal erotic interest in snail shells

cochleophilia

hemiplegia

complete paralysis of one side of the body

concha, -ae cochlea, -ae

conch/o - shell looks like a conch cochle/o- spiral land snail shell

dysphrasia dyslalia dysphasia dyslogia

condition of difficult speech

clonus

confusion, turmoil

conjunctiva, -ae

conjunctivitis- inflammation of the mucus membrane, pink eye pterygium- conjunctiva grows across the sclera pteryg/o, -pteryxm pter/o - wing, feather

spasmos

convulsion, wrenching, involuntary contraction

pupil

core/o

process of measuring the pupil

coreometry or pupillometry

cornea, -ae

cornea, horn keratos, horn; cornea

Grey matter of the spinal cord

cornu - horn polios- gray nux, nucis - nut nucelus, -i - kernel, little nut kary/o- kernel, cell nucleus fugere- to flee, efferent petere- to seek, afferent

in botany, a plant bearing bark

corticoferous

synonym for corticoafferent

corticopetal

rami nervorum craniales

cranial rami of the nerves

craniotomy

cutting into the skull

Traumatic Brain Injury

damage to the brain resulting from impact, blast waves, or a penetrating projectile

choreia

dancing, dancing movement use for dyskinetic movements

scotoma: root meaning

darkness

skotos

darkness scotoma- lone word, a thing of darkness, black spot in the middle of someone's vision nyct/o, noct/o - night

delirium

de + lira - away from the furrow state of mental confusion deviant behavior - someone off the path

dementia

de + mens, mentis, mind out of mind a loss of higher brain function, progressive

coma

deep sleep unresponsive to stimuli

delusion

deludere - to deceive persistent belief that is not based on reality

coreolysis

destruction of the pupil

hyperopia

difficulty seeing objects close up but able to see them far away

myopia

difficulty seeing objects far away but is able to see things close up

paralysis of two limbs

diplegia

medicus oculi

doctor of the eye hordeolum (sty)- lesion at the edge of the eyelid, infection chalazion- hail stone, different type of lesion on the eyelid, big knot, sebaceous cyst trichiasis- condition of the hair/eyelash, eyelash is rubbing against the eye epiphora- excessive tears cataracts/glaucoma- waterfall, thing that looks silvery (for them) couching of a cataract- take a needle and stick it into the eye and push the lens down to help someone see, they thought this would restore vision

another name for pachymeninx

dura mater

dystonia vs. dyskinesia

dystonia- resting tension of muscles dyskinesia- faulty movement pattern

auricul/o

ear

auris, is

ear

ototomy

ear

aur/o

ear aural atresia- no hole

ot/o

ear barotitis- pressure causing inflammation bathotitis- inflammation of the ear associated with depth

aur/o

ear or gold

cerumen, ceruminus cerumin/o

earwax

vomiting

emesis

encephalon

encephal/o - entire brain

complete paralysis of the brain

encephaloplegia or encephalopalsy

grand mal seizure (tonic-clonic seizure)

epilepsy that is a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups characterized by violent movements

Ancient Theories of Vision

extramission- light emitted from the eye intromission- light comes into the eye krystalloieideis/crystalline lens- this is where sight occurs according to them mittere, missium - to send mit-, miss- mitt-

snellen eye chart

eye chart used by eye care professionals and others to measure visual acuity

syncope

fainting

in which chamber (ventricle) of the brain, does the sensus communis exist according to Nemesius and later theorists.

first

deepest/separates lobes on an organ anatomical groove

fissura

Absence seizures (petit mal)

form of seizure consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of surroundings not that obvious

proso-, prostho-

forward, in front of, prosthetic

Parts of the Cerebrum

frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe

glue

gli/o

glia

glue

Knowing, Comprehension

gnosis- knowing, comprehending gnomon-a means of knowing, comprehension

substantia grisea

gray matter of the brain cell bodies making it look gray

chloropsia

green vision

which input would be processed by the sensus communis

gustus

hallucination

halucinari - to wander in mind, to dream when you sense something that is not actually there

labe

handle

acoust/o, acust/o

hearing

audi/o, audit/o

hearing

-acusis

hearing - presbyacusis- old age hearing - oxyacusis- keen hearing - bradyacusis- slow hearing -dysacusis- faulty or painful hearing -diplacusis- hearing things twice, echo -odynacusis- painful hearing

