Medical Physiology Test 3 CH14 HW Qs
In the proximal tubule, the ratio of reabsorption of Na+ to reabsorption of water is approximately _________. A. 1:1 B. 0.67:1 C. 1:0.33 D. 0.33:1 E. 1:0.67
A. 1:1
Which region of the nephron is always impermeable to water? A. Ascending limb of the loop of Henle B. Collecting duct C. Proximal convoluted tubule D. Descending limb of the loop of Henle
A. Ascending limb of the loop of Henle
The primary site for K+ secretion in the nephron is _________. A. the descending limb of the loop of Henle B. the cortical collecting duct C. the proximal convoluted tubule D. Bowman's capsule E. the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
B. the cortical collecting duct
From the proximal tubule, fluid next enters the nephron segment known as _________. A. the macula densa B. the loop of Henle C. the collecting duct D. the distal convoluted tubule E. Bowman's capsule
B. the loop of Henle
The volume of fluid filtered from renal glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit of time is called the _________. A. renal clearance rate or RCR B. secretion rate C. excretion rate D. glomerular filtration rate or GFR
D. glomerular filtration rate or GFR
A net loss of hydrogen ions will ________ arterial plasma pH, a condition called. A. decrease, alkalosis B. decrease, acidosis C. increases acidosis D. increase, alkalosis
D. increase, alkalosis
The two general types of nephrons in the kidneys are the _______ and ________. (all that apply) A. efferent B. afferent C. ascending D. juxtamedullary E. descending F. cortical
D. juxtamedullary F. cortical
Differences in the permeability of the nephron epithelium to water are partly based on the differential expression of membrane proteins that form water channels known as __________.
aquaporins
The maximum concentration gradient of the renal medullary interstitial is determined by the capacity of the active transport pumps in the __________ limb of the loop of Henle
ascending
When the atria walls are stretched due to increased blood volume, ___________ ___________ _____________ is released and acts as an endogenous diuretic to lower blood volume.
atrial natriuretic peptide
_______ is an endogenous substance released into the blood by muscle cells that can be used as a clinical indicator to estimate the glomerular filtration rate.
creatinine
Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of ___________, and the secretion of ___________, in the cortical collecting duct.
sodium, potassium
Voluntary prevention of urine voiding during the micturition reflex is effected by strong input from _______ neurons. A. somatic motor B. parasympathetic C. sympathetic D. cerebellar
somatic motor
A decrease in arterial blood pressure ________ (stimulates or inhibits) the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and ____________ (increases or decreases) Na+ reabsorption in the tubules.
stimulates, increases
Drugs used to lower blood volume by increasing the volume of urine excreted are called ___________.
diuretics
Water reabsorption from the proximal tubule occurs by a specific type of diffusion known as ___________.
osmosis
The normal pH of the extracellular fluid is _________.
7.4
Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption in which two regions of the nephron? (all that apply) A. Cortical collecting ducts B. Distal convoluted tubules C. Loop of Henle D. Proximal convoluted tubules
A. Cortical collecting ducts B. Distal convoluted tubules
Which of the following are normally excluded from the filtrate entering Bowman's space? (all that apply) A. Globulins B. Albumins C. Charged ions, like Na+ and K+ D. Fatty acids bound to plasma proteins E. Glucose F. Red blood cells
A. Globulins B. Albumins D. Fatty acids bound to plasma proteins F. Red blood cells
Which of these substances is a principle urinary buffer that aids in the excretion of H+? A. HPO42- B. Insulin C. H2CO3 D. K+ E. Hemoglobin
A. HPO42-
When blood pressure increases, this inhibits the secretion of the enzyme _______ from the juxtaglomerular apparatus. A. Renin B. Angiotensin II C. Aldosterone D. Antidiuretic hormone
A. Renin
Compared to the amounts filtered at the glomerulus, which one of the following normally undergoes the smallest fractional reabsorption by the kidney? A. Urea B. Sodium C. Water D. Glucose
A. Urea
Which of these would occur following a loss of Na+ and water from the body due to diarrhea? (all that apply) A. a compensatory decrease in net glomerular filtration pressure B. arterial blood pressure would decrease from normal C. a compensatory constriction of afferent renal arterioles D. a compensatory increase in glomerular filtration rate E. renal excretion of Na+ and water would be increased
A. a compensatory decrease in net glomerular filtration pressure B. arterial blood pressure would decrease from normal C. a compensatory constriction of afferent renal arterioles
The primary steroid hormone responsible for regulating the reabsorption of Na+ by the cortical collecting ducts is ________. A. aldosterone B. renin C. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) D. cortisol E. vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone ADH)
A. aldosterone
An increase in total-body Na+ will result in ________. (all that apply) A. an increase in blood volume B. an increase in extracellular fluid volume C. an increase in blood pressure D. an increase in intracellular fluid volume E. decreased urinary excretion of Na+
A. an increase in blood volume B. an increase in extracellular fluid volume C. an increase in blood pressure
Under normal physiological conditions, the most important stimulator of brain thirst centers is _________. A. an increases in plasma osmolarity B. a decrease in angiotensin II C. an increase in plasma volume D. a decrease in plasma osmolarity
A. an increases in plasma osmolarity
Which of these classes of drugs are used to treat hypertension? (all that apply) A. angiotensin II receptor-blocking drugs B. aldosterone receptor-blocking drugs C. drugs that inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme D. drugs that stimulate conversion of angiotensinogen into angiotensin I E. drugs that stimulate aldosterone receptor
A. angiotensin II receptor-blocking drugs B. aldosterone receptor-blocking drugs C. drugs that inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme
Aquaporins regulated by vasopressin are inserted on the _______ surface of collecting duct epithelial cells. A. apical B. basolateral
A. apical
Angiotensin II _________. (all that apply) A. causes constriction of arterioles B. is secreted by juxtaglomerular cells C. decreases systemic blood pressure D. stimulates aldosterone secretion E. inhibits aldosterone secretion
A. causes constriction of arterioles D. stimulates aldosterone secretion
Which conditions are commonly treated with diuretics? (all that apply) A. congestive heart failure B. eczema C. edema D. psoriasis E. hypotension F. hypertension
