Medical Terminology Obstetrics and Neonatology, Chapter 15, Medical Terminology Chapter 10 Nervous System, Medical Terminology Chapter 9, Digestive system & eye, Ear and Musculoskeletal System, Medical terminology, nursing final

The staff nurse assumed the role of leader based on the situation that the unit manager was off the unit for the day is an example of which KSAS?

Teamwork

renal

Term which means pertaining to the kidneys.

Keep practicising critical thinking.

The British politician Barbara Castle once said: "Think, think, think. It will hurt like hell at first, but you'll get used to it".

Always look for evidence.

The Scottish philosopher David Hume noted that "A wise man proportions his belief to the evidence". Many Americans believe that the attack on the World Trade Center was engineered by Saddam Hussein, while many Arabs believe that it was planned by the Israeli secret service. They can't both be right, but they could both be wrong. What is the evidence? It has been widely reported that millions of Americans believe that they have been abducted by aliens and, in many cases, subjected to sexual experiments. They may be right, but again what is the evidence? Are there witnesses or photographs? Are there body marks on the 'victims' or do they have souvenirs from the spaceships?

anuria

The absence of urine formation by the kidneys.

hypnotherapy

the use of hypnosis to produce a relaxed state of focused attention in which the patient may be more willing to believe and act on suggestions

echoencephalography

the use ofultrasound imaging to diagnose a shift in the midline structures of the brain

red marrow

thick, bloodlike material found in flat bones and the ends of long bones; location of blood cell formation

pia mater (PE^-a) (MA^-ter)

thin inner layer of the meminges

pia mater

thin inner layer of the meninges

pterygium

thin tissue growing into the cornea from the conjunctiva, usually caused from sun exposure

colostrum

thin, milky fluid secreted by the breast during pregnancy and during the first days after birth before lactation begins

ileum

third portion of the small intestine, approximately 11 feet long, which connects with the large intestine

Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)

third set of five larger vertebrae, which forms the inward curve of the spine

dips/o

thirst

T1-T5

thoracic vertebrae

Meninges

three layers of membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord

meninges (me-NIN-je^z)

three layers of membrane that cover the brain and spinal cord

clot

thromb/o

thyr/o, thyroid/o

thyroid gland

tibi/o

tibia (lower leg bone)

embry/o

to bud

palpate

to examine by hand; to feel

sym-, syn-

together, joined

gloss/o, lingu/o

tongue

THA

total hip arthroplasty

TKA

total knee arthroplasty

dura mater

tough outer layer of the meninges

dura mater (DUR-a) (MA^-ter)

tough outer layer of the meninges

TIA

transient ischemic attack

cornea

transparent anterior part of the sclera, which is anterior to the aqueous humor and lies over the iris. It allows the light rays to enter the eye

-iatry

treatment, specialty

This biomarker may be drawn 3 hours after necrosis of the heart muscle.

troponin

shunt

tube implanted in the body to redirect the flow of a fluid

shunt (shunt)

tube implanted in the body to redirect the flow of a fluid

Retinoblastoma

tumor arising from a developing retinal cell (malignant, may be congenital; occurs mainly in children)

glioblastoma (gli^-o^-blas-TO^-ma)

tumor composed of developing glia (the most malignant primary tumor of the brain)

glioblastoma

tumor composed of developing glial tissue (the most malignant and most common primary tumor of the brain)

glioma (gli^-O^-ma)

tumor composed of glia. (Gliomas can develop from any of the four types of glial cells, or from their developing cells)

cholangioma

tumor of the bile duct

osteofibroma

tumor of the bone and fibrous tissue (benign)

myeloma

tumor of the bone marrow (malignant)

meningioma

tumor of the meninges (usually benign and slow growing; most common tumor originating in the brain and surrounding tissues)

meningioma (me-nin-je^-O^-ma)

tumor of the meninges (usually benign and slow growing; most common tumor originating in the brain and surrounding tissues)

rotation

turning around its own axis

inversion

turning inward

eversion

turning outward

volvulus

twisting or kinking of the intestine, causing intestinal obstruction

bi-, bin-

two

dipl/o

two, double

myring/o

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

osteoclast

type of bone cell involved in absorption and removal of bone minerals. it works in balance with osteoblast to maintain healthy bone tissue

Alzheimer disease (AD) (AWLTZ-hi-mer-di-ZE^Z)

type of dementia that occurs more frequently after the age of 65, but can begin at any age. The brain shrinks dramatically as nerve cells die and tissues atrophy, The disease is slowly progressive and usually results in profound dementia in 5 to 10 years. A prominent feature of AD is the inability to remember the recent past, while memories of the distant past remain intact,

Alzheimer's disease (AD)

type of dementia that occurs more frequently after the age of 65, but can begin at any age. The brain shrinks dramatically as nerve nerve cells die and tissues atrophy. the disease is slowly progressive and usually results in profound dementia in 5 to 10 years. a prominent feature AD is the inability to remember the recent past, while memories of the distant past remain intact.

Colles fracture

type of wrist fracture. The fracture is at the distal end of the radius, the distal fragment being displaced backward.

ACE

types of neurons: Afferent, Connecting, Efferent

UC

ulcerative colitis

uln/o

ulna (lower arm bone)

abdominal sonography

ultrasound scan of the abdominal cavity in which the size and structure of organs such as the aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, and pancreas can be visualized. liver cyst, abscesses, tumors, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis, and pancreatic tumors may be detected. may also be used to evaluate the kidneys and the portion of the aorta extending through the abdominal cavity

omphal/o

umbilicus

omphal/o

umbilicus, navel

incoherent

unable to express one's thoughts or ideas in an orderly, intelligible manner

incoherent (in-ko^-HE^r-ent)

unable to express one's thoughts or ideas in an orderly, intelligible manner

fetus

unborn offspring from the beginning of the ninth week of pregnancy until birth

embryo

unborn offspring in the stage of development from implantation of the zygote to the end of the eighth week of pregnancy. This period is characterized by rapid growth.

humerus

upper arm bone

UGI

upper gastrointestinal

maxilla

upper jaw bone

femur

upper leg bone

ilium

upper, wing-shaped part on each side of the pelvis

nausea

urge to vomit

mood stabilizing drugs

used to treat mood instability and bipolar disorders; an example is lithium

uvul/o

uvula

UPPP

uvulopalatopharyngoplasty

VBAC

vaginal birth after cesarean section

lochia

vaginal discharge after childbirth

Cutting of certain branches of the vagus nerve

vagotomy

rachi/o, spondyl/o, vertebr/o

vertebra, spine, vertebral column

vestibul/o

vestibule

Whisper a phrase in the patient ear

vestibulocochlear

shingles (SHING-gelz)

viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves (also called herpes roster)

shingles

viral disease that affects the peripheral nerves and causes blisters on the skin that follow the course of the affected nerves (also called herpes zoster)

opt/o

vision

-opia

vision (condition)

VA

visual acuity

arthroscopy

visual examination of a joint

amnioscopy

visual examination of amniotic fluid

laparoscopy

visual examination of the abdominal cavity

otoscopy

visual examination of the ear

esophagoscopy

visual examination of the esophagus

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum

opthalmoscopy

visual examination of the eye

proctoscopy

visual examination of the rectum

retinoscopy

visual examination of the retina

sigmoidoscopy

visual examination of the sigmoid colon

gastroscopy

visual examination of the stomach

hematemesis

vomiting blood

gastric lavage

washing out of the stomach

feces

waste from the gastrointestinal tract expelled through the rectum (also called stool or fecal matter)

aqueous humor

watery liquid found in the anterior cavity of the eye. It provides nourishment to nearby structures and maintains shape in the anterior part of the eye

-asthenia

weakness

dementia caused by thiamine deficiency_________

wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

intrapartum

within labor and childbirth

anesthesia

without (loss of) feeling or sensation

anesthesia (an-es-THE-sha)

without (loss of) feeling or sensation

atrophy

without development (process of wasting away)

aphagia

without swallowing (the inability to)

stimulant

works by increasing activity in certain areas of the brain to increase concentration and wakefulness

carpal bones

wrist bones

drusen

yellowish deposits located under the retina; commonly associated with aging and macular degeneration

Pinguecula

yellowish mass on the conjunctiva that may be related to exposure to ultraviolet light, dry climates, and dust. a pinguecula that spreads onto the cornea becomes a pterygium

positron emission tomography (PET) scan (POZ-i-tron) (e^-MISH-in) (to^-MOG-ra-fe^) (skan)

nuclear medicine procedure combining CT and radioactive chemicals to produce sectional images of the brain or other organs to examine blood flow and metabolic activity

Critical thinking is the cognitive process used to develop and implement the

nursing process

Involuntary, jerking movements of the eyes

nystagmus

OCD

obsessive compulsive disorder

OCD

obsessive-compulsive disorder

OB

obstetrics

dissociative disorders

occur when normal thought is separated from consciousness

cerebral thrombosis

occurs when a blood clot blocks a artery that supplies blood to the cererum

hemorrhagic stroke

occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed

Have the patient move the eye left to right and up and down

oculomotor

meibomian glands

oil glands found in the upper and lower edges of the eyelids that help lubricate the eye

Have the patient smell something slightly strong

olfactory

nerve

one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and the spinal cord with other parts of the body

audiologist

one who studies and specializes in hearing

mon/o

one, single

pupil

opening in the center of the iris

mouth

opening through which food passes into the body; breaks food into small particles by mastication (chewing) and mixing with saliva

Ophth

ophthalmology

Have the patient read a newspaper

optic nerve

ear

organ of hearing and balance; includes the external ear, middle ear, and labyrinth or inner ear

eye

organ of vision

psychogenic

originating in the mind

psychogenic (si^-ko^-JEN-ik)

originating in the mind

Ortho

orthopedics

OA

osteoarthritis

OM

otitis media

During an ear exam, the doctor found a discharge containing cerebrospinal fluid. The proper medical term is

otorrhea

sclera

outer protective layer of the eye; the portion seen on the anterior portion of the eyeball is referred to as the white of the eye

chorion

outermost layer of the fetal membrane

neuralgia

pain in a nerve

neuralgia (nu^-RAL-ja)

pain in a nerve

otalgia

pain in the ear

ophthalmalgia

pain in the eye

fibromyalgia

pain in the fibrous tissues and muscles (a common condition characterized by widespread pain and stiffness of muscles, fatigue, and disturbed sleep)

cephalgia

pain in the head (headache) (Migraine, tension headache, and cluster headaches account for nearly 90% of all headaches

cephalgia (sef-AL-ja)

pain in the head (headache) (Migraine, tension headache, and cluster headaches account for nearly 90% of all headaches

cephalalgia

pain in the head; also known as a headache

arthralgia

pain in the joint

myalgia

pain in the muscle

complex regional pain syndrome

pain that occurs after an injury to an arm or a leg, a heart attack, stroke, or other medical problem

dysesthesia

painful sensation

dysesthesia (did-es-THE^-zha)

painful sensation

palat/o

palate

pancreat/o

pancreas

paralysis of the entire body

panplegia

-plegia

paralysis

paraplegia

paralysis from the waist down caused by damage to the lower level of the spinal cord

paraplegia (par-a-PLE^-ja)

paralysis from the waist down caused by damage to the lower level of the spinal cord

quadriplegia

paralysis of all four limbs

quadriplegia (kwad-ri-PLE^-ja)

paralysis of four (limbs)

hemiplegia

paralysis of half (right or left side of the body) (stroke is the most common cause of hemiplegia)

hemiplegia (hem-e^-PLE^-ja)

paralysis of half (right or left side of the body) (stroke is the most common cause of hemiplegia)