-acousia

hearing -amblyacousia- dull hearing -hemianacousia- hearing in one ear -paracousia- abnormal hearing

paralysis of the left side of the body

hemiplegia

inordinate fear of glass

hyalophobia vitreophobia

a super touchy dinosaur

hypertangosaurus supertangosaurus supertactosaurus hypertactosaurus

sleep seizures

hypnolepsy

hypnos

hypnosis, sleep, sleep inducing

abnormally low resting tension in his muscles

hypotonia

surgical removal of the aduitory ossicle called the anvil

incudectomy

surgical reconstruction of the anvil

incudoplasty

pachymeningitis

inflammation of the dura mater

leptomeningitis

inflammation of the pia mater

thalamus, -i

inner room, chamber, anterior portion of brain stem

noos, nous (noe-)

intellect, mind

iris, iridis

irid/o, ir/o - iris, rainbow this is where the eye color is iris is the goddess of the rainbow

colorful part of the eye

iris

cornea

kerat/o

lacrima, -ae, lacrimalis, -e

lacrim/o - tear dacry/o - tear

lex

law

lens, lentis

lent/o - lentil, lens phak/o, phac/o - lentil, lens important for the refraction of light

reading and diction

lex/o

Limbic System

limbus- edge, border collection of different structures short term and long term memory to be converted processing of emotional and autonomic sensory info to be put into memory

cerebellum, -i

little brain

fish-like dinosaur with large fins

macropennoichthyosaurus

large-winged dinosaur

macropinnosaurus macropennosaurus macropterosaurus macropterygosaurus

surgical removal of the auditory ossicle called the hammer

mallectomy

ossicles

malleus, i incus, incudis stapes, stepedis malle/o - hammer incud/o - anvil steped/o - stirrup

mania

mania- madness, frenzy, associated with bipolar disorder Maenad- would get in a frenzied state, usually female, associated with worshiping Dionysus -mania (as a suffix)- excessive fascination with

medulla, -ae

marrow

Meninges of the Nervous System

mater, matris- mother dura mater- hard mother pia mater- devoted mother subdural hematoma- blood tumor below the dura mater alma mater- nourishing mother maternal- mother matricide- killing of your mother

dinosaur with a large shell

megaconchosaurus

meninx, meningis, f.

membrane, film names for them were originally in Arabic and were translated into Latin

meninx, meningis, f.

membrane, used for the different membranes that envelop the brain

topomnesia

memory of places

midbrain

mesencephalon

miotic vs. mydriatic

mi/o or mei/o- less, fewer miotic- shrinkning of the pupil mydriatic- expansion of the pupil plei/o, pli/o, ple/o- more

phren

midriff, diaphragm, mind

mens, mentis

mind

weakness of muscles

myasthenia

durg designed to increase the size of the pupil

mydratic

myringa

myring/o - eardrum

tympanum

myringa

neurosis named after the mythological figure who fell in love with his own reflection

narcissism

rhinopalpebral

nasoblepharal

Galen, On the Use of the Parts III

nature does everything for a purpose, purpose for the creature (function) makes the best out of the matter of the universe neura (neuron)- nerves soma (somat/o)- body kephale- head parenkephalis- alongside the brain, the cerebellum notiaios myelos- spine marrow not/o- back koilos (coel-)- cavity, pouch psychikon pneuma- breath/soul of mental faculties prosthioai koiliai- forward cavities (ventricles) all the nerves should be coming off of the cerebellum, makes sense because we have a cavity. the rational soul exists in these cavities. nature puts a cavity by the cerebellum because you want that rational soul close to where the nerves are.

