Medical Sociology, chapter 11&12, Cockerham

The "inner core" of physicians is divided into two major groups. Which of the following is one of these groups?

Administrative elite.

Which is NOT a feature of a free-standing emergency center?

All of the above are features.

_____________ are schedules of fees placing a ceiling on how much the government will pay for specific services rendered to Medicare patients by hospitals and doctors.

DRGs.

__________________ considerations have become a primary motivation among physicians, hospitals, and private health insurance companies.

Economic.

Medical students shift from __________ to _____________ as part of a functional learning process fitted to the physician's role of maintaining an objective perspective of health and disease.

Idealism; cynicism.

One of the most significant guiding principles of the AMA has been its view of the physician as a(an) ___________________________.

Independent practitioner.

Physicians in the United States used to lack:

Lengthy training in specialized knowledge.

_______________ are composed of licensed physicians and osteopaths who determine if the services rendered are medically necessary, meet professional standards of quality, and are provided as efficiently and effectively as possible.

PSROs.

Who was responsible for significant advancements in the germ theory of disease?

Pasteur.

What is a double agent?

Physicians who look out for the interests of the patient and the interests of a managed care organization.

______________ are forced to spend time as "patient advocates," convincing various bureaucrats that more specialized and expensive care is warranted.

Primary care physicians.

Which is a sociologically relevant characteristic noted by Goode in explaining professionalism?

Prolonged training in a body of specialized knowledge.

Millman contended that ________________ errors could be forgiven and often had the result of motivating the offending physician to work harder, spend more time with patients, double-check procedures, and learn from the mistake.

Technical.

Millman contended that _______ errors, if they were made in "good faith," were less serious than _______ errors.

Technical; moral.

Who unveiled a general concept of disease based on cellular pathology?

Virchow.