A. congestive heart failure C. edema F. hypertension
Tubular reabsorption of bicarbonate occurs in the ___________. A. cortical collecting duct B. medullary collecting duct C. ascending limb of the loop of Henle D. descending limb of the loop of Henle E. distal convoluted tubule F. proximal convoluted tubule
A. cortical collecting duct C. ascending limb of the loop of Henle F. proximal convoluted tubule
Which of the following are proximal tubule mechanisms by which Na+ enters tubular epithelial cells from the nephron lumen? (all that apply) A. cotransport with organic nutrients B. facilitated diffusion through Na+-channels C. countertransport with H+ D. countertransport with K+
A. cotransport with organic nutrients C. countertransport with H+
Increased activity of the renal sympathetic nerves _______. (all that apply) A. decreases the glomerular filtration rate B. stimulate vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles C. occurs in response to an increase in body sodium and increase in blood pressure D. stimulates the secretion of renin from the juxtaglomerular cells E. dilates the afferent arterioles and constricts the efferent arterioles, increasing GFR
A. decreases the glomerular filtration rate B. stimulate vasoconstriction of the afferent arterioles D. stimulates the secretion of renin from the juxtaglomerular cells
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which water and solutes are moved from the nephron tubule into the renal interstitium? A. mediated transport B. bulk flow C. diffusion D. osmosis
B. bulk flow
Which of the following would result in increased glomerular filtration rate? (all that apply) A. dilation of the afferent arterioles B. dilation of the efferent arterioles C. constriction of the afferent arterioles D. simultaneous dilation of afferent and efferent arterioles E. constriction of the efferent arterioles
A. dilation of the afferent arterioles E. constriction of the efferent arterioles
Which of these is a disease caused by a genetic mutation in a transport protein that reduced the reabsorption of glucose? A. familial renal glucosuria B. glycogenesis maximus C. diabetes mellitus D. diabetes insipidus
A. familial renal glucosuria
If a substance undergoes net tubular reabsorption in the kidney, its __________ will be greater than its __________. A. filtered load; excretion rate B. plasma concentration; urinary concentration C. excretion rate; filtered load D. renal vein plasma concentration; renal artery concentration
A. filtered load; excretion rate
Potassium ions are _______. (all that apply) A. freely filtered by glomerular capillaries B. secreted into the loop of Henle C. secreted into the cortical collecting ducts D. reabsorbed in the cortical collecting duct E. reabsorbed from the proximal tubule
A. freely filtered by glomerular capillaries C. secreted into the cortical collecting ducts E. reabsorbed from the proximal tubule
Net glomerular filtration is equal to _________. A. glomerular capillary pressure minus hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space minus glomerular capillary osmotic force B. glomerular capillary pressure plus hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space minus glomerular capillary osmotic force C. glomerular capillary pressure minus hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space plus glomerular capillary osmotic force D. glomerular capillary pressure plus hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space plus glomerular capillary osmotic force
A. glomerular capillary pressure minus hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space minus glomerular capillary osmotic force
Inulin ______. (all that apply) A. has a renal clearance equal to the glomerular filtration rate B. is secreted by the nephron C. is a plant compound D. is reabsorbed by the nephron E. is filtered into Bowman's capsule
A. has a renal clearance equal to the glomerular filtration rate C. is a plant compound E. is filtered into Bowman's capsule
juxtamedullary nephrons _________. (all that apply) A. have longer loops of Henle than cortical nephrons B. have their renal corpuscles near the cortical-medullary junction C. are more numerous than cortical nephrons D. have their renal corpuscles very near the outer capsule of the kidney E. have loops of Henle that are responsible for generating an osmotic gradient in the medulla
A. have longer loops of Henle than cortical nephrons B. have their renal corpuscles near the cortical-medullary junction E. have loops of Henle that are responsible for generating an osmotic gradient in the medulla
A net gain of hydrogen ions results from ________. (all that apply) A. hypoventilation B. loss of HCO3- in urine C. hyperventilation D. vomiting
A. hypoventilation B. loss of HCO3- in urine
Which are actions of parathyroid hormone on the kidneys? (all that apply) A. increases reabsorption of Ca2+ B. decreases reabsorption of Ca2+ C. increases reabsorption of urea D. increases reabsorption of phosphate E. decreases reabsorption of phosphate F. activates hydroxylation that activates vitamin D
A. increases reabsorption of Ca2+ E. decreases reabsorption of phosphate F. activates hydroxylation that activates vitamin D
The absence of vasopressin _______ the flow of urine, which is referred to as __________. A. increases; water diuresis B. decreases; water diuresis C. increases; osmotic diuresis D. decreases; osmotic diuresis E. increases; pressure natiuresis
A. increases; water diuresis
atrial natriuretic peptide _________. (all that apply) A. is secreted by the atria of the heart in response to high blood volume B. reduces blood volume by causing the excretion of more K+ C. increases the reabsorption of water in the cortical collecting ducts D. reduces blood volume by inhibiting the reabsorption of Na+ E. is secreted by the kidneys in response to stretching of the afferent arterioles
A. is secreted by the atria of the heart in response to high blood volume D. reduces blood volume by inhibiting the reabsorption of Na+
Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH _________. A. is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland B. is secreted from the hypothalamus C. is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland D. is secreted from the adrenal medulla E. is secreted from atrial cells of the heart
A. is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland
Why is urea reabsorbed from the collecting duct back into the interstitial fluid of the inner medulla of the kidney? A. it contributes to the high medullary osmolarity B. because it is a nutrient that can be converted to ATP C. to reduce the osmolarity of the urine that is formed D. to regulate the acid-base status of the body
A. it contributes to the high medullary osmolarity
Compensation for hydrogen ion imbalances that result from respiratory system malfunction are performed mainly by the _______. A. kidneys B. brain C. skin D. gastrointestinal tract E. heart
A. kidneys
Routes by which body water is lost from the body include _______. (all that apply) A. menstrual flow B. metabolic condensation reactions C. sweat and feces D. liquids and moist foods E. urine F. insensible routes
A. menstrual flow C. sweat and feces E. urine F. insensible routes
Transport of Na+ from the tubular lumen into cortical collecting duct cells ________. A. occurs by diffusion of Na+ through ion channels, down a concentration gradient B. occurs by active transport against a Na+ concentration gradient C. occurs by diffusion of Na+ through ion channels against a concentration gradient D. always occurs via primary active transport
A. occurs by diffusion of Na+ through ion channels, down a concentration gradient
Mannitol is filtered into the nephron but is a solute which can't be reabsorbed, so it acts as a(n) _________ diuretic. A. osmotic B. loop C. carbonic anhydrase inhibitor D. K+-sparing
A. osmotic
The major intracellular buffers are ________ and __________. (all that apply) A. phosphates B. sulfates C. degenerates D. bicarbonate E. proteins
A. phosphates E. proteins
The long-term regulation of Na+ excretion is _______. A. physiologically controlled via Na+ reabsorption in the distal tubule and cortical collecting duct B. mainly dependent on the control of GFR C. physiologically controlled by the level of vasopressin D. mainly dependent on the reabsorption of water from the loop of Henle and medullary collecting duct
A. physiologically controlled via Na+ reabsorption in the distal tubule and cortical collecting duct
The primary mechanism driving Na+ reabsorption is ______ surface of tubular epithelial cells. A. primary active transport at the basolateral B. secondary active transport at the luminal C. primary active transport at the apical D. facilitated diffusion at the apical
A. primary active transport at the basolateral
Which are functions performed by the vasa recta? (all that apply) A. release salt into the interstitium as they ascend toward the renal cortex B. absorb NaCl as they descending into the renal medulla C. filter plasma and small solutes into Bowman's capsule D. secrete renin when the arterial blood pressure falls below normal E. absorb water as they ascend toward the renal cortex
A. release salt into the interstitium as they ascend toward the renal cortex B. absorb NaCl as they descending into the renal medulla E. absorb water as they ascend toward the renal cortex
To compensate for acidosis, the kidneys _______. (all that apply) A. secrete H+ into the tubular fluid B. minimize excretion of HCO3- in urine C. produce urine that is more alkaline than normal D. increase the excretion of HCO3- in the urine E. synthesize and add new HCO3- into plasma
A. secrete H+ into the tubular fluid B. minimize excretion of HCO3- in urine E. synthesize and add new HCO3- into plasma
Increased arterial blood pressure reduces Na+ reabsorption by __________. (all that apply) A. stimulating pressure natriuresis B. inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system C. activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system D. inhibiting the release of vasopressin
A. stimulating pressure natriuresis B. inhibiting the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Water movement across the proximal tubule epithelium occurs because ________. A. the active transport of solutes from the lumen to the interstitial fluid creates an osmotic gradient B. there is an abundance of ATP-driven water pumps in the basolateral membrane of the epithelial cells, keeping the cytosol water concentration low C. the balance of Starling's forces across the epithelial barrier favors movement out of the tubule D. of the high concentration of proteins in the renal medullary interstitial space
A. the active transport of solutes from the lumen to the interstitial fluid creates an osmotic gradient
What is the major mechanism by which the level of body potassium is homeostatically regulated? A. the rate of potassium excretion by the kidneys B. the rate of potassium ingestion C. the rate of GI potassium absorption D. the rate of potassium lost in sweat
A. the rate of potassium excretion by the kidneys
Cells of the medullary collecting duct reabsorb __________. (all that apply) A. urea B. calcium C. glucose D. water E. potassium
A. urea D. water
What would be the renal clearance of urea assuming that V=20 ml/min, U=7.5 mg/ml of urea, and P=2 mg/ml of urea? A. 25 ml/min B. 75 ml/min C. 5.3 ml/min D. 15 ml/min
B. 75 ml/min
Within the kidney, protein-free fluid filters from glomerular capillaries directly into ________. A. the renal pelvis B. Bowman's space C. interstellar space D. the juxtaglomerular apparatus E. the medullary interstitial space
B. Bowman's space
Which of these results in a decreased renal blood flow and an increase in glomerular filtration rate? A. Constriction of the afferent arterioles B. Constriction of the efferent arterioles C. Dilation of the afferent arterioles D. Dilation of the efferent arterioles
B. Constriction of the efferent arterioles
What part of the nephron does not actively transport NaCl? A. Proximal convoluted tubule B. Descending limb of the loop of Henle C. Ascending limb of the loop of Henle D. Distal convoluted tubule
B. Descending limb of the loop of Henle
When the kidney is compensating for acidosis _________. (all that apply) A. the rate of filtration of HCO3- at Bowman's capsule increases B. H+ is excreted as H2PO4- and NH4+ C. H+ is eliminated as glutamine D. all filtered HCO3- is reabsorbed E. all of the HCO3- that enters the renal capillaries originated in the filtrate
B. H+ is excreted as H2PO4- and NH4+ D. all filtered HCO3- is reabsorbed
Which is TRUE about the filtrate in the nephron in the cortical collecting duct when the plasma vasopressin concentration is high? A. It is not affected by vasopressin, maintaining an osmolarity near 100 mOsm/L B. It equilibrates with the cortical interstitial fluid at an osmolarity of about 300 mOsm/L C. It is not affect by vasopressin, but constitutive reabsorption of NaCl reduces the osmolarity to about 80 mOsm/L D. It becomes extremely concentrated, with an osmolarity of about 1400 mOsm/L
B. It equilibrates with the cortical interstitial fluid at an osmolarity of about 300 mOsm/L
In the cortical collecting duct, the reabsorption of ________ is coupled to the secretion of __________. A. K+, water B. Na+, K+ C. Na+, water D. water, Na+ E. K+, Na+
B. Na+, K+
Rank the substances according to their rate of excretion by the kidney, from the slowest excretion at the top to the fastest at the bottom. A. Substance C: Freely filtered into Bowman's space, and 98% of the amount filtered is reabsorbed. B. Substance V: Freely filtered into Bowman's space, and 100% of the amount filtered is reabsorbed. C. Substance T: Freely filtered into Bowman's space, and 100% of the amount not filtered is secreted.
B. Substance V: Freely filtered into Bowman's space, and 100% of the amount filtered is reabsorbed. A. Substance C: Freely filtered into Bowman's space, and 98% of the amount filtered is reabsorbed. C. Substance T: Freely filtered into Bowman's space, and 100% of the amount not filtered is secreted.
Which generalization about Na+ and water handling by the nephron are normally TRUE? (all that apply) A. Most Na+ and water reabsorption occurs in the distal tubule and collecting duct, but hormonal control is primarily regulated in the proximal tubule B. Water reabsorption is by osmosis (passive) and is dependent upon Na+ reabsorption C. Regulation of the final amounts of Na+ and water that are excreted in the urine is determined by the amount secreted into nephron tubules D. Na+ reabsorption is an active process occurring in all tubular segments except the descending loop of Henle
B. Water reabsorption is by osmosis (passive) and is dependent upon Na+ reabsorption D. Na+ reabsorption is an active process occurring in all tubular segments except the descending loop of Henle
The walls of the nephron are composed of __________. A. multiple layers of smooth muscle surrounding a single layer of endothelial cells. B. a single epithelial-cell layer C. a single layer of endothelial cells D. a smooth-muscle cell layer surrounding multiple layers of epithelial cells
B. a single epithelial-cell layer
In the micturition reflex, stretch receptors in the bladder wall activate ________ neurons, which enter the spinal cord and stimulate __________ neurons to the bladder and inhibit __________ neurons to the internal urethral sphincter A. afferent, sympathetic, parasympathetic B. afferent, parasympathetic, sympathetic C. parasympathetic, sympathetic, afferent D. sympathetic, afferent, parasympathetic E. parasympathetic, afferent, sympathetic
B. afferent, parasympathetic, sympathetic
Which if these accurately describes part of the homeostatic response to a decrease in total body Na+ A. an increase in the amount of Na+ excreted B. an increase in the amount of Na+ reabsorbed C. an increase in the amount of Na+ secreted D. a decrease in the amount of Na+ filtered E. a decrease in the amount of Na+ secreted
B. an increase in the amount of Na+ reabsorbed D. a decrease in the amount of Na+ filtered
A person with chronic metabolic acidosis will have arterial P(vco2) values that are ________ normal. A. above B. below C. the same as
B. below
The external urethral sphincter _________. A. is part of the detrusor muscle B. can be voluntarily controlled in adults C. is composed of smooth muscle D. is composed of skeletal muscle E. can prevent urination even when the detrusor muscle contracts
B. can be voluntarily controlled in adults D. is composed of skeletal muscle E. can prevent urination even when the detrusor muscle contracts
Failure of the posterior pituitary to release vasopressin causes _______ diabetes insipidus, whereas failure of the kidneys to respond to vasopressin causes _______ diabetes insipidus. A. water; osmotic B. central; nephrogenic C. osmogenic; flow-induced D. endocrine; exocrine
B. central; nephrogenic
In the process of reabsorbing filtered HCO3-, the secreted H+ _________. (all that apply) A. is secreted into the epithelial cells across the basolateral membrane from the peritubular capillaries B. combines with HCO3- in the lumen to ultimately become CO2 and H2 C. represents a net loss of H+ D. is derived from H2CO3 generated by carbonic anhydrase within epithelial cells
B. combines with HCO3- in the lumen to ultimately become CO2 and H2 D. is derived from H2CO3 generated by carbonic anhydrase within epithelial cells
Which of the following are used in the equation for calculating the renal clearance of a given substance. (all that apply) A. molecular weight of the substance B. concentration of substance in plasma C. glomerular filtration rate D. urine volume per unit time E. concentration of substance in urine
B. concentration of substance in plasma D. urine volume per unit time E. concentration of substance in urine
The glomerular filtrate normally ___________. A. is identical in composition to urine B. contains small solutes but no cells and few proteins C. has a high concentration of large proteins D. is identical in composition to plasma
B. contains small solutes but no cells and few proteins
The renal corpuscles are located in the renal _________. A. pelvis B. cortex C. papillae D. hilum E. medulla
B. cortex
Tubular reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule involves which of the following mechanisms? A. primary active transport from the cytosol of epithelial cells into the tubule lumen B. countertransport with H+, with Na+ moving from the filtrate into epithelial cells C. countertransport with glucose and amino acids, with Na+ moving from epithelial cells into the interstitial fluid D. facilitated diffusion from epithelial cells into the interstitial fluid E. primary active transport from epithelial cells into the interstitial fluid F. cotransport with glucose and amino acids from the filtrate into epithelial cells
B. countertransport with H+, with Na+ moving from the filtrate into epithelial cells E. primary active transport from epithelial cells into the interstitial fluid F. cotransport with glucose and amino acids from the filtrate into epithelial cells
Which two are effects resulting from increased vasopressin? A. increased Na+ reabsorption B. decreased excretion of water C. decreased arterial blood pressure D. increased aldosterone secretion E. widespread arteriolar constriction
B. decreased excretion of water E. widespread arteriolar constriction
In which region of the nephron is the osmolarity of the filtrate the lowest in a normally-hydrated person? A. Bowman's capsule B. distal convoluted tubule C. proximal convoluted tubule D. descending limb of the loop of Henle E. thin ascending limb of the loop of Henle
B. distal convoluted tubule
Which of these hormones/substances are produced by the kidneys? (all that apply) A. cortisol B. erythropoietin C. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D D. epinephrine E. renin
B. erythropoietin C. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D E. renin
Active transport of Na+ out of tubular epithelial cells via primary active transport _________. A. alters the permeability of these cells to Na+ at the apical surface B. establishes a concentration gradient for movement of Na+ into the cells from the tubular fluid C. lowers the intracellular concentration of Na+ D. is balanced by primary active transport of Na+ into the cells from the tubular fluid
B. establishes a concentration gradient for movement of Na+ into the cells from the tubular fluid C. lowers the intracellular concentration of Na+
The total renal BLOOD flow is _______ the renal clearance of para-aminohippurate (PAH). A. less than B. greater than C. equal to
B. greater than
Human appetite for salt is mainly _________. A. regulatory B. hedonistic C. voyeuristic
B. hedonistic
Filtration of materials from the blood into the Bowman's capsule is favored by the relatively high __________ of the __________. A. protein osmotic pressure; peritubular capillaries B. hydrostatic pressure; glomerular capillaries C. hydrostatic pressure; Bowman's capsule D. Protein osmotic pressure; glomerular capillaries
B. hydrostatic pressure; glomerular capillaries
A decrease in arterial plasma hydrogen ion concentration causes reflex _______. A. hyperventilation by the lungs B. hypoventilation by the lungs C. water diuresis by the kidney D. H+ secretion by the kidney
B. hypoventilation by the lungs
The urinary bladder _________. (all that apply) A. reabsorbs water and thus concentrates urine B. stores urine prior to micturition C. is located behind the abdominal cavity D. is an expandable, balloon-shaped chamber
B. stores urine prior to micturition D. is an expandable, balloon-shaped chamber
________ plasma K+ levels directly cause _________ aldosterone secretion A. decreased, increased B. increased, increased C. increased, decreased
B. increased, increased
Which is TRUE about the renal clearance rate of a substance that is freely filterable and undergoes net reabsorption by the renal tubules? A. GFR will be less than its renal clearance rate B. its renal clearance rate will be less than the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) C. its renal clearance rate will always be equal to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
B. its renal clearance rate will be less than the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
The infrarenal baroreceptors are the _________, and when blood pressure decreases they ________. A. macula densa cells, dilate the afferent arterioles B. juxtaglomerular cells, increase their secretion of renin C. macula densa cells, constrict the efferent arterioles D. macula densa cells, constrict the afferent arterioles E. juxtaglomerular cells, decrease their secretion of renin
B. juxtaglomerular cells, increase their secretion of renin
Which type of diuretic causes excretion of water in a manner similar to that occurring in an unregulated diabetic? A. isotonic diuretics B. osmotic diuretics C. isometric diuretics D. loop diuretics E. K+-sparing diuretics
B. osmotic diuretics
The renal plasma flow can be measured by examining the renal clearance rate of the exogenous molecule _________. A. ecstacy B. para-aminohippurate (PAH) C. creatinine monophosphate D. inulin E. insulin
B. para-aminohippurate (PAH)
The macula densa cells _________. (all that apply) A. contain baroreceptors important for regulating GFR B. produce paracrine factors that can stimulate juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin C. convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II D. secrete renin when the blood pressure is low E. respond to the amount of Na+ in the renal filtrate
B. produce paracrine factors that can stimulate juxtaglomerular cells to secrete renin E. respond to the amount of Na+ in the renal filtrate
If the amount of substance X in the urine is less than the filtered load of substance X, tubular _________ of that substance has occurred. A. secretion B. reabsorption
B. reabsorption
Substances that are typically regulated by renal ______ included H+, K+, foreign chemicals, and a large number of normally occurring anions, such as choline and creatinine. A. reabsorption B. secretion
B. secretion
The 'reabsorption' of HCO3- in the proximal tubule is dependent on __________. (all that apply) A. a cotransport protein that moves H+ with Na+ from epithelial cells into the interstitial fluid B. the secretion of H+ C. its active transport from the lumen into the tubular epithelial cells D. its facilitated diffusion from the tubular epithelial cells to the interstitial fluid E. carbonic anhydrase in the tubular epithelial cells
B. the secretion of H+ D. its facilitated diffusion from the tubular epithelial cells to the interstitial fluid E. carbonic anhydrase in the tubular epithelial cells
At any given net glomerular filtration pressure, the glomerular filtration rate is directly proportional to ________. (all that apply) A. the hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule B. the surface area of the filtration barrier C. the number of transport proteins in the glomerulus D. the permeability of the filtration barrier E. the concentration of proteins in the blood plasma
B. the surface area of the filtration barrier D. the permeability of the filtration barrier
The upper graph shows how vasopressin levels affect _________ in different regions of the nephron, and the lower graph shows how vasopressin levels affect ______ in different regions of the nephron. A. volume of remaining filtrate; fractional reabsorption of water B. volume of remaining filtrate; filtrate osmolarity C. fractional NaCl reabsorption; filtrate osmolarity D. filtrate osmolarity; volume of remaining filtrate
B. volume of remaining filtrate; filtrate osmolarity
Urine begins with the filtration of plasma from glomerular capillaries into _______ space.
Bowman's
The active reabsorption of ______ from the renal filtrate is the primary driving force responsible for the reabsorption of water, glucose, amino acids, and other organic substances. A. K+ B. Ca2+ C. Na+ D. Fe3+ E. O2
C. Na+
What organ is most responsible for balancing hydrogen ions gains and losses to maintain plasma hydrogen ion concentration in the long term? A. heart B. lung C. kidney D. liver E. spleen
C. kidney
Which is NOT one of the factors contributing to the countercurrent multiplier system that creates the concentrated renal medullary interstitium? A. The countercurrent anatomy of the loop of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons B. Impermeability of water of the ascending limbs if the loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons C. The isosmotic reabsorption of Na+ and water from the proximal convoluted tubules of the juxtamedullary nephrons D. Reabsorption of NaCl in the ascending limbs of the loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons E. Trapping of urea in the medulla F. Hairpin loops of vasa recta that minimizes solute washout from the medullary interstitium
C. The isosmotic reabsorption of Na+ and water from the proximal convoluted tubules of the juxtamedullary nephrons
Which surface(s) of the proximal tubule contain(s) Na+/K+-ATPase pumps? (all that apply) A. apical surface B. all surfaces C. basal surfaces D. lateral surface
C. basal surfaces D. lateral surface
An increase in the activity of renal sympathetic nerves _________ the afferent arterioles and ________ renin secretion by the juxtaglomerular cells. A. dilates, increases B. dilates, decreases C. constricts, increases D. constricts, decreases
C. constricts, increases
The reabsorption of urea from the proximal tubule occurs by _________. A. secondary active transport B. bulk flow C. diffusion D. primary active transport
C. diffusion
Substance Z has a filtration rate of 10 ml/min, a secretion rate of 0 ml/min and a reabsorption rate of 0 ml/min. Its excretion rate will be ______. (all that apply) A. 0 ml/min B. equal to the osmotic gradient C. equal to the GFR D. 10 ml/min
C. equal to the GFR D. 10 ml/min
In response to alkalosis, the kidneys _______ large quantities of _________. A. reabsorb, HCO3- B. excrete, H+ C. excrete, HCO3- D. reabsorb, H+
C. excrete, HCO3-
Arteriolar dilation and decrease in extracellular fluid volume that result from the use of diuretics are beneficial to patients with ________. A. diabetes insipidus B. diabetes mellitus type 1 C. hypertension D. diabetes mellitus type 2
C. hypertension
Excreting HCO3- in urine ______ the plasma H+ concentration. A. decreases B. does not alter C. increases
C. increases
If a substance in the plasma is filtered but not produced, metabolized, reabsorbed, nor secreted by the kidney, which of these must be true? A. its excretion rate will be greater than its filtration rate B. its excretion rate will be less than its filtration rate C. its excretion rate will be equal to its filtration rate
C. its excretion rate will be equal to its filtration rate
Renin is secreted by __________. A. stimpy cells B. podocytes C. juxtaglomerular cells D. the macula densa E. juxtamedullary cells
C. juxtaglomerular cells
The portion of the renal tubules that receives filtrate from the proximal convoluted tubule and further adjusts the osmolarity of the filtrate through reabsorption of water and ions is called the ________. A. distal convoluted tubule B. glomerular capsule or Bowman's capsule C. loop of Henle D. collecting duct
C. loop of Henle
What are the most important negative consequences of an imbalance in potassium homeostasis? A. Abnormalities of bone formation, such as osteoporosis B. Pathological changes in extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure C. malfunction of electrically excitatory tissues such as the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles D. Inability of the kidneys to reabsorb normal volumes of water in the proximal convoluted tubule
C. malfunction of electrically excitatory tissues such as the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles
Respiratory alkalosis __________. A. occurs normally during moderate exercise B. increases P(CO2) C. occurs with hyperventilation D. results from retention of CO2
C. occurs with hyperventilation
The single largest force opposing filtration from the glomerular capillaries under normal conditions is the _________. A. hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule B. blood pressure C. protein osmotic pressure in the plasma D. protein osmotic pressure in Bowman's capsule
C. protein osmotic pressure in the plasma
Glomerular capillaries and the Bowman's capsule into which they protrude make up the structure called a _________. A. renal calyx B. renal papilla C. renal corpuscle D. cortical nephron
C. renal corpuscle
Respiratory acidosis can result from ________. (all that apply) A. lowered P(CO2) B. elimination of CO2 faster than it is produced C. retention of CO2 D. hypoventilation
C. retention of CO2 D. hypoventilation
Substances can be excreted at a higher rate than they are filtered by the kidney if they are ________ by nephron tubules. A. despised B. reabsorbed C. secreted
C. secreted
The renal clearance of glucose is normally zero because ________. A. the amount of glucose filtered into Bowman's capsule is normally zero B. the rate of urine formation is normally zero C. the concentration of glucose in the urine is normally zero D. the plasma concentration of glucose is normally zero
C. the concentration of glucose in the urine is normally zero
What is the definition of "renal clearance"? A. the volume of urine formed per unit time B. the volume of the filtrate it takes to remove a harmful substance from the body C. the volume of plasma from which a given substance is completely removed per unit time D. the rate at which fluid leaves the plasma to ender Bowman's capsule
C. the volume of plasma from which a given substance is completely removed per unit time
A net loss of H+ occurs with _______. A. hypoventilation B. consternation C. vomiting D. a high protein diet E. diarrhea
C. vomiting
The source of the _______ secreted into the tubular lumen and of the new ____ that enters the renal capillaries is the amino acid glutamine. A. HPO42-, HCO3- B. CO2, HCO3- C. NH4+, glutamate D. NH4+, HCO3-
D. NH4+, HCO3-
If a person drinks an excess of water, what alterations in renal handling mechanisms will compensate to return the person to a homeostatic state? A. The filtration of water will decrease and the reabsorption of water will increase. B. The filtration of water will increase and the secretion of water will decrease. C. The secretion of water will decrease and the reabsorption of water will increase. D. The filtration of water will increase and the reabsorption of water will decrease. E. The secretion of water will decrease and the reabsorption of water will decrease.
D. The filtration of water will increase and the reabsorption of water will decrease.
Which relationship best describes whole-body balance of a substance? A. The total amounts of the substance excreted and produced must equal the total amounts ingested and broken down B. The total amounts of the substance broken down and produced must equal the total amounts excreted and ingested C. The total amounts of the substance ingested and produced must equal the total amounts excreted. D. The total amounts of the substance ingested and produced must equal the total amounts excreted and broken down.
D. The total amounts of the substance ingested and produced must equal the total amounts excreted and broken down.
Vasopressin physiologically regulates the insertion of _______ of collecting duct cells. A. aquaporin 4 in the apical membrane B. aquaporin 3 in the basolateral membrane C. aquaporin 2 in the basolateral membrane D. aquaporin 2 in the apical membrane
D. aquaporin 2 in the apical membrane
Potassium-sparing diuretics act mainly one of two different ways; by __________ or by ___________. (all that apply) A. blocking reabsorption of water in the proximal tubule B. inhibiting the release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells C. blocking absorption of NaCl in the loop of Henle D. blocking epithelial Na+ channels in the cortical collecting duct E. inhibiting mesangial cells F. blocking the action of aldosterone
D. blocking epithelial Na+ channels in the cortical collecting duct F. blocking the action of aldosterone
Any substance that can reversibly bind H+ to help minimize changes in its extracellular fluid concentration is referred to as a ____________. A. anion B. cation C. ligand D. buffer E. congener
D. buffer
Respiratory compensation for metabolic alkalosis is to reflexively ______ ventilation, which ________ arterial P(vco2). A. decrease, decreases B. increase, increases C. increase, decreases D. decrease, increases
D. decrease, increases
Which of these are part of the reflexive compensation to severe sweating? (all that apply) A. decreased aldosterone secretion B. decreased vasopressin secretion C. increased GFR D. decreased GFR E. increased vasopressin secretion F. increased aldosterone secretion
D. decreased GFR E. increased vasopressin secretion F. increased aldosterone secretion
In people with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, glucose appears in the urine because the ________ of glucose exceeds the ________. A. rate of excretion; transport maximum B. transport maximum; rate of excretion C. rate of excretion; filtered load D. filtered load; renal threshold E. transport maximum; filtered load
D. filtered load; renal threshold
The reabsorption of water is physiologically controlled mainly in the ________. (all that apply) A. proximal tubule B. ascending limb of the loop of Henle C. descending limb of the loop of Henle D. medullary collecting duct E. cortical collecting duct F. glomerulus
D. medullary collecting duct E. cortical collecting duct
Of all the ions regulated by the kidney, the one that must be the most tightly regulated in the extracellular fluid to maintain proper function of excitable tissues such as the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles is ________. A. magnesium B. chloride C. sodium D. potassium
D. potassium
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle functions to _______. A. reabsorb water only B. secrete NaCl and water C. reabsorb NaCl and water D. reabsorb NaCl but not water
D. reabsorb NaCl but not water
If the excretion rate of a substance is greater than its filtered load, it must undergo net __________. A. profit B. flix C. reabsorption D. secretion
D. secretion
The movement of substances from peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen is referred to as tubular ________. A. accretion B. filtration C. reabsorption D. secretion
D. secretion
In the distal tubule and cortical collecting duct, aldosterone _________. A. inhibits the action of vasopressin in the medullary collecting ducts B. stimulates the insertion of AQP3 and AQP4 in the basolateral membranes C. stimulates the movement of water into the collecting duct D. stimulates the synthesis of ion channels and pumps mediating Na+ reabsorption
D. stimulates the synthesis of ion channels and pumps mediating Na+ reabsorption
For a person who is maintaining pH homeostasis, the amount of H+ from nonvolatile acids generated in the body is equal to ________. A. the amount of NH4+ excreted in the urine B. the amount of HCO3- filtered at the glomerulus C. the amount of H+ bound to H2PO4- excreted in the urine D. the amount of new HCO3- added to the plasma by the kidneys
D. the amount of new HCO3- added to the plasma by the kidneys
When the plasma glucose concentration increases above the point at which the renal transport maximum for close is reached ______. A. the excreted load of glucose is greater than the filtered load of glucose B. the reabsorption rate of glucose is greater than the filtered load of glucose C. the excreted load of glucose is equal to the filtered load of glucose D. the filtered load of glucose is greater than the reabsorption rate of glucose
D. the filtered load of glucose is greater than the reabsorption rate of glucose
The primary mechanism for maintaining NaCl and water balance in the body is by regulating __________. A. their dietary intake B. the amount of sweating C. the amounts lost by insensible routes (making them more sensible) D. their excretion in urine E. the amount of exercise performed
D. their excretion in urine
The ascending limb of the loop of Henle is divided into two regions known as the ________ and ________ segment. A. internal; external B. apical; basolateral C. proximal; distal D. thick; think
D. thick; think
The H+ concentration of the extracellular fluid is _______. A. not very tightly regulated because the folding of proteins such as metabolic enzymes are not sensitive to pH B. tight regulated because H+ is the main ion determining the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid C. not very tightly regulated because H+ isn't the main ion determining the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid D. tightly regulated because the folding of proteins such as metabolic enzymes is highly sensitive to pH
D. tightly regulated because the folding of proteins such as metabolic enzymes is highly sensitive to pH
The rate of tubular reabsorption at which all carrier-mediated transporters for a given solute are fully saturated is called the ________. A. renal plasma threshold B. filtration maximum C. filtration-clearance point D. transport maximum E. Bourne ultimatum
D. transport maximum
For a typical, healthy person in NaCl balance, which of the following output pathways generally remove the largest amount of NaCl from the body? A. sweating B. metabolism C. insensible loss (skin) D. urine E. feces
D. urine
A net loss of H+ results from ________. A. a high protein diet B. loss of any non-gastric digestive fluid C. elimination of HCO3- in urine D. use of H+ for organic anion metabolism E. elimination of HCO3- via diarrhea
D. use of H+ for organic anion metabolism
Put the elements of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone cascade in order, from stimulus at the top to end product at the bottom. A. Aldosterone release stimulated B. Increased sodium ion reabsorption C. Angiotensin II produced D. Renin released E. Juxtaglomerular cells stimulated
E. Juxtaglomerular cells stimulated D. Renin released C. Angiotensin II produced A. Aldosterone release stimulated B. Increased sodium ion reabsorption
Complete this equation: Na+ excreted = ________. A. Na+ secreted - Na+ reabsorbed B. Na+ filtered - Na+ secreted C. Na+ reabsorbed - Na+ filtered D. Na+ secreted - Na+ filtered E. Na+ filtered - Na+ reabsorbed
E. Na+ filtered - Na+ reabsorbed
When an increase in blood pressure is sensed by the intrarenal baroreceptors, they respond by ________. A. decreasing their secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide B. increasing their secretion of renin C. increasing total peripheral resistance D. decreasing their secretion of vasopressin E. decreasing their secretion of renin
E. decreasing their secretion of renin
In uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, the failure to reabsorb all of the glucose from the proximal tubule filtrate can result in ___________. A. Wilford-Brimley's disease B. water diuresis C. diabetes insipidus D. sodium diuresis E. osmotic diuresis
E. osmotic diuresis
What two hormones are mainly responsible for controlling calcium and phosphate balance? A. 1,25-(OH)2D and aldosterone B. vasopressin and cortisol C. calcitonin and vasopressin D. aldosterone and parathyroid hormone E. parathyroid hormone and 1,25-(OH)2D
E. parathyroid hormone and 1,25-(OH)2D
The most important determinate of the interstitial fluid and plasma volumes is the amount of total-body ________. A. calcium B. workouts C. potassium D. hair E. sodium
E. sodium
Most diuretics act to reduce the reabsorption of __________ and associated anions, which indirectly reduces the water reabsorption.
Na+
When blood _________ (Na+ or K+) levels are high, aldosterone secretion is inhibited.
Na+
True or false: Cardiovascular baroreceptors simultaneously initiate reflexes that regulate blood pressure and regulate total-body sodium.
True
Because small intestinal secretions are _________- (acidic or alkaline), a person with diarrhea experiences a net _________ (gain or loss) of H+.
alkaline, gain
When the kidneys respond to acidosis, _________ (all, some or none) of the filtered HCO3- is reabsorbed, and the pH of the urine ___________ (increases or decreases)
all, decreases
The region of nephron epithelium facing the interstitial space is referred to as the basolateral membrane, while the region facing the renal filtrate is referred to either as the ___________ membrane or the ___________ membrane.
apical, luminal
The kidneys maintain a stable plasma hydrogen ion concentration by regulating plasma _________ concentration.
bicarbonate
A net gain of hydrogen ions will ____________ (increase or decrease) arterial plasma pH, a condition called _____________ (acidosis or alkalosis)
decrease, acidosis
The smooth muscle in the wall of the urinary bladder is called the _________ muscle
detrusor
The foot processes of podocytes interdigitate, forming narrow passageways called ______________ ___________ through which molecules must pass in order to enter Bowman's capsule.
filtration slits
______ is the involuntary release of urine.
incontinence
When action potential frequency from arterial baroreceptors decreases, vasopressin secretion __________ (increases or decreases)
increases
vasopressin secretion is _________ (stimulated or inhibited) by ethanol consumption
inhibited
During bladder filling, parasympathetic firing to the detrusor muscle is _________ (stimulated or inhibited) and sympathetic firing to the internal sphincter muscle is _________ (stimulated or inhibited)
inhibited, stimulated
Normally, an individual is not aware of the continuous loss of water from the surface of the skin and respiratory passages which is called _________ water loss.
insensible
The compound __________ is found in some fruits and vegetables, and its renal plasma clearance rate is equal to the kidney's glomerular filtration rate.
inulin
Each nephron includes a region where the afferent arteriole comes in contact with the last portion of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle. Together these structures form a regulatory structure called the ____________ __________.
juxtaglomerular apparatus
The patch of specialized tubule cells in the nephron wall where the ascending limb of the loop of Henle meets the distal convoluted tubule, which also makes up part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, is called the ___________ ____________.
macula densa
Sensory receptors in the hypothalamus that respond to changes in the proportions of water and solute in plasma are called ___________.
osmoreceptors
The production of large volumes of urine due to the presence of unabsorbed glucose in the tubular lumen is a result of the disease diabetes _________.
mellitus
The term that specifically refers to the ejection of urine from the bladder is __________.
micturition
The most basic unit of the kidney is the __________. glomerulus renal corpuscle nephron afferent arteriole Bowman's capsule
nephron
A high protein diet increases the production of ______ acids (nonvolatile or volatile) and thus causes a net gain of H+.
nonvolatile
Afferent signals from stretch receptors activated by the pressure of urine in the bladder reflexively stimulate the _________ division of the autonomic nervous system, causing contraction of the bladder, and inhibit the ________ division of the autonomic nervous system, resulting in relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter
parasympathetic, sympathetic
Ca2+ reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule and cortical collecting duct is stimulated by a peptide hormone called _________ hormone.
parathyroid
An increase in arterial pressure acts locally within the nephron to inhibit Na+ reabsorption and thereby increases Na+ (and consequently, water) excretion in a process called _______________ ____________.
pressure natriuresis
If a substance occurs at a higher concentration in urine than its concentration in the initial filtrate, the substance must undergo tubular _____ (secretion or reabsorption).
secretion
The transport process in which substances are moved out of the peritubular capillaries into the nephron tubule is called tubular ________.
secretion
Physiological control of water excretion mainly occurs by the way of ________-mediated control over water reabsorption. A. vasopressin B. pH C. aldosterone D. renin E. hydroxycut
vasopressin
When the plasma concentrate of the hormone ________ is very low, the kidneys produce a large volume of very dilute urine.
vasopressin