nervi ventriculorum cerebri lateralis

nerves of the ventricles of the lateral cerebrum

mind

no/o or phren/o

salpingemphraxis

obstruction of the Eustachian tube

oculus, -i

ophthalmo/o -eye ocul/o- eye

healthcare practitioner who works specifically with diseases of the eye

ophthalmologist

pars optica retinae posterioris

optic part of the posterior retina

healthcare practitioner whose name indicates that he or she measures vision

optometrist

taxis

order, arrangement, coordination

correct knowledge of comprehension

orthognosia

correct memory

orthomnesia

palpebra, -ae

palbebr/o - eyelid blephar/o - eyelid

type of hallucination

paracusis

abnormal/distorted speech

paralalia

-plegia

paralysis

Cerebral Palsy

paralysis caused by damage to the area of the brain responsible for movement quadriplegia, diplegia, hemplegia, triplegia, monoplegia

problem affecting one's emotions

parathymia

meatus, -us meat/o

passage, pathway

Phobos and Phobias

phobos - fear phobias - excessive fear of something, illfounded agoraphobia- fear of being in public acrophobia- fear of heights ataxophobia- fear of disorder ergophobia- fear of work Phobos was a son of Aries, Aries was a bad connotation of war, Phobos associated with Mars, he is the god of fear and strikes it into people during war

light

phos, photos lumen, luminis

hedone

pleasure

lobus, -i

pod, lobe

Stigma, Stigmata

point or mark astigmatism- there is a refractive error where the light coming into the eye does not have a focal point, multiple different area, irregularity in the cornea that causes this, vision problems stigmata- comes from roman catholic tradition, those who are closest to Christ will receive the same marks at Jesus did at Crucifixion.

inflammation of the grey matter of the whole brain

polioencephalitis or encephalopolitis

inflammation of the grey matter of the spinal cord

poliomyelitis

part of the brain whose name means bridge

pons

pars optica retinae posterior

posterior optic part of the retina

forebrain

prosencephalon

psychosis vs. neurosis

psychosis- disorientation, difficulty interacting with the world around them, more serious neurosis- psychological condition, anxiety present, faulty thinking or thought pattern, odd behaviors that can become crippling, no undistorted reality literal meaning is same, medical meaning is different

pupilla, -ae

pupill/o - pupil, little doll core/o, -coria - pupil, little doll if you look in a pupil, you see a small image of yourself and you look like a doll

a plant bearing roots

radicoferous

Spinal Nerves: radix, ramus

radix - root ramus - branch motor and sensory

Spinal Nerves: radix

radix, radicis (radiculus) - root rhiza - root

rami nervorum cranialium

rami of the cranial nerves

pathology of a nerve branch

ramopathy

Spinal Nerves: ramus

ramus, -i - branch

Pan and Panic Disorders

recurrent attacks of intense feelings with physical symptoms of a heart attack Pan - god that had goat legs, associated with creating anxiety/panic among people, this can happen in the woods or in war

thalamus, -i

relays sensory information from the cortex

retina, -ae

retin/o - retina looks like a net -schisis- split macul/o - spot

nasolacrimal

rhinodacryal

pathology of a nerve root

rhizopathy

cortex, corticis, m

rind. bark

a funiculoform structure is shaped like a __________

rope

tuba auditoria salpinx

salping/o - long tube, Eustachian tube, Fallopian tube came from the long thing with the bell on the end to call troops to order ears pop!

sclera, -ae

scler/o - sclera, hard sclera of the eye- white part

white outer coat of the eye

sclera

lepsis

seizure

somnus

sleep

sopor

sleep

-paresis

slight paralysis

stereo

solid, 3-dimensional

neuron

soma, axon, dendron neuron - nerve, sinew soma, somatos- body tendon

phacolysis

something that dissolves the lens

psyche

soul, mind

thymos

soul, seat of emotion dysthymia- condition of faulty emotion, low level depression cyclothymia- low level bipolarism, cycles of depression and mania without the full extremes

acousm/o, acousmat/o

sound

son/o

sound

phrasis

speech, phrase

arachn/o

spider arachnoid membrane resembles a spider web arachne- says she is good at weaving, even better than manerva, manerva reveals herself and arachne still says she is better than she is, they have a competition, manerva tries to show the greatness of the gods in her tapestry, but arachne shows sexual interactions of the gods, manerva loses, manerva hits arachne over the head with the beam of the loom and arachne is cursed to turn into a spider and will be weaving the rest of her life