Bell palsy (bel) (PAWL-ze^)

paralysis of muscles on one side of the face caused by inflammation or compression of the facial nerve--cranial nerve VII. Signs include a sagging mouth on the affected side and nonclosure of the eyelid; paralysis is usually temporary

Bell palsy

paralysis of muscles on one side of the face caused by inflammation or compression of the facial nerve-cranial nerve VII. signs include a sagging mouth on the affected side and nonclosure of the eyelid; paralysis is usually temporary.

monoplegia (mon-0^-PLE^-ja)

paralysis of one (limb)

monoplegia

paralysis of one limb

ophthalmoplegia

paralysis of the eye (muscle)

iridoplegia

paralysis of the iris

parathyroid/o

parathyroid glands

tumor of the parathyroid

parathyroidoma

lamina (pl. laminae)

part of the vertebral arch

Eustachian tube

passage between the middle ear and the pharynx; equalizes air pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane

hematochezia

passage of visibly bloody feces

bile ducts

passageways that carry bile: the hepatic duct is a passageway for bile from the liver, and the cystic duct carries bile to and from the gallbladder. They join to form the common bile duct, which conveys bile to the duodenum. Collectively, these passageways are referred to as the biliary tract.

spinal cord (SPI-nal) (kord)

passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of the second lumbar vertebra. The spinal cord conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and initiates reflex action to sensory information without input from the brain

spinal cord

passes through the vertebral canal extending from the medulla oblongata to the level of the second lumbar vertebra. The spinal cord conducts nerve impulses to and from the brain and initiates reflex action to sensory information without input from the brain.

patell/o

patella (kneecap)

The nurse communicated the patient needs and values to the next shift staff that will be replacing her is an example ___ which is one of the KSAS.

patient-centered care

pelv/o, pelv/i

pelvic bone, pelvis

pelv/i

pelvis, pelvic bones, pelvic cavity

PEG

percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy

5. Implementation

perform the interventions identified in the plan of care and observe responses to these actions over time. Assist patients to achieve desired or outcomes. Continue to collect data as responses to interventions are observed measured; be flexible in implementing the plan and expect to need alternate methods of following the plan if the patient's health status changes. Be ready to modify plan and document care accurately and timely.

pharynx

performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus (also called throat)

pueperium

period from delivery until the reproductive organs return to normal

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

periodic disturbances of bowel function, such as diarrhea and/or constipation, usually associated with abdominal pain

PNS

peripheral nervous system

peritone/o

peritoneum

causalgia

persistent, severe burning pain that usually follows an injury to a sensory nerve

amniochorial

pertaining the amnion and chorion

suprapatellar

pertaining to above the patella

suprascapular

pertaining to above the scapula

postnatal

pertaining to after birth

prenatal

pertaining to before birth

subdural

pertaining to below the dura mater

subdural (sub-DU^-ral)

pertaining to below the dura mater

subdural hematoma

pertaining to below the dura mater, tumor of blood (hematoma, translated literally, means blood tumor; however, a hematoma is a collection of blood resulting from a broken blood vessel)

subdural hematoma (sub-DU^-ral) (he^-ma-TO^-ma)

pertaining to below the dura mater, tumor of blood (hematoma, translated literally, means blood tumor; however, a hematoma is a collection of blood resulting from a broken blood vessel)

submandibular

pertaining to below the mandible

submaxillary

pertaining to below the maxilla

subcostal

pertaining to below the rib

subscapular

pertaining to below the scapula

intercostal

pertaining to between the ribs

intervertebral

pertaining to between the vertebrae

natal

pertaining to birth

colorectal

pertaining to both the colon and rectum

pueperal

pertaining to childbirth

lactic

pertaining to milk

gravidopueperal

pertaining to pregnancy and childbirth

lacrimal

pertaining to tears

abdominal

pertaining to the abdomen

celiac

pertaining to the abdomen

anal

pertaining to the anus

cerebral

pertaining to the cerebrum

cerebral (se-RE^-bral)

pertaining to the cerebrum

cerebral

pertaining to the cerebrum or to the brain

cerebral thrombosis

pertaining to the cerebrum, abnormal condition of a clot (blood clot in a blood vessel of the brain). (Onset of symptoms may appear from minutes to days after an obstruction occurs; a cause of ischemic stroke)

cerebral thrombosis (se-RE^-bral) (throm-BO^-sis)

pertaining to the cerebrum, abnormal condition of a clot (blood clot in a blood vessel of the brain. Onset of symptoms may appear from minutes to days after an obstruction occurs; a cause of ischemic stroke)

clavicular

pertaining to the clavicle

cochlear

pertaining to the cochlea

cochlear implant

pertaining to the cochlea implant (surgically inserted electronic device that converts sound into electrical impulses. The impulses stimulate the auditory nerve to carry the signal to the brain which learns to interpret the signal as sound. The damaged part of the ear is bypassed.

corneal

pertaining to the cornea

cranial

pertaining to the cranium

craniocerebral

pertaining to the cranium and cerebrum

craniocerebral (kra^-ne^-o^-su-RE^-bral)

pertaining to the cranium and cerebrum

duodenal

pertaining to the duodenum

aural

pertaining to the ear

esophageal

pertaining to the esophagus

opthalmic

pertaining to the eye

femoral

pertaining to the femur

fetal

pertaining to the fetus

fibular

pertaining to the fibula

humeral

pertaining to the humerus

ileocecal

pertaining to the ileum and cecum

iliofemoral

pertaining to the ilium and femur

ischiopubic

pertaining to the ischium and pubis

lumbar

pertaining to the loins (the part of the back between the thorax and pelvis)

lumbocostal

pertaining to the loins and the ribs

lumbosacral

pertaining to the lumbar regions (loin) and the sacrum

cognitive

pertaining to the mental processes of comprehension, judgment, memory and reason

cognitive (COG-ni-tiv)

pertaining to the mental processes of comprehension, judgment, memory and reason

mental

pertaining to the mind

mental (MEN-tel)

pertaining to the mind

psychosomatic

pertaining to the mind and body (interrelations of)

psychosomatic (si^-ko^-so^-MAT-ik)

pertaining to the mind and body (interrelations of)

oral

pertaining to the mouth

orogastric

pertaining to the mouth and stomach

nasogastric

pertaining to the nose and stomach

nasolacrimal

pertaining to the nose and tear ducts

pancreatic

pertaining to the pancreas

pelivc

pertaining to the pelvis

pelvic sonography

pertaining to the pelvis, process of recording sound

peritoneal

pertaining to the peritoneum

pubic

pertaining to the pubis

pupillary

pertaining to the pupil

radial

pertaining to the radius

rectal

pertaining to the rectum

retinal

pertaining to the retina

costochondral

pertaining to the ribs and cartilage

sacral

pertaining to the sacrum

sternoclavicular

pertaining to the sternum and clavicle

gastric

pertaining to the stomach

urochrome

The pigment that gives urine its normal yellow-amber or straw color.

suprapubic catheterization

The placement of a catheter into the bladder through a small incision made through the abdominal wall just above the pubic bone.

hyperproteinuria

The presence of abnormally high concentrations of protein in the urine.

hypoproteinemia

The presence of abnormally low concentrations of protein in the blood.

nephrolithiasis

The presence of stones in the kidney.

homeostasis

The process through which the body maintains a constant internal environment.

chronic renal failure

The progressive loss of RENAL function, sometimes leading to uremia, which is caused by a variety of conditions such as kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, or hypertension.

E-Books

The reference list entry for an e-book includes the author, date, title, and source (URL or DOI). For a chapter in an e-book, include the chapter title and page numbers (if available). Whole e-book: Author, A. (date). Title of book. Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxxx Author, A. (date). Title of book. doi:xxxxxxxxxxxx Chapter in an e-book: Author, A. (date). Title of chapter. In E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxxx Author, A. (date). Title of chapter. In E. Editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx). doi:xxxxxxxxxx The in-text citation includes the author and date, as with any other APA Style citation.

cystogram

The resulting film of a cystography.

reabsorption

The return to the blood of some of the substances that were removed during filtration.

tibial

pertaining to the tibia

ulnoradial

pertaining to the ulna and radius

vertebrocostal

pertaining to the vertebrae and ribs

vestibular

pertaining to the vestibule

Vestibulocochlear

pertaining to the vestibule and the cochlea

carpal

pertaining to the wrist

binocular

pertaining to two or both eyes

substernal

pertaining to under the sternum

sublingual

pertaining to under the tongue

optic

pertaining to vision

intracerebral

pertaining to within the cerebrum

intracerebral (in-tra-SER-e-bral)

pertaining to within the cerebrum

intracranial

pertaining to within the cranium

intraocular

pertaining to within the eye

PHACO

phacoemulsification

phalang/o

phalanx (pl. phalanges) (any bone of the fingers or toes)

vein

phleb/o

PRK

photorefractive keratectomy

opthalmologist

physician (surgeon) who studies and treats diseases of the eye

obstetrician

physician who specializes in obstetrics

osteopath (DO)

physician who specializes in osteopathy

orthopedist

physician who specializes in the study and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system

rheumatologist

physician who specializes in the study and treatment of rheumatic diseases

otologist

physician who studies and treats diseases of the ear

otolaryngologist (ENT)

physician who studies and treats diseases of the ear, nose, and larynx (throat)

neurologist

physician who studies and treats diseases of the nervous system

neurologist (nu^-ROL-o-jist)

physician who studies and treats diseases of the nervous system

gastroenterologist

physician who studies and treats diseases of the stomach and intestines (GI tract and accessory organs)

psychiatrist

physician who studies and treats disorders of the mind (Psychiatrists have additional training and experience in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral, disorders. Psychiatrists often prescribe medications for patients with these disorders)

psychiatrist (si^-KI^-trist)

physician who studies and treats disorders of the mind (Psychiatrists have additional training and experience in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental, emotional, and behavioral, disorders. Psychiatrists often prescribe medications for patients with these disorders)

neonatologist

physician who studies and treats disorders of the newborn

iris

pigmented muscular structure that regulates the amount of light entering the eye by controlling the size of the pupil

Yellowish mass on the conjunctiva

pinguecula

pituirar/o

pituitary gland

What is the medical term for more than expected amniotic fluid?

polyhydramnios

A patient with a history of diabetes reports burning pain to hands and feet. The patient would receive treatment for which condition?

polyneuropathy

polyp/o

polyp, small growth

Abnormal condition of multiple polyps

polyposis

nyctalopia

poor vision at night or in faint light (commonly called night blindness)

abdomen

portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis

white matter

portion of the nerve fibers that are myelinated

gray matter

portion of the nerve fibers that are unmyelinated

pylorus

portion of the stomach that connects to the small intestine

mastoid bone

portion of the temporal bone of the skull posterior and inferior to each auditory canal; contains mastoid air cells that drain into the middle ear cavity behind the external auditory canal. (also called mastoid process)

PET

positron emission tomography

PTSD

post traumatic stress disorder

soft palate

posterior portion, not supported by bone

after a seizure

postical

PTSD

posttraumatic stress disorder

A mother developed high blood pressure and protein in her urine. On further assessment by the provider she reported not having any convulsions. What is the most appropriate medical term for this mother's condition?

preeclampsia

-cyesis

pregnancy

gravid/o

pregnancy

ectopic pregnancy

pregnancy occurring outside the uterus, commonly in the uterine tubes

gravida

pregnant

abruptio placentae

premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall

sympathetic nervous system

prepares the body for emergencies and stress by increasing the breathing rate, heart rate, and blood flow to muscles

primip

primipara

photorefractive keratectomy (PRK)

procedure for the treatment of astigmatism, hyperopia, and myopia in which an excimer laser is used to reshape (flatten) the corneal surface by removing a portion of the cornea

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)

procedure in which contrast media is introduced (through an endoscope in the duodenum) into the biliary and pancreatic ducts; used to evaluate obstructions, strictures, stone diseases, pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer

Always consider alternative explanations

Those who believe that they have been abducted by aliens might have dreamt or fantasised it. The report of a body found in the park could mean a murder or a suicide or a heart attack or old age. The fall in crime levels could be the result of more police, better detection procedures, social changes or simply new methods of reporting.

catheterization

Treatment procedure of the urinary system performed to withdraw urine for diagnostic purposes, to control incontinence, or to place fluid, such as chemotherapy solution, into the bladder.

A running head is a short title that appears at the top of every page of your paper.

True

If you have interviewed someone for information about your topic and that person has agreed to be identified as a source, cite the source as a personal communication (in text only).

True

In APA Style, include a reference list rather than a bibliography with your paper.

True

Resting on authority is not a good critical thinking principal

True

Basic Critical thinking

Trust the experts

glioma

Tumor composed of glia (Gliomas can develop from any of the four types of glial cells or from their developing cells)

ureters

Two narrow tubes, each about 10-12 inches long, which transport urine from the kidney to the bladder.

cecum

U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine

subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)

bleeding between the pia mater and arachnoid layers of the meninges (subarachnoid space), caused by a ruptured blood vessel (usually a cerebral aneurysm). The patient may experience an intense, sudden headache accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and neck pain. SAH is a critical condition which must be recognized and treated immediately to prevent permanent brain damage or death. (a cause of hemorrhagic stroke)

depression

a common mood disorder characterized by lethargy and sadness, as well as the loss of interest or pleasure in normal activities

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

a condition caused by excessive alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy. Various birth defects may present, including central nervous system dysfunction and malformations of the skull and face

bipolar disorder

a condition characterized by cycles of severe mood changes shifting from highs (manic behavior) and severe lows (depression) that affect a person's attitude, energy, and ability to function

hypochondriasis

a condition characterized by misinterpretation of physical symptoms and fearing that one has a serious illness despite appropriate medical evaluation and reassurance

trigeminal neuralgia

a condition characterized by sudden, intense, severe lightning-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve

factitious disorder

a condition in which an individual acts as if he or she has a physical or mental illness when he or she is not really sick; previously known as Munchausen syndrome

hydrocephalus

a condition in which there is an abnormally increased amount of cerebrospinal fluid within the ventricles of the brain

hyperesthesia

a condition of excessive sensitivity to stimuli

cerebral palsy

a congenital condition characterized by poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic deficiencies

gastroschisis

a congenital fissure of the abdominal wall not at the umbilicus. Enterocele, protrusion of the intestine, is usually present

encephalocele

a congenital herniation of brain tissue through a gap in the skull

coma

a deep state of unconsciousness

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

a degenerative disease in which patients become progressively weaker until they are completely paralyzed; also known as Lou Gehrig's disease

mental retardation

a diagnosis based on three criteria: 1) significant below-average intellectual functioning; 2) significant deficits in adaptive functioning; and 3) onset during the developmental period of life, which is before age 18

pyromania

a disorder characterized by repeated, deliberate fire setting

kleptomania

a disorder characterized by repeatedly stealing objects neither for personal use nor for their monetary value

trichotillomania

a disorder characterized by the repeated pulling out of one's own hair

delusion

a false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary

factitious disorder by proxy

a form of child abuse; although seeming very concerned about the child's well-being, the mentally ill parent will falsify an illness in a child by making up, or inducing symptoms, and then seeking medical treatment, even surgery, for the child

panic attack

a group of intense emotional feelings that include apprehension, fearfulness, and terror

impulse-control disorders

a group of psychiatric disorders characterized by the inability to resist an impulse despite potential negative consequences

migraine headache

a headache characterized by throbbing pain on one side of the head

poliomyelitis

a highly contagious viral disease; also known as polio

dyslexia

a learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to the inability of the brain to process symbols; also known as a developmental reading disorder

spinal cord

a long, fragile tube-like structure that begins at the end of the brain stem and continues down almost to the bottom of the spinal column

dysthymia

a low-grade chronic depression with symptoms that are milder than those of severe depression but are present on a majority of days for 2 or more years

lethargy

a lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy

anesthetist

a medical professional who specializes in administering anesthesia, but is not a physician

antidepressant

a medication administered to prevent or relieve depression

anxiolytic drug

a medication administered to temporarily relieve anxiety and to reduce tension; also known as an antianxiety drug or tranquilizer

antipsychotic drug

a medication administered to treat symptoms of severe disorders of thinking and mood that are associated with neurological and psychiatric illnesses such as schizophrenia, mania, and delusional disorders

amnesia

a memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences

ventricles

cavities (spaces) within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The cerebrospinal fluid flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord

dissociative identity disorder

a mental illness characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities, each with its own characteristics, which appear to exist within the same individual; formerly known as multiple personality disorder

in vitro fertilization (IVF)

a method of fertilizing human ova outside the body and placing the zygote into the uterus; used when infertility is present

ganglion

a nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system

plexus

a network of intersecting spinal nerves

restless legs syndrome (RLS)

a neurological disorder characterized by uncomfortable feelings in the legs, producing a strong urge to move them

peripheral neuropathy

a painful condition of the nerves of the hands and feet due to damage to the peripheral nerves; also known as peripheral neuritis

antisocial personality disorder

a pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others.

narcissistic personaliity disorder

a pattern of extreme preoccupation with the self and complete lack of empathy for others

phobia

a persistent irrational fear of a specific thing or situation, strong enough to cause significant distress, to interfere with functioning, and to lead to the avoidance of the thing or situation that causes this reaction

anesthesiologist

a physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery

psychiatrist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating chemical dependencies, emotional problems, and mental illness

neurologist

a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the nervous system

neurosurgeon

a physician who specializes in surgery of the nervous system

Reye's syndrome (RS)

a potentially fatal condition that has been linked to giving aspirin to children suffering from viral infections

delirium

a potentially reversible condition that comes on suddenly and is often associated with high fever, intoxication, or shock in which the patient is confused, disoriented, and unable to think clearly

scleral buckling

a procedure to repair a detached retina. A strip of sclera is resected, or a fold is made in the sclera. An exoplant is used to hold and buckle the sclera

axon

a process that extends away from the cell body and conducts impulses away from the nerve cell

multiple sclerosis

a progressive autoimmune disorder characterized by scattered patches of demyelination of nerve fibers of the brain and spinal cord

schizophrenia

a psychotic disorder characterized by two or more of the following: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, disorganized or catatonic behavior, and negative symptoms

myelography

a radiographic study of the spinal cord after the injection of a contrast medium through a lumbar puncture. The resulting record is called a myelogram.

respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)

a respiratory complication in the newborn, especially in premature infants. In premature infants this disease is caused by normal immaturity of the respiratory system resulting in compromised respiration

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

a seasonal bout of depression associated with the decrease in hours of daylight during winter months

hallucination

a sensory perception experienced in the absence of an external stimulation

narcolepsy

a sleep disorder consisting of recurring episodes of falling asleep during the day

dementia

a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes

unconscious

a state of being unaware and unable to respond to any stimuli including pain

placenta, or afterbirth

a structure that grows on the wall of the uterus during pregnancy and allows for nourishment of the unborn child

seizure

a sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time

sleep deprivation

a sufficient lack of restorative sleep over a cumulative period so as to cause physical or psychiatric symptoms and affect routine performance or tasks

thalamotomy

a surgical incision into the thalamus

neurotomy

a surgical incision or the dissection of a nerve

myelosis

a tumor of the spinal cord

persistent vegetative state

a type of coma in which the patient exhibits alternating sleep and wake cycles

ischemic stroke

a type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked

concussion

a violent shaking up or jarring of the brain that may result in a temporary loss of awareness and function

2. Scientific Problem solving

a. Identify the problem b. Data collection c. Hypothesis formulation d. Plan of action e. Testing the hypothesis f. Interpretation of the results g. Evaluating results - did it solve the problem? Or do I need more data? Do I need to change my hypothesis? EXAMPLES: • Car broke down last night and I have to be at school for a test at 8 am. • I forgot we had a test, so I walked into class without studying. • My child is ill and cannot go to daycare, and I do not have a babysitter.

A patient receiving Heparin therapy needs to have blood work done to measure the effectiveness of the therapy. Which lab work would the provider order for this patient?(Abbreviation only proper letter case for full credit.)

aPTT

abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o

abdomen, abdominal cavity

APR

abdominoperineal resection

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

abnormal backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus, causing heartburn and the gradual breakdown of the mucous barrier of the esophagus

reflux

abnormal backward flow. In esophageal reflux, the stomach contents flow back into the esophagus

exostosis

abnormal benign growth on the surface of a bone (also called spur)

ascites

abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity

preeclampsia

abnormal condition encountered during pregnancy or shortly after delivery characterized by high blood pressure, edema, and proteinuria, but with no convulsion. The cause is unknown; and if not successfully treated can progress.

scoliosis

abnormal condition of (lateral) curved (spine)

kyphosis

abnormal condition of a hump (in the thoracic spine) (also called hunchback or humpback

lordosis

abnormal condition of bending forward (in the lumbar spine) (also called swayback)

osteonecrosis

abnormal condition of bone death (due to lack of blood supply)

steatosis

abnormal condition of fat (increased fat at the cellular level often affecting the liver)

otomycosis

abnormal condition of fungus in the ear (usually affects the external auditory canal)

diverticulosis

abnormal condition of having diverticula

polyposis

abnormal condition of multiple polyps in the mucous membrane of the intestine, especially the colon. familial polyposis is a syndrome with a high potential for malignancy if polyps are not removed when they are small

ankylosis

abnormal condition of stiffness (often referring to fusion of a joint, such as the result of chronic rheumatoid arthritis)

Osteopetrosis

abnormal condition of stonelike bones (very dense bones caused by defective resorption of bone)

oculomycosis

abnormal condition of the eye caused by a fungus

psychosis (pl. psychoses)

abnormal condition of the mind (major mental disorder characterized by extreme derangement, often with delusions and hallucinations)

psychosis (pl. psychoses) (si^-KO-sis) (si^-KO-se^z)

abnormal condition of the mind (major mental disorder characterized by extreme derangement, often with delusions and hallucinations)

spondylosis

abnormal condition of the vertebrae (a general term used to describe changes to the spine from osteoarthritis or ankylosis)

dystrophy

abnormal development

bunion

abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big to, the metatarsal-phalangeal joint. it is a common problem, often hereditary or caused by poorly fitted shows (also called hallux valgus)

photophobia

abnormal fear of (sensitivity to) light

-phobia

abnormal fear of or aversion to specific things

adhesion

abnormal growing together of two peritoneal surfaces that normally are separated. this may occur after abdominal surgery. surgical treatment is called adhesiolysis or adhesiotomy

tracheoesophageal fistula

abnormal passageway pertaining to the esophagus and the trachea

osteopenia

abnormal reduction of bone mass (caused by inadequate replacement of bone lost to normal bone lysis and can lead to osteoporosis)

sarcopenia

abnormal reduction of connective tissue (such as loss of skeletal muscle mass in the elderly)

paresthesia

abnormal sensation (such as burning, prickling, or tingling sensation, often in the extremities; may be caused by nerve damage or peripheral neuropathy)

paresthesia (par-es-THE^-zha)

abnormal sensation (such as burning, prickling, or tingling sensation, often in the extremities; may be caused by nerve damage or peripheral neuropathy)

congenital anomaly

abnormality present at birth; often discovered before birth by ultrasonography and/or amniocentesis

placenta previa

abnormally low implantation of the placenta on the uterine wall completely or partially covering the cervix.

supra-

above

caused by diabetes mellitus

acidosis

enlarged extremities

acromegaly

parturition

act of giving birth

psychotropic drug

acts primarily on the central nervous system, where it produces temporary changes affecting the mind, emotions, and behavior

AOM

acute otitis media

inflammed gland

adenitis

anticonvulsant

administered to prevent seizures such as those associated with epilepsy

outer layer of the adrenal gland

adrenal cortex

adren/o, adrenal/o

adrenal glands

secreted by the adrenal gland

adrenaline

inflammation of the adrenal gland

adrenalitis

enlarged adrenal gland

adrenomegaly

post-

after

postpartum

after childbirth

ARMD

age-related macular degeneration

miotic

agent that constricts the pupil

mydriatic

agent that dilates the pupil

Order the citations of two or more works by different authors within the same parentheses ___ in the same order in which they appear in the reference list.

alphabetically

contrecoup

also known as a counter blow, is an injury that occurs beneath the skull opposite to the area of impact

somatic nerve fibers

also known as motor nerve fibers, convey information that controls the body's voluntary muscular movements.

amni/o

amnion

-amnios

amnion, amniotic fluid

amni/o, amnion/o

amnion, amniotic fluid

ALS

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

claustrophobia

an abnormal fear of being in narrow or enclosed spaces

brain tumor

an abnormal growth located inside the skull

tetanus

an acute and potentially fatal infection of the central nervous system caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria

delirium tremens

an acute organic brain syndrome due to alcohol withdrawal that is characterized by sweating, tremor, restlessness, anxiety, mental confusion, and hallucinations

obsessive-compulsive disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, unwanted thoughts or impulses

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes known as panic attacks

reflex

an automatic, involuntary response to some change, either inside or outside the body

cerebral embolism

an embolus (usually a blood clot or a piece of atherosclerotic plaque arising from a distant site) lodges in a cerebral artery, causing sudden blockage of blood supply to the brain tissue. Atrial fibrillation is a common cause of cerebral embolism, which can lead to ischemic stroke

cerebral embolism (se-RE^-bral) (EM-bo^-lizm)

an embolus (usually a blood clot or a piece of atherosclerotic plaque arising from a distant site) lodges in a cerebral artery, causing sudden blockage of blood supply to the brain tissue. Atrial fibrillation is a common cause of cerebral embolism, which can lead to ischemic stroke

acrophobia

an excessive fear of being in high places

agoraphobia

an excessive fear of situations in which having a panic attack seems likely and/or dangerous or embarrassing

arachnophobia

an excessive fear of spiders

midwife

an individual who practices midwifery

encephalitis

an inflammation of the brain

meningitis

an inflammation of the meninges of the brain or spinal cord

Gullain-Barre syndrome

an inflammation of the myelin sheath of peripheral nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness that may lead to temporary paralysis; also known as infectious polyneuritis

radiculitis

an inflammation of the root of a spinal nerve that causes pain and numbness radiating down the affected limb; also known as a pinched nerve

myelitis

an inflammation of the spinal cord; also inflammation of bone marrow

carotid ultrasonography

an ultrasound study of the carotid artery to detect plaque buildup in the artery to predict or diagnose an ischemic stroke

stupor

an unresponsive state from which a person can be aroused only briefly and with vigorous, repeated attempts

2. Nursing diagnosis

analysis of patient data to identify patient strengths and problems that nursing can prevent or resolve; develop prioritized list of nursing diagnoses that correlate with your assessment of the patient or situation. Recognize relationships among problems and assessment data.

cerebral aneurysm (se-RE^-bral) (AN-u^-rizm)

aneurysm in the cerebrum. It is usually asymptomatic until it ruptures, which can be very serious and can result in death

vessel

angi/o

Significant unequal refractive error between two eyes

anisometropia

tarsal bones

ankle bones

What is the medical term that means before childbirth? (mother)

antepartum

pubis

anterior portion of the pelvis

hard palate

anterior portion, supported by bone

antr/o

antrum

an/o

anus

teratogen

any agent producing malformations

coup

any injury occuring within the skull near the point of impact

schizophrenia (skit-so^-FRE^-ne^a)

any one of a large group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross disortions of reality, disturbance of language and communication, withdrawal from social interaction, and the disorganization and fragmentation of thought, perception, and emotional reaction

schizophrenia

any one of a large group of psychotic disorders characterized by gross distortions of reality, disturbance of language and communication, withdrawal from social interaction, and the disorganization and fragmentation of thought, perception, and emotional reaction

stimulus

anything that excites (activates) a nerve and causes an impulse

Condition of without a lens

aphakia

Unable to speak or ___

aphasia

aponeur/o

aponeurosis

append/o, appendic/o

appendix

large intestine

approximately 5 feet (1.5m) long tube that extends from the ileum to the anus. absorption of water and transit of the solid waste products of digestion take place in the large intestine

cardia

area around the opening of the esophagus

artery

arteri/o

To assist in the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, the doctor may use a procedure involving a surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from a joint called an

arthrocentesis

intraocular lens (IDL)

artificial lens implanted within the eye during cataract surgery

prosthesis (pl. prostheses)

artificial substitute for a missing body part such as a leg, eye, or total hip replacement

The abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity is called

ascites

connecting neurons

associative neurons which link sensory and motor neurons

Ast

astigmatism

An adult patient has lack of muscle coordination making it very difficult for the patient to walk around. The patient's symptoms are associated with which disorder?

ataxia

yellowish, fatty plaque

ather/o

skeletal muscles

attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible. skeletal muscles produce action by pulling and by working in pairs. they are also known as voluntary muscles because we have control over these muscles. alternating dark and light bands create striations (stripes) (also striated muscles)

ADHD

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

ADHD

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

A change in ___ helps a nurse move beyond the basic level of critical thinking.

attitude

The term for a (graphic) record of hearing.

audiogram

conscious

awake, alert, aware of one's surroundings

conscious (KON-shus)

awake, alert, aware of one's surroundings

tendon

band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone

BE

barium enema

psychoanalysis

based on the idea that mental disorders have underlying causes stemming from childhood and can only be overcome by gaining insight into one's feelings and patterns of behavior

par/o, part/o

bear, give birth to, labor, childbirth

ante-, pre-

before

antepartum

before childbirth

conception, or fertilization

beginning of pregnancy, when the sperm enters the ovum. It normally occurs in the uterine (Fallopian) tubes

The patient, who had sagging of the right side of his mouth and was unable to close his right eye, received a prescription for prednisone to reduce edema of the facial nerve. This paralysis of muscles on one side of the face would be documented in the medical record as which condition?

bell palsy

acoustic neuroma

benign tumor within the internal auditory canal growing from the acoustic nerve (cochlear branch of the vestibulocochlear nerve); may cause hearing loss and may damage structures of the cerebellum as it grows

lord/o

bent forward (increased concavity of the spine)

inter-

between

cholangi/o

bile dict(s)

nat/o

birth

para

birth

cephalic presentation

birth presentation in which any part of the head emerges first. It is the most common presentation

breech presentation

birth presentation in which the buttocks, feet, or knees emerge first

-tocia

birth, labor

melena

black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood; usually a result of bleeding in the upper GI tract

cyst/o

bladder, sac

Consider a SWOT analysis

SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats involved in a project or situation. It can be a relatively quick and comprehensive - and sometimes fun - way to assess something. It encourages you to see different 'sides' of an organisation or a situation. For guidance on doing a SWOT analysis

urine

A typically sterile liquid by-product of the body secreted by the kidneys through a process called urination and excreted through the urethra.

neurogenic bladder

A urinary problem caused by interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination.

Which disorders are characterized by stiffness? (ONLY PUT THE CORESPONDING LETTERS FOR WHAT YOU BELIEVE ARE THE CORRECT ANSWERS IN THE ANSWER BOX) (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.) (A.) Ankylosis (B.) Osteopenia (C.) Fibromyalgia (D.) Myasthenia (E.) Spondylosis This question will be graded manually. All correct answers must be included to receive credit.

A,C,E

abortion

AB

osteoporosis

Abnormal loss of bone density that may lead to an increase in fractures of the ribs, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, hips, and wrist after slight trauma (occurs predominantly in postmenopausal women)

Have the patient move the shoulders up and down

Accessory

Critical thinking involves

Accountability (see Excerpts...)---being responsible for your own actions and the actions of those you delegate responsibilities to, uses rational decision-making skills, recognizes potential and actual problems and solutions, and accepts the consequences of actions taken. Accountability includes adhering to the standards of practice, code of ethics, and personal and professional values. Risk taking---acting with knowledge of risks involved, uses intuition as guide to search for evidence, draws reasonable conclusions, anticipates consequences and acts on opportunities, stands up for beliefs and values, advocates for others, and accepts challenges. Creativity--- flexibility and self-confidence to take chances, "Think out of the box" and try new ideas and skills, offers alternate solutions and approaches, looks at old problems in new ways, expresses deep understanding of situation, patient and persistent in achieving best outcomes.

Independent decisions

Commitment

renal transplantation

Commonly known as a kidney transplant, is the grafting of a donor kidney into the body to replace the recipient's failed kidney.

Recognize alternate or conflicting approaches

Complex

glomerulonephritis

Also known as Bright's disease, is a type of kidney disease caused by inflammation of the glomeruli that causes red blood cells and proteins to leak into the urine.

The nurse reports to the unit manager that she completed the training of the use of the new IV pumps and is able to operate the equipment correctly would be a principal of which KSAS

Safety

INFORMATICS- skills

Seek education about how information is managed in care settings before providing care Apply technology and information management tools to support safe processes of care Navigate the electronic health record Document and plan patient care in an electronic health record Employ communication technologies to coordinate care for patients Respond appropriately to clinical decision-making supports and alerts Use information management tools to monitor outcomes of care processes Use high quality electronic sources of healthcare information

QUALITY IMPROVEMENT (QI)- skills

Seek information about outcomes of care for populations served in care setting Seek information about quality improvement projects in the care setting Use tools (such as flow charts, cause-effect diagrams) to make processes of care explicit Participate in a root cause analysis of a sentinel event Use quality measures to understand performance Use tools (such as control charts and run charts) that are helpful for understanding variation Identify gaps between local and best practice Design a small test of change in daily work (using an experiential learning method such as Plan-Do-Study-Act) Practice aligning the aims, measures and changes involved in improving care Use measures to evaluate the effect of change

Margins

Set uniform margins of at least 1 in. (2.54 cm) on the top, bottom, left, and right of every page. Use your word-processing software to add a header that will appear at the top of every page that includes the running head and the page number. The header appears within the top margin, not below it.

glomerulus

Contained inside the nephron, a cluster of capillaries surrounded by a cup-shaped membrane called the Bowman's capsule.

Look for cause and effect.

Correlation does not necessarily mean causation - that is, because two variables often occur together does not necessarily mean that one variable actually causes the other. To take a trivial and obvious example, when I get up from bed, the sun comes up - but there is obviously no causality. Yet some tribes used to believe that particular rituals were essential to ensure the rising of the sun. On the other hand, when I go to bed, I feel refreshed - and there clearly is a relationship. More sleep generally means more vitality and this positive correlation underlines that there is a causal connection here. Sometimes relationships are not obvious: in the movie "The Truman Show", when the Jim Carey character gets up from bed, the 'sun' does come up in a causal manner because the Ed Harris character ensures that it does.

ventricles (VEN-tri-kulz)

cavities (spaces) within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The cerebrospinal fluid flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord

cec/o

cecum

zygote

cell formed by the union of the sperm and ovum

CNS

central nervous system

body

central portion of the stomach, distal to the fundus

During the delivery of a fetus, it is expected the fetus will have which type of presentation?

cephalic

cerebell/o

cerebellum

CP

cerebral palsy

CSF

cerebrospinal fluid

CVA

cerebrovascular accident

cerebr/o

cerebrum, brain

C1-C7

cervical vertebrae

CS, C-section

cesarean section

Non-infected obstruction of an oil gland of the eyelid

chalazion

attention deficit disorder

characterized by a short attention span and impulsive behavior that is inappropriate for the child's developmental age

generalized anxiety disorder

characterized by chronic anxiety plus exaggerated worry and tension even when there is little or nothing to provoke these feelings

borderline personality disorder

characterized by impulsive actions, often with the potential for self harm, as well as mood instability and chaotic relationships

somatoform disorder

characterized by physical complaints or concerns about one's body that are out of proportion to any physical findings or disease

conversion disorder

characterized by serious temporary or ongoing changes in function, such as paralysis or blindness, that are triggered by psychological factors rather than by any physical cause

malingering

characterized by the intentional creation of false or grossly exaggerated physical or psychological symptoms

psychotic disorder

characterized by the loss of contact with reality and deterioration of normal social functioning

Surgical repair of the lip

cheiloplasty

computed tomography

Also known as a CAT scan, is more commonly used as a primary tool for evaluation of the urinary system because it can be rapidly performed and provides additional imaging the abdomen, which may reveal other potential sources for the patient's symptoms.

transurethral prostatectomy

Also known as a TURP, is the removal of an overgrowth of tissue from the prostate gland through a resectoscope.

cystocele

Also known as a fallen bladder, is a hernia of the bladder through the vaginal wall.

nephroptosis

Also known as a floating kidney, is the prolapse of a kidney.

benign prostatic hypertrophy

Also known as an BENIGN PROSTATIC hyperplasia, enlarged prostate, or prostatomegaly, is an abnormal enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs most often in men over age 50.

stone

Also known as calculus, is an abnormal mineral deposit that has formed within the body.

cystalgia

Also known as cystodynia, means pain in the urinary bladder.

intravenous pyelogram

Also known as excretory urography, is a radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters using a contrast medium administered INTRAVENOUSly to clearly define these structures in the resulting image.

renal failure

Also known as kidney failure, is the inability of one or both of the kidneys to perform their functions.

nephropexy

Also known as nephrorrhaphy, is the surgical fixation of a floating kidney.

nephropyosis

Also known as pyonephrosis, is suppuration of the kidney.

nephrolith

Also known as renal calculus or a kidney stone, is a stone in the kidney.

urethral meatus

Also known as the urinary MEATUS, is the external opening of the urethra.

uremia

Also known as uremic poisoning, is a toxic condition resulting from renal failure in which kidney function is compromised and urea is retained in the blood.

urination

Also known as voiding or micturition, is the normal process of excreting urine.

urinary tract

Also referred to as the urinary system, consists of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and a urethra.

Facebook

Although the Publication Manual (6th ed.) does not include specific Facebook citation formats, you can adapt the basic reference format to fit.

Twitter

Although the Publication Manual (6th ed.) does not include specific Twitter citation formats, you can adapt the basic reference format to fit.

Be cautious about changing percentages.

Percentages can be useful; they can put large numbers or small numbers in context. But changing percentages need to be viewed carefully. An under-noticed property of percentages is that they are bigger on the way up than they are on the way down. So, if the price of something rises by 100% and then falls by 50%, you are back to where you started (something which costs £ 20, if increased by 100% becomes £ 40, then if decreased by 50% becomes £ 20 again). If you have a loan with a compound rate of interest of 10%, this does not mean that each year the amount of the loan increases by 10% of the original sum; instead, on a loan of £ 1,000, in the first year, the interest is 10% of £ 1,000 = £ 100; in the second year, the interest is 10% of £ 1,100 = £ 110; and so on).

tumor of the adrenal medulla

Pheochromocytoma

kal/i

Potassium

neurotransmitters

chemical substances that make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor; examples include acetylcholine, dopamine, endorphins, norepinephrine, and serotonin

pueper/o

childbirth

puepera

childbirth

-partum

childbirth, labor

chori/o

chorion

alcoholism

chronic alcohol dependence with specific signs and symptoms upon withdrawal

multiple sclerosis (MS) (MUL-ti-pl) (skle-RO^-sis)

chronic degenerative disease characterized by sclerotic patches along the brain and spinal cord; signs and symptoms fluctuate over the course of the disease, more common symptoms include fatigue, balance and coordination impairments, numbness, and vision problems

multiple sclerosis (MS)

chronic degenerative disease characterized by sclerotic patches along the brain and spinal cord; signs and symptoms fluctuate over the course of the disease; more common symptoms include fatigue, balance and coordination impairments, numbness, and vision problems

Parkinson disease (PD) (PAR-kin-sun) (di-ze^z)

chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system. Signs and symptoms include resting tremors of the hands and feet, rigidity, expressionless face, shuffling gait, and eventually dementia. It usually occurs after the age of 50 years (also called parkinsonism)

Parkinson's disease (PD)

chronic degenerative disease of the central nervous system. signs and systems include resting tremors of the hands and feet, rigidity, expressionless face, shuffling gait, and eventually dementia. it usually occurs after the age of 50 years (also called parkinsonism)

myasthenia gravis (MG)

chronic disease characterized by muscle weakness and thought to be caused by a defect in the transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cell. The face, larynx, and throat are frequently affected; no true paralysis of the muscle exists.

Meniere's disease

chronic disease of the inner ear characterized by a sensation of spinning motion (vertigo), ringing in the ear (tinnitus), aural fullness, and fluctuating hearing loss; symptoms are related to a change in volume or composition of fluid within the labyrinth

cirrhosis

chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells and formation of scar tissue; commonly caused by alcoholism and certain types of viral hepatitis

Crohn disease

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract usually affecting the ileum and colon; characterized by cobblestone ulcerations and the formation of scar tissue that may lead to intestinal obstruction (also called regional ileitis or regional enteritis)

CTE

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

clavic/o, clavicul/o

clavicle (collarbone)

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

clear, colorless fluid contained in the ventricles that flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord. It cushions the brain and spinal cord from shock, transports nutrients, and clears metabolic waste

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (ser-e^-bro^-SPI-nal) (FLOO-id)

clear, colorless fluid contained in the ventricles that flows through the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord. It cushions the brain and spinal cord from shock, transports nutrients, and clears metabolic waste

• Standards for Critical Thinking

clear, precise, specific, accurate, relevant, plausible, consistent, logical, deep, broad, complete, significant, adequate for the purpose and fair.

cataract

clouding of the lens of the eye

cochle/o

cochlea

dementia (de-MEN-sha)

cognitive impairement characterized by loss of intellectual brain function, Patients have difficulty in various ways, including difficulty in performing complex tasks, reasoning, learning, and retaining new information, orientation, word finding, and behavior, Dementia has several causes and is not considered part of normal aging.

dementia

cognitive impairment characterized by loss of intellectual brain function. patients have difficulty in various ways, including difficulty in performing complex task, reasoning, learning and retaining new information, orientation, word finding, and behavior. dementia has several causes and is not considered part of normal aging

cochlea

coiled portion of the inner ear containing the sensory organ for hearing; connects to the oval window in the middle ear

cry/o

cold

clavicle

collar bone

1. Assessment

collect data, cluster data, determine normal versus abnormal data, determine other needed information or data; involves making a judgment about the patient's health status, ability to manage own healthcare and need for nursing care; priorities are immediate threats to patient's wellbeing, risk for injury or worsening of current condition, and any changes in status. Nursing history, physical exam, review patient chart, consult evidence based guidelines for interventions, validate data, continually update all data.

col/o, colon/o

colon or large intestine

• Adequacy of Knowledge

determine if the knowledge you have is accurate, complete, factual, timely and relevant. If information is lacking or false, the conclusion will also be lacking or false. Be sure the details relevant to the issue clear, such as what's riding on this decision, how much time do you have to make the decision, is there room for error?

osteoblast

developing bone cell

anastomosis (pl. anastomoses)

connection created by surgically joining two structures, such as blood vessels or bowel segments

corpus callosum

connects the two cerebral hemispheres

tongue

consists mostly of skeletal muscle; attached in the posterior region of the mouth. It provides movement of food for mastication, directs food to the pharynx for swallowing, and is a major organ for taste and speech.

external ear

consists of the auricle and external auditory canal (meatus)

inner ear

consists of the labyrinth and connectors of the vestibular and the cochlear nerves

middle ear

consists of the tympanic membrane and the tympanic cavity containing the ossicles

brain (bra^n)

contained within the cranium, the center for coordinating body activities and comprises the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem, the brainstem, contains the pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain

gestation, pregnancy

development of a new individual from conception to birth

causes excessive urination

diabetes insipidus

under active islets of Langerhans

diabetes mellitus

lumbar puncture (LP)

diagnostic procedure performed by insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae; performed for many reasons, including the removal of cerebrospinal fluid (also called spinal tap)

lumbar puncture (LP) (LUM-bar) (PUNK-chur)

diagnostic procedure performed by insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space usually between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae; performed for many reasons, including the removal of cerebrospinal fluid (also called spinal tap)

dyspepsia

difficult digestion (often used to describe GI symptoms, such as abdominal pain and bloating)

brain

contained within the cranium, the center for coordinating body activities and compromises the cerebrum, cerebellum and brainstem; the brainstem contains the pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain

occipital lobe

controls eyesight

frontal lobe

controls skilled motor functions, memory, and behavior

autonomic nervous system

controls the involuntary actions of the body

temporal lobe

controls the senses of hearing and smell, and the ability to create store, and access new information

efferent

conveying away from the center (for example, efferent nerves carry impulses away from the central nervous system)

efferent (EF-er-ent)

conveying away from the center (for example, efferent nerves carry impulses away from the central nervous system)

afferent

conveying toward a center (for example, afferent nerves carry sensory impulses to the central nervous system)

afferent (AF-er-ent)

conveying toward a center (for example, afferent nerves carry sensory impulses to the central nervous system)

Nerve (nurv)

cordlike structure made up of fibers that carries impulses from one part of the body to another. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

dystocia

difficult labor

dyskinesia

difficult movement

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

-pepsia

digestion

otorrhea

discharge from the ear (may be serous, bloody, consisting of pus, or containing cerebrospinal fluid)

nerve

cordlike structure made up of fibers that carries impulses from one part of the body to another. there are 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerve

corne/o, kerat/o

cornea

cortic/o

cortex (the outer layer of a body organ)

also called hydrocortisone

cortisol

amniorrhea

discharge of amniotic fluid

crepitus

crackling sensation heard or felt when two bones rub against each other or grating caused by the rubbing together of dry surfaces of a joint (crepitus is also used to describe the crackling sound heard with pneumonia

crani/o

cranium (skull)

gastrojejunostomy

creation of an artificial opening between the stomach and jejunum

dacryocystorhinostomy

creation of an artificial opening between the tear (lacrimal) sac and the nose (to restore drainage into the nose when the nasolacrimal duct is obstructed or obliterated)

colostomy

creation of an artificial opening into the colon (through the abdominal wall). used for the passage of stool. a colostomy, which creates a mouthlike opening on the abdominal wall called a stoma, may be permanent or temporary; performed as treatment for bowel obstruction, cancer, or diverticulitis

ileostomy

creation of an artificial opening into the ileum (through the abdominal wall creating a stoma, a mouthlike opening on the abdominal wall). (Used for the passage of stool. It is performed following total proctocolectomy for ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, or cancer.)

steatorrhea

discharge of fat (excessive amount of fat in the stool, causing frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter usually associated with the malabsorption of fat in conditions such as chronic pancreatitis and celiac disease)

lactorrhea

discharge of milk

otopyorrhea

discharge of pus from the ear

mononeuropathy

disease affecting a single nerve (such as carpal tunnel syndrome)

mononeuropathy (mon-o^-nu^-ROP-a-the^)

disease affecting a single nerve (such as carpal tunnel syndrome)

gout

disease in which an excessive amount of uric acid in the blood causes sodium urate crystals (tophi) to be deposited in the joints, producing arthritis. the great toe is frequently affected

polyneuropathy (pol-e^-nu^-ROP-a-the^)

disease of many nerves (most often occurs as a complication of diabetes mellitus, but may also occur as a result of drug therapy, critical illness such as sepsis, or carcinoma; exhibiting symptoms of weakness, distal sensory loss, and burning)

polyneuropathy

disease of many nerves (most often occurs as a side effect of diabetes mellitus, but may also occur as a result of drug therapy, critical illness such as sepsis, or carcinoma; exhibiting symptoms of weakness, distal sensory loss, and burning)

neuroarthropathy

disease of nerves and joints

neuroarthropathy (nu^-ro^-at-THROP-a-the^)

disease of nerves and joints

encephalopathy

disease of the brain

encephalopathy (en-sef-a-LOP-a-the^)

disease of the brain

enteropathy

disease of the intestine

Radiculopathy

disease of the nerve roots

radiculopathy (ra-dik-u^-LOP-a-the^)

disease of the nerve roots

neuropathy (nu^-ROP-a-the^)

disease of the nerves

neuropathy

disease of the nerves (peripheral)

Alzheimer's disease

disorder associated with degenerative changes in the brain structure that lead to progressive memory loss, impaired cognition, and personality changes

anxiety disorder

disorder characterized by feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness arising typically from the anticipation of unreal or imagined danger

anxiety disorder (anf-ZI^-e-te^) (dis-OR-der)

disorder characterized by feelings of apprehension, tension, or uneasiness arising typically from the anticipation of unreal or imagined danger

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)

disorder characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts that result in the tendency to perform repetitive acts or rituals (compulsions), usually as a means of releasing tension or anxiety

Don't jump to conclusions.

As Harold Acton pointed out: "Some people take no mental exercise apart from jumping to conclusions". Although the currently available facts may suggest a particular conclusion, other conclusions may be possible. Further facts may support an alternative conclusion and even invalidate the original conclusion. Even when this is not the case, it is always helpful to have further, supporting evidence to support the original conclusion.

Beware of statements that pretend to be truth but are close to being lies.

As the book "Would They Lie To You?" makes clear: "You can steer a truck through the gap between a lie and the simple truth." An infamous example is the statement by President Bill Clinton in January 1998: "I want you to listen to me. I'm going to say this again: I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky." In his own mind, Clinton believed this statement to be true because he had not actually had sexual intercourse with Lewinsky, but most people would regard fellatio as constituting "sexual relations". The only way to be clear about what such statements mean is to ask very precise questions and insist on very precise answers - although if the questioner is not sure what he is trying to find out, the person asked the question can use that very precision to give a misleading answer. That is why, in the case of an earlier presidential scandal (Watergate, 1972-74), 'Deep Throat' played such a useful role in directing the investigating journalists as regards the lines of enquiry they should follow.

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Chronic systemic disease characterized by autoimmune inflammatory changes in the connective tissue throughout the body.

obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) (ob-SES-iv-kom-PUL-siv) (dis-OR-der)

disorder characterized by intrusive, unwanted thoughts that result in the tendency to perform repetitive acts or rituals (compulsions), usually as a means of releasing tension or anxiety

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

disorder of learning and behavioral problems characterized by marked inattention, distractibility, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (a-TEN-shun) (DEF-I-sit) (hi-per-ak-TIV-I-te^) (dis-OR-der)

disorder of learning and behavioral problems characterized by marked inattention, distractibility, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity

dystentery

disorder that involves inflammation of the intestines (usually the large intestine) associated with diarrhea and abdominal pain and diarrhea that is often bloody

somatoform disorders

disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists

somatoform disorders (so^-MAT-o^-form) (dis-OR-derz)

disorders characterized by physical symptoms for which no known physical cause exists

learning disabilities

disorders found in children of normal intelligence who have difficulties in learning specific skills such as processing language or grasping mathematical concepts

Rhabdomyolysis

dissolution of striated muscle (caused by trauma, extreme exertion, or drug toxicity; in severe cases renal failure can result)

rectum

distal portion of the large intestine, approximately 8 to 10 inches (20 cm) long, extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus

antrum

distal portion of the stomach

diverticul/o

diverticulum, or blind pouch, extending from a hollow organ

DO

doctor of osteopathy

benign brain tumor

does not invade brain tissue

H. pylori

Helicobacter pylori

artificial kidney

Hemodialysis unit on which treatment is performed.

Excision of hemorrhoids, the swollen or distended veins in the lower rectum and anus

Hemorrhoidectomy

obstetrics

OB

gastrostomy

creation of an artificial opening into the stomach (through the abdominal wall). (A tube is inserted through the opening for administration of food when swallowing is impossible.) a tube is inserted through the opening for administration of food when swallowing is impossible

meniscus

crescent-shaped cartilage found in some joints, including the knee

Surgical fixation of the retina by using extreme cold

cryoretinopexy

vagotomy

cutting of certain branches of the vagus nerve, performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid produced and thus reduce the recurrence of ulcers

cholesteatoma

cystlike mass composed of epithelial cells and cholesterol occurring in the middle ear; may be associated with chronic otitis media

cerebrovascular accident

damage to the brain that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is disrupted; also known as a stroke

DOB

date of birth

acute renal failure

(ARF) Pathology of the urinary system which has sudden onset and is characterized by uremia.

end-stage renal disease

(ESRD) Refers to the late stages of chronic renal failure in which there is irreversible loss of the function of both kidneys.

KUB

(Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder) Also known as a flat-plate of the abdomen, is a radiographic study of these structures without the use of a contrast medium.

arachnoid (a-RAK-noid)

delicate middle layer of the meninges. The arachnoid membrane is loosely attached to the pia mater by weblike fibers, which allow for the subarachnoid space

arachnoid

delicate middle layer of the meninges; the arachnoid membrane is loosely attached to the pia mater by weblike fibers, which allow for the subarachnoid space

hypnotic

depresses the central nervous system and usually produces sleep

sedative

depresses the central nervous system to produce calm and diminished responsiveness without producing sleep

autism

describes a group of conditions in which a young child cannot develop normal social relationships

bladder retraining

A program of urinating on a schedule with increasingly longer time intervals.

malignant brain tumor

destroys brain tissue

prostate-specific antigen

A protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland.

retrograde urography

A radiograph of the urinary system taken after dye has been placed in the urethra through a sterile catheter and caused to flow upward (backward) through the urinary tract.

cystography

A radiographic examination of the bladder after instillation of a contrast medium via a urethral catheter.

sphincter

A ring-like muscle that closes a passageway.

peristalsis

A series of wave-like contractions, moves urine down each ureter to the bladder.

Which statement is correct about citing website material that has no author, year or page number?

A short title in quotation marks, in cases in which the heading is too unwieldy to cite in full.

tubule

A small tube.

dialysate

A solution made up of water and electrolytes. This solution cleanses the blood by removing waste products and excess fluids.

nephroscope

A specialized endoscope used in the treatment of the kidneys.

resectoscope

A specialized endoscopic instrument that resembles a cystoscope.

ureterolith

A stone located anywhere along the ureter.

cystolith

A stone located within the urinary bladder.

lithotomy

A surgical incision for the removal of a stone from the bladder.

pyelotomy

A surgical incision into the renal pelvis.

urethrotomy

A surgical incision into the urethra for relief of a stricture.

meatotomy

A surgical incision made in the urinary meatus to enlarge the opening.

percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Removal of kidney stones performed by making a small incision in the back and inserting a nephroscope to crush and remove a kidney stone.

Situation: Found something interesting in the textbook and wanted to reference it in the N1000 forum.

Right: I found a helpful tip in the chapter for learning vocabulary is to "expand by five words a meal, by sharing both words and food at your next study session" OR Right: I found a helpful tip in the in the chapter, by adding a few new words over lunch with friends. Reference: Brooks, M. L., & Brooks, D. L. (2012). Exploring medical language: A student-directed approach (8th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.

looks at different angles of the heart

SPECT

endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)

procedure using an endoscope fitted with an ultrasound probe that provides images of the esophageal and stomach linings, as well as the walls of the small and large intestine; used to detect tumors and cystic growths and for staging of malignant tumors

gavage

process of feeding a person through a tube

cerebral angiography

process of recording (scan of) the (blood) vessels of the cerebrum (after an injection of contrast medium)

CT myelography

process of recording (scan of) the spinal cord (after an injection of a contrast agent into the subarachnoid space by lumbar puncture. Size, shape, and position of the spinal cord and nerve roots are demonstrated.)

electrocochleography

process of recording the electrical activity in the cochlea (in response to sound)

electroencephalography

process of recording the electrical activity of the brain

salivary glands

produce saliva, which flows into the mouth

liver

produces bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats. the liver performs many other functions concerned with digestion and metabolism

pancreas

produces pancreatic juice, which helps digest all types of food and secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism

embryogenic

producing an embryo

teratogenic

producing malformations

lactogenic

producing milk

• Helpful resources

professionals recognize their limits and seek to remedy their deficiencies; know that learning is continuous; know what information they need and where to get it.

macular degeneration

progressive deterioration of the portion of the retina called the macula, resulting in loss of central vision. age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is the leading cause of legal blindness in persons older than 65 years; onset occurs between the ages of 50 and 60

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) (a^-mi^-o^-TRO^-fik) (LAT-er-al) (skle-RO^-sis)

progressive muscle atrophy caused by degeneration and scarring of neurons along the lateral columns of the spinal cord that control muscles (also called Lou Gehrig disease

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

progressive muscle atrophy caused by degeneration and scarring of neurons along the lateral columns of the spinal cord that control muscles (also called Lou Gehrig disease)

olecranon process

projection at the proximal end of the ulna that forms the bony point of the elbow

blepharoptosis

prolapse of the eyelid (commonly called ptosis)

meningocele

protrusion of the meninges (through a defect in the skull or vertebral arch)

meningocele (me-NING-go^-se^l)

protrusion of the meninges (through a defect in the skull or vertebral arch)

meningomyelocele (me-sing-go^-MI^-e-lo^-se^l)

protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord (through a neural arch defect in the vertebral column) (also called myclomeningocele)

meningomyelocele

protrusion of the meninges and spinal cord through a neural arch defect in the spinal column) (also called myleomeningocele)

glial cells

provide support and protection for neurons

midbrain and pons

provides conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain

fundus

proximal domed portion of the stomach

Study of the mind is called

psychology

pub/o

pubis

cor/o, core/o, pupill/o

pupil

Instrument used to measure (the diameter of) the pupil

pupillometer

pylor/i

pylorus

pylor/o

pylorus, pyloric sphincter

paralysis of all limbs

quadriplegia

What is the obstetrical medical term for a woman who feels her baby moving for the first time?

quickening

cholangiogram

radiographic image of bile ducts

esophagogram

radiographic image of the esophagus (and pharynx). (The contrast medium barium is used to study function and form of swallowing related to the pharynx and esophagus.) (also called esophagram and barium swallow)

RA

rheumatoid arthritis

Surgery that involves incision into a nerve root is called a_________

rhizotomy

cost/o

rib

pyloric sphincter

ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and the duodenum

tinnitus

ringing in the ears

-drome

run, running

-rrhexis

rupture

amniorrhexis

rupture of the amnion

herniated disk

rupture of the intervertebral disk cartilage, which allows the contents to protrude through it, putting pressure on the spinal nerve roots (also called slipped disk, ruptured disk, herniated intervertebral disk, or herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP))

hysterorrhexis

rupture of the uterus

sacr/o

sacrum

The nurse engages in root cause analysis rather than blaming when a patient was almost given the wrong treatment is a skill or knowledge identified in which KSAS?

safety

sial/o

saliva, salivary gland

The elderly patient was diagnosed as having an abnormal reduction of connective tissue (loss of skeletal muscle mass) or

sarcopenia

oligohydramnios

scanty amnion water

scapul/o

scapula (shoulder blade)

scler/o

sclera

jejunum

second portion of the small intestine, approximately 8 feet (2.4m) long

Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)

second set of 12 vertebrae. they articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs to form the outward curve of the spine

-ictal

seizure, attack

tympanic membrane

semitransparent membrane that separates the external auditory meatus and the middle ear cavity. the tympanic membrane transmits sound vibrations to the ossicles. (also called eardrum)

esthesi/o

sensation, sensitivity, feeling

vertigo

sense that either one's own body (subjective vertigo) or the environment (objective vertigo) is revolving; may indicate inner ear disease

afferent neurons (afferent means toward)

sensory neurons; emerge from sensory organs and the skin to carry the impulses from the sensory organs toward the brain and spinal cord

semicircular canals and vestibule

sensory organs of balance; contain receptors and endolymph that provide sensory information about the body's position to maintain equilibrium

palate

separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity

retinal detachment

separation of the retina from the choroid in back of the eye

barium enema (BE)

series of radiographic images taken of the large intestine after the contrast agent barium has been administered rectally (also called lower GI series)

upper GI series

series of radiographic images taken of the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum after the contrast agent barium has been administered orally (also called upper gastrointestinal series)

peritoneum

serous saclike lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities

eclampsia

severe complication and progression of preeclampsia characterized by convulsion. It is a potentially life-threatening disorder

visual acuity (VA)

sharpness of vision for either distance or near

external auditory canal

short tube that ends at the tympanic membrane. The inner part lies within the temporal bone of the skull and contains the glands that secrete earwax (cerumen) (also called external auditory meatus)

scapula

shoulder blade

sigmond/o

sigmoid colon

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

significant behavioral health disorder in which some people exposed to a traumatic event go on to develop a series of symptoms related to it. These include mentally re-experiencing the event, increased autonomic arousal (the "fight or flight" response), avoidance of thoughts or activities that are reminders of the trauma, social withdrawal, difficulty making emotional contacts with family and friends

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (po^st-tra-MAT-ik) (stres) (dis-OR-der)

significant behavioral health disorder in which some people exposed to a traumatic event go on to develop a series of symptoms related to it. These include mentally re-experiencing the event, increased autonomic arousal (the "fight or flight" response), avoidance of thoughts or activities that are reminders of the trauma, social withdrawal, difficulty making emotional contacts with family and friends

Anisometropia

significant unequal refractive error between two eyes

receptors

sites in the sensory organs that receive external stimulation

-paresis

slight paralysis

hemiparesis (hem-e^-pa-RE^-sis)

slight paralysis of half (right or left side of the body

hemiparesis

slight paralysis of half (right or left side of the body)

monoparesis

slight paralysis of one (limb)

monoparesis (mon-o^-pa-RE^-sis)

slight paralysis of one (limb)

bradykinesia

slow movement

micro-

small

microcephalus

small head

appendix

small pouch, which has no known function in digestion, attached to the cecum (also called vermiform appendix)

gallbladder

small, saclike structure that stores bile produced by the liver

uvula

soft V-shaped structure that extends from the soft palate; directs food into the throat

yellow marrow

soft, fatty material found in the medullary cavity of long bones

osteomalacia

softening of bone

chondromalacia

softening of cartilage

encephalomalacia

softening of the brain

encephalomalacia (en-sef-a-lo^-ma-LA^-sha)

softening of the brain

keratomalacia

softening of the cornea (usually a bilateral condition associated with vitamin A deficiency)

phacomalacia

softening of the lens

scleromalacia

softening of the sclera

myelomalacia

softening of the spinal cord

myelomalacia (mi^e-lo^-ma-LA^sha)

softening of the spinal cord

gastromalacia

softening of the stomach

The physician's assistant, during a routine physical examination, recorded on the patient's medical record "crepitus of the right knee." She observed a crackling sensation or

sound

chiropractor

specialist in chiropractic

podiatrist

specialist in treating and diagnosing diseases and disorders of the foot, including medical and surgical treatment

psychologist

specialist of the mind (clinical psychologists have graduate training in clinical psychology, administer psychological tests, and treat individuals with disturbances of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders by counseling therapy)

psychologist (si-KOL-o-jist)

specialist of the mind (clinical psychologists have graduate training in clinical psychology, administer psychological tests, and treat individuals with disturbances of mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders by counseling therapy)

optician

specialist who fills prescriptions for lenses (cannot prescribe lenses)

-iatrist

specialist, physician

glia (GLE^-a)

specialized cells that support and nourish nervous tissue. Some cells assist in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid and others assist with phagocytosis. They do not conduct impulses. Schwann cells are glial cells in the peripheral nervous system. Types of glia in the central nervous system include ependymal cells, astroglia, oligodendroglia, microglia. (also called neuroglia)

glia

specialized cells that support and nourish nervous tissue. some cells assist in the secretion of cerebrospinal fluid and other assist with phagocytosis. they do not conduct impulses. schwann cells are glial cells in the peripheral nervous system. type of glia in the central nervous system include ependymal cells, astroglia, oligodenroglia, and microglia (also called neuroglia)

psychiatry

specialty of the mind (branch of medicine that deals with the treatment of mental disorders)

psychiatry (si^-KI^-a-tre^)

specialty of the mind (branch of medicine that deals with the treatment of mental disorders)

diplopia

double vision

duoden/o

duodenum

gestation period

duration of pregnancy, normally 38 to 42 weeks, which can be divided into three equal periods, called trimesters

Inflammation of the intestine associated with abdominal pain and diarrhea that is often bloody

dysentery

unable to swallow

dysphasia

cerebral lobes

each cerebral hemisphere is subdivided to create pairs of lobes; each lobe is named for the bone of the cranium that covers it

aur/i, ot/o

ear

ENT

ear, nose, and throat; otolaryngologist

anorexia nervosa

eating disorder characterized by a disturbed perception of body image resulting in failure to maintain body weight, intensive fear of gaining weight, pronounced desire for thinness, and , in females , amenorrhea

anorexia nervosa (an-o^-REK-se^-a) (ner-VO^-sa)

eating disorder characterized by a disturbed perception of body image resulting in failure to maintain body weight, intensive fear of gaining weight, pronounced desire for thinness, and , in females , amenorrhea

bulimia nervosa

eating disorder characterized by uncontrolled binge eating followed by purging (induced vomiting)

bulimia nervosa (bu^-LE^-me^-a) (ner-VO^-sa)

eating disorder characterized by uncontrolled binge eating followed by purging (induced vomiting)

sound

ech/o

EEG

electroencephalogram

Instrument used to record the electrical impulses of the brain

electroencephalograph

EMG

electromyogram

implantation

embedding of the zygote in the uterine lining. The process normally begins about 7 days after fertilization and continues for several days

embry/o

embryo, to be full

Em

emmetropia

epiphysis (pl. epiphyses)

end of each long bone

endocrin/o

endocrine

ERCP

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

EUS

endoscopic ultrasound

hepatomegaly

enlargement of the liver

Surgical removal of the eyeball is called

enucleation

panic attack

episode of sudden onset of acute anxiety, occurring unpredictably; with feelings of acute apprehension, dyspnea, dizziness, sweating, and/or chest pain, depersonalization, paresthesia and fear of dying, loss of mind or control

panic attack (PAN-ik) (a-TAK)

episode of sudden onset of acute anxiety, occurring unpredictably; with feelings of acute apprehension, dyspnea, dizziness, sweating, and/or chest pain, depersonalization, paresthesia and fear of dying, loss of mind or control

is/o

equal

peptic ulcer

erosion of the mucous membrane of the stomach or duodenum associated with increased secretion of acid from the stomach, bacterial infection , or medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (often referred to as gastric or duodenal ulcer, depending on its location

A patient had an abnormal reduction of red blood cells after cancer treatment called

erythrocytopenia

EGD

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

esophag/o

esophagus

The nurse should be ready to change his or her mind if the ___ changes

evidence

EP studies

evoked potential studies

obesity

excess of body fat, which increases body weight; a condition in which body mass index (BMI) is greater than 30 kg/m. overweight is defined as BMI between 25 and 29.9 kg/m. morbid obesity is defined as a BMI over 40 kg/m

hypertrophy

excessive development

hyperkinesia

excessive movement (hyperactive)

hyperesthesia

excessive sensitivity (to stimuli)

hyperesthesia (hi^-per-es-THE^-zha)

excessive sensitivity (to stimuli)

tarsectomy

excision of (one or more) tarsal bones

bursectomy

excision of a bursa

carpectomy

excision of a carpal bone

diverticulectomy

excision of a diverticulum

phalangectomy

excision of a finger or toe bone

ganglionectomy

excision of a ganglion (also called gangliectomy)

ganglionectomy (gang-gle^-o-NEK-to-me^)

excision of a ganglion (also called gangliectomy)

laminectomy

excision of a lamina (often performed to relieve pressure on the nerve roots in the lower spine caused by a herniated disk and other conditions)

neurectomy

excision of a nerve

neurectomy (nu^-REK-to-me^)

excision of a nerve

polypectomy

excision of a polyp

costectomy

excision of a rib

diskectomy

excision of an intervertebral disk (a portion of the disk is removed to relieve pressure on nerve roots) (also spelled discectomy)

ostectomy

excision of bone

chondrectomy

excision of cartilage

hemicolectomy

excision of half of the colon

hemorrhoidectomy

excision of hemorrhoids, the swollen or distended veins in the rectal region

iridectomy

excision of part of the iris

antrectomy

excision of the antrum (of the stomach)

colectomy

excision of the colon

cholecystectomy

excision of the gallbladder

labyrinthectomy

excision of the labyrinth

mastoidectomy

excision of the mastoid bone

maxillectomy

excision of the maxilla

meniscectomy

excision of the meniscus (performed for a torn cartilage)

patellectomy

excision of the patella

stapedectomy

excision of the stapes (performed to restore hearing in cases of otosclerosis; the stapes is replaced by a prosthesis)

synovectomy

excision of the synovial membrane (of a joint)

uvulectomy

excision of the uvula

EDD

expected date of delivery

emesis

expelling matter from the stomach through the mouth (also called vomiting)

____ helps critical thinking evolve beyond the basic level

experience

ovulation

expulsion of a mature ovum from an ovary

acromion process

extension of the scapula, which forms the superior point of the shoulder

auricle

external, visible part of the ear located on both sides of the head; directs sound waves into the external auditory canal (also called pinna)

acr/o

extremities, height

ocul/o, opthalm/o

eye

Glaucoma

eye disorder characterized by increase of intraocular pressure IOP. if left untreated may progress to optic nerve damage and visual impairment or loss

blephar/o

eyelid

Pass a cotton ball on the patient cheek

facial nerve

synscope

fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrum

synscope (SINK-o-pe^)

fainting or sudden loss of consciousness caused by lack of blood supply to the cerebrum

The term glaucoma was given to any condition in which brown or green replaced the black in the pupil.

false

pseud/o

false

pseudocyesis

false pregnancy

hyperopia

farsightedness

steat/o

fat

FOBT

fecal occult blood test

femor/o

femur (upper leg bone)

FAS

fetal alcohol syndrome

fet/o

fetus

fet/o, fet/i

fetus, unborn child

The physician, after hearing the patient's complaints of widespread pain and stiffness, fatigue, and inability to get a good night's sleep, suspected that the pain involved the fibrous tissues and muscles and that the patient had

fibromyalgia

fibul/o

fibula (lower leg bone)

phalanx (pl. phalanges)

finger and toe bones

cartilage

firm, connective tissue primarily found in joints. articular cartilage covers the contracting surfaces of bones

prim/i

first

duodenum

first 10 to 12 inches (25 cm) of the small intestine

primipara

first birth

primigravida

first pregnancy

Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)

first set of seven bones, forming the neck

meconium

first stool of the newborn

cranioschisis

fissure (split) of the cranium (congenital)

rachischisis

fissure (split) of the vertebral column (congenital) (also called spina bifida)

sarc/o

flesh, connective tissue

Ligament

flexible, tough band of fibrous connective tissue that attaches one bone to another at a joint

synovia

fluid secreted by the synovial membrane and found in joint cavities, bursae, and around tendons

amniotic, or amnionic, fluid

fluid within the amniotic sac, which surrounds the fetus

bursa (pl. bursae)

fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another

behavioral therapy

focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes

cognitive therapy

focuses on changing cognitions or thoughts that are affecting a person's emotions or actions

metatarsal bones

foot bones

ankylosing spondylitis

form of arthritis that first affects the spine and adjacent structures and that, as it progresses, causes a forward bend of the spine (also called strumpell-marie arthritis or disease, or rheumatoid spondylitis

cardiac muscle

forms most of the wall of the heart. Its involuntary contraction produces the heartbeat (also called myocardium)

spondylolisthesis

forward slipping of one vertebra over another

quadr/i

four

coccyx

four vertebrae fused together to form the tailbone

fx

fracture

diarrhea

frequent discharge of liquid stool

spondylosyndesis

fusing together of the vertebrae (also called spinal fusion)

chol/e

gall, bile

gangli/o, ganglion/o

ganglion

flatus

gas in the digestive tract or expelled through the anus

Inflammation of the stomach and intestines

gastroenteritis

GERD

gastroesophageal reflux disease

GI

gastrointestinal

Down Syndrome

genetic syndrome characterized by varying degrees of mental retardation and multiple defects (formerly called mongolism)

gli/o

glia

gliocyte

glial cell

gliocyte GLI^-o^-si^t)

glial cell

Have the patient move tongue and swallow

glossopharyngeal

poli/o

gray matter

evoked potential studies (EP studies)

group of diagnostic tests that measure changes and responses in brain waves elicited by visual, auditory, or somatosensory stimuli. Visual evoked response (VER) is a response to visual stimuli. Auditory evoked response (AER) is a response to auditory stimuli. Somatosensory evoked response (SSER) is a response to stimuli applied to the extremities.

psychologist

holds an advanced degree but is not a medical doctor; evaluates and treats emotional problems and mental illness

humer/o

humerus (upper arm bone)

kyph/o

hump (increased convexity of the spine)

Have the patient move the tongue left to right

hypoglossal

low potassium

hypokalemia

A patient had signs and symptoms that included fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. The physician prescribed treatment for which condition?

hypothyroidism

• Potential Problems

identify pitfalls to sound reasoning such as working from faulty assumptions, accepting an unproven claim or line of argument, having a bias about an issue, allowing emotion to sabotage reason, and applying generalizations based on limited experience.

• Purpose of Thinking

identify the purpose or goal of your thinking; direct all thoughts toward the goal. The purpose of critical thinking is to make a judgment about a particular situation, patient, or to make a decision about an intervention.

ile/o

ileum

ili/o

ilium

malabsorption

impaired digestion or intestinal absorption of nutrients

presