Media & Society Exam 1
By the mid 1700's, printing and libraries of information were among the engines driving the ______ Revolution
Industrial
True or False. New technologies have dramatically blurred the distinctions among various types of media
True
True or False. The functions provided by a news service and a wire service are the same
True
Which of the following statements regarding the ownership of media companies is accurate?
a small number of large conglomerates own most media outlets
The major challenge facing media industries today is that of
capturing a mass audience that has become fragmented
A news service (formerly known as a wire service)
collects new stories and distributes them to the members of the service
In its simplest form ________ is the transmission of a message from a source to a receiver
communication
To which of the following does the term "new deserts" refer?
communities that have no sources of local news
CBS Corporation owns the CBS and Showtime television networks, CBS Radio, Charles Scribner's Sons publishing, and a number of other ventures. What is this an example of?
conglomeration
The erosion of traditional distinguishing characteristics of specific types of media is called
convergence
The fact that you can now use your cell phone to access a New York Times news story and view an accompanying video is an example of
convergence
The New York Morning Herald debuted the _________ system to ensure getting the best stories from around the country and the world.
correspondent
From 2015 to 2016, U.S. magazine industry revenue
declined
In the past 15 years, the share of all television viewing commanded by the four major television broadcast networks has
declined significantly
Which of the following refers to radical change in an industry that is caused by the introduction of a new technology or product?
disruptive transition
Some media professionals defend concentration and conglomeration because they point out that as the size of an operation grows, the cost of its output declines. What is this known as?
economies of scale
When a message is transformed into an understandable sign and symbol system, the process is referred to as
encoding
What is the most visited website in the United States?
Over the last several years, newspapers' print advertising revenues..
fell, continuing a downward trend
Which of the following statements about competing newspapers is true in the 21st century?
few cities can support more than one daily newspaper
Todays top-rated TV show draws how many television viewers compared to CHEERS, the top-rated program in 1990?
fewer
As the characteristics of media consumption have changed, media industries are adjusting to be able to cater to an audience that is
fragmented into a great number of niches
The idea that "nothing succeeds like success" helps to explain Hollywood's trend toward
franchise films
The ownership of media outlets by the large, multinational conglomerates is an example of
globalization
When newspapers place advertising on their front page, this is an example of
hyper commercialism
When Kayne West includes brand names in his song lyrics in exchange for cash, this is an example of
hyper-commercialism
Television executives can wait days or weeks for the ratings of new programs. This is an example of _________ feedback.
inferential
The message in the traditional mass communication model is typically
inflexible and unalterable
You read an article about an American presidential candidate's trip to England. The headline is large and the article is on the right side of the front page. What is the precise placement and size of the article known as?
its production value
According to critics of technological determinism, technology is __________ economic and cultural change
just one of many factors that shape
Th process of creating shared meaning between the mass media and their audience is known as
mass communication
In what way do the new digital technologies promise increased audience fragmentation?
media content can now be personalized to a single person's interests
Which of the following terms refers to the ability to effectively comprehend and use mass media content?
media literacy
How has concentration of ownership of media companies impacted the information that is available to consumers?
media mergers have limited the range of information available to consumers
Johannes Gutenberg changed the world forever when, in or around 1446, he invented
movable metal type
critics of technological determinism maintain that technology is ____, and that what really matters is how humans ____ technology
neutral; use
What significant development occurred in the newspaper business in the 1930's?
newspaper publishers began to sell space to advertisers in order to finance their papers
The "penny press" referred to as
newspaper written for all classes of people
Hypercommercialism refers to a situation in which
newspapers give as much or more importance to advertising than to news
Why are newspapers such an important tool for advertisers?
newspapers provide advertisers with a large number of readers with high disposable income in a localized setting
What types of information did the first colonial newspapers report?
- foreign news - royal proclamations - shipping information - reprints of articles from London
Media consumers are becoming
- more fragmented - less of a mass audience
When were newspapers sold by subscription only?
Partisan press
What was the one innovation that D. W. Griffith introduced to filmmaking?
a shooting script
The idea that the media tell us what to think about rather than what to think is called
agenda setting
Which of the following refers to the process by which the audience becomes less of a mass audience and its individual segments become more narrowly defined?
audience fragmentation
Which of the following was true after the Paramount Decision of 1948?
block booking was ruled illegal
Filmmaking characterized by reduced risk taking and formulaic movies is called
blockbuster mentality
On what important type of newspaper coverage did Greeley's New York Tribune focus?
issues-oriented reporting
Why was the creation of wire services so significant to the news business?
it was cheaper for newspapers to use wire services instead of sending reporters out into every location
Why was Benjamin Day's New York Sun so successful?
it was full of crime and entertainment news
Pass-along refers to
readers who did not originally purchase the paper
What is the United States' dominant leisure activity?
television viewing
In what way can even users of social networking sites like Facebook now be considered content producers?
though some users simply connect with friends and family, many others often post a variety of personally created content
What was the basic purpose of the Motion Picture Production Code?
to forbid profanity and risque scènes in movies
The media is referred to as a watchdog because
when newspaper profits decrease, so does other news media
Which of the following is an example of narrowcasting?
on televison, Nickelodeon targets kids as its primary audience, while TV Land is geared to baby boomers
Even while overall print circulation is failing, ______ brings 100 million people a day and 200 million a week in touch with newspaper content
pass-along readership
What is considered to be the first mass produced product?
printed materials
General Motors pays the producers of the Transformers movies to feature its cars in each new release. This is an example of
product placement
What term refers to the mixing of specific branded products into media content for a fee?
product placement
To what does the term "day-and-date release" refer?
releasing a movie in a combination of theater, DVD, download, or video-on-demand simultaneously
Compared to 15 years ago, the major broadcast television networks' share of the prime time viewing audience is now
roughly halved
Groups of demographically targeted people that are bound by little more than an interest in a given form of media content are referred to as
taste publics
The term "________ determinism" refers to the idea that machines and their development drive economic and cultural change
technological
Which of the following groups buys a disproportionately large percentage of movie tickets in the United States?
teenagers and young adults
Among the elements of media literacy is "an understanding of media content as a ____________ that provides insight into our culture and our lives"
text
Following current trends, which of the following is likely to be essential for reading any form of news media over the next decade?
the Internet
Which among the following has caused newspapers the most financial harm?
the Internet has taken away the newspaper industry's classified advertising business
What is the third-person effect?
the attitude that others are influenced by media messages but we are not
Why is selling ad space on the front page considered evidence of hyper commercialism
the front page has traditionally been reserved for the most important news
What is technological determinism?
the idea that technology and its development drive economic and social change
What was the North Star?
the most significant African-American newspaper before the Civil War
What explains the fact that by 1955 movie attendance had dropped to levels even below those during the Great Depression?
the number of people with televisions had greatly increased
In addition to technology, which of the following is the principle factor contributing to the changes that newspapers face?
the readers
Which of the following describes characteristics of the way in which a programming message is delivered in the traditional mass communication process?
the results are finite, with a program either succeeding or failing
Marshall McLuhan argued that the advent of print was the key to our modern consciousness. What did he mean?
It allowed literacy to become available to everyone
Perhaps the most important event in the history of communication over the past one thousand years was the invention in or around 1446 of a highly effective printing process by
Johannes Gutenberg
Which of the following statements about the impact of media are accurate?
- We may respond to media on an emotional or intellectual basis, or both - Media both delight and annoy - Media is all pervasive in our lives that we often fail to notice their presence
Which of the following are examples of types of feedback in the traditional model of the mass communication process?
- a magazines circulation - a television program's ratings - box office statistics for a film
The ability to enjoy, understand, and appreciate media content involves using multiple points of access, which includes the ability to do which of the following?
- approach movies, tv shows, and other media content from a variety of viewpoints - draw many levels of meaning from media content
What are the characteristics of feedback in the traditional model of the mass communication?
- feedback produces little more than basic information about the audience - feedback is delayed - feedback is inferential
Which of the following are true of the disruptive transition electronic media have represented for newspapers?
- new media have led to changes in the relationship between newspapers and readers - Newspapers must secure an identity for themselves in an increasingly crowded media environment - newspapers faced similar challenges in the past and survived
Which of the following were major effects that the penny press had on the field of journalism?
- newspaper companies generated new income based on their advertising potential - newspaper coverage began to be designed to appeal to the masses - newspapers became less concerned about business news and more about local news
Which of the following are reasons newspapers are attractive to advertisers as an advertising medium?
- newspaper readers are likely to be more educated and have higher household incomes than nonreaders - newspapers have a broad reach, with 2/3rds of all Americans reading a paper in print or online every month -newspapers are local
Which of the following is a characteristic of yellow journalism?
- sensational sex - crime - disaster news
Which of the following are ways that video-game consoles exemplify convergence?
- the consoles offer original programming -the consoles allow users to view online movies -the consoles provide access to the Internet
If we lack the element of media literacy referred to as "strategies for analyzing and discussing media messages," then
- the power to interpret media content rests solely with its creator, and not with us - the meaning of the messages is made for us by the creator
Which of the following are examples of media convergence?
- the simultaneous release of a music CD in stores, streaming for free on the internet, and available for temporary download through a music site - the launch of a film in theaters as well as on demand via a satellite television provider, on the iPad, and streamed over the Internet
Which of the following are general concerns when large, multinational conglomerates make the majority of media acquisitions?
- with an eye toward an expanding worldwide market, media companies may tailor their content to the widest possible global audience - local media industries and local cultures will be overwhelmed by the programs of large, multinational conglomerates - foreign corporations may try to influence media content to suit their own purposes
Why is competition among newspapers declining?
-competing newspapers are going out of business -large newspaper companies are buying up smaller, competing newspapers
The ability to understand and use any form of meditated communication effectively and efficiently is known as
Media literacy
Why is it that people rarely question their own role in the mass communication process?
People participate almost without conscious effort
What was the first daily newspaper in colonial America?
Publick Ocurrences Both Foreign and Domestick
Which of the following is an example of applying the media literacy skill of "development of heightened expectations of media content"?
Reading a number of reviews before renting a DVD
Which of the following was the first movie to use editing and montage?
The Great Train Robbery
Which of the following statements regarding the U.S. newspaper industry from 2016 to 2017 is accurate?
Daily circulation of print newspapers declined
What occurred during the Industrial Revolution that caused a growing audience for printed information and entertainment?
Factory jobs left workers with more leisure time
The "day-and-date release" experiment has been largely unsuccessful, as it makes it seem like the producers already know the program will fail
False
True or False. Industrialization increased the time necessary to complete work, meaning working people spent more time working.
False
When we use our feelings as a point of departure for meaning making, we are using which of the following media literacy skills?
The ability to distinguish emotional from reasoned reactions when responding to content and to act accordingly
Which of the following statements about the impact of media on our daily lives is the most accurate?
The media does not shape our thinking by themselves, we are participants in the process
Which of the following best describes what happened when early newspaper publishers began selling advertising space based on their readership?
The newspapers were, in effect, selling their readers to their advertisers
Which of the following are examples of consumers who are content producers?
- 2 friends making a digital video game - a musician releasing her music online - an individual who publishes a blog
The following statements regarding the differences between the Osgood-Schramm mass communication model and the interpersonal communication model are correct?
- Interpersonal communication involves a message, whereas mass communication involves "many identical messages" - The mass communication model specifies feedback, whereas in interpersonal communication there is clearly defined instance of feedback - In contact to just a few receivers in interpersonal communication, mass communication involves many receivers
Which of the following statements regarding media literacy are true?
- Media literacy is a learnable skill - Th skill of media literacy requires practice
Which of the following is an accurate description of the audience's role in the mass communication process?
- The audiences degree of media literacy affects their analysis of a products quality and the accuracy of information communicated - In choosing which products to consume, audiences affect the nature of the products most likely to be created and distributed
Which of the following statements are true about a television network's products and customers?
- The television network sells its audience as a product to advertisers - The television network sells its programs as a product to its audience
Which of the following takes place in the simplest form of communication?
A message is transmitted from a source to a receiver
During American colonial times, a broadside was
A single-sheet announcement or account of events from England.