sthen/o

strength

Stroke and Spinal Cord Injuries

stroke --> hemiplegia spinal cord injury --> paraplegia or quadriplegia

narke

stupor, sleep

Subdural vs. Epidural Hematoma

subdural- below dura mater - slower, very dangerous - symptoms: lack of coordination (ataxia), cephalalgia (headache), confusion (look at orientation) epidural- upon the dura mater

hard matter of the cerebrum

substantia dura cerebri

grey matter of the cerebrum

substantia grisea cerebri

pathos

suffering/affection; disease, emotion

Anatomical Grooves

sulcus, -i: furrow fissura (fissure), -ae: cleave, deeper fossa,-ae- shallow groove, similar to sulcus

arteriae auris superficiales

superficial arteries of the ear

excessive fascination with order

taxomania

Temperament

temperamentum, mixture based on humoral pathologies that lead to certain personality type 1. choleric - excessive amount of bile, considered easily angered or disturbed 2. melancholic - black bile, depressed 3. phlegmatic - excessive amount of phlegm, lethargic, slow 4. sanguine - excessive amount of blood, jovial and happy

part of the brain that filters and modifies information coming from the cerebral cortex whose name means room or chamber

thalamus

Refractive Error - Ametropia

the focal point is not hitting directly on the back side ametropia- lack of measured refraction myopia- near sighted, can see close, the focal point is too close hyperopia- far sighted, can see far away, the focal point is way behind

The Ventricular System of the Human Brain

the ventricles hold on the psychikon pneuma in the brain

vertigo

the world is spinning OR you are spinning

labyrinth

theseus and the minotaur- he kills the minotaur in the maze labyrinthus osseus- bony labyrinthus vestibularis- vestibular, balance, little room labyrinthus cochlearis- cochlea, shape of snail shell

θύμος vs. θυμός

thymo is a homomorphism: can mean thymus gland or seat of emotion θύμος - watery excretion from the thymus gland θυμός - rage of Achilles

kineein

to move

movere, motum

to move

ambul/o

to walk

tactic

touch

White Matter Terms

tractus- pathway, a dragging funiculus- funis, rope fasciculus, -i- fascis, a bundle of sticks

dendron

tree, branched structure

cerebrofugal blood flow moves away from the cerebrum

true

cerebropetal blood flow moves toward the cerebrum

true

the term melancholic comes from the ancient greek medical theory that human begins were born with certain humoral temperaments

true

Hippocampus

turning things into long term memory meaning horse hippocampus- things that pulled Poseidon chariot if you turn the hippocampus a certain way, it looks like a seahorse

condition of narrowing of the eardrum

tympanostenosis myringostenosis tympanostenia myringostenia

Parts of Vestibular System: utriculus and sacculus

utricul/o - small sac/bag, two large sacs in the labyrinth saccul/o- small sac endolymphatic duct uter/o- could mean uterus

ventriculi cerebri lateralis

ventricles of the lateral cerebrum

spondylogensis combining form meaning

vertebra

-opia, -opsia, -opsis

vision hyperopia - can see far away, far-sighted myopia - can see close up, near-sighted ambiopia/diplopia - both vision, double vision isopia- equal vision asthenopia- weak vision amblyopia- dull vision presbyopia- old age vision, close vision is bad meropia- partial vision achloropsia- lack of green vision erythropsia- you only see red stereopsis- can see 3-D object cyclopia and cyclops- cyclopia has only eye orbit, birth defect, both eye sockets are joined together, cyclops really meant round face, lots of pictures show cyclops with multiple eyes

scop/o

vision, view

cera, -ae cer/o

wax

concussion

when the brain is shaken violently concussus- shaken violently signs: 1. emesis- vomiting 2. nausea- sickness without vomiting 3. amnesia- lack of memory 4. hematoma - collection of blood

substantia alba

white matter myelnated axons make it look white

fenestra, -ae fenestr/o

window, opening

pinna, penna

wing, fin, feather

lexis

word, reading

logos

word, speech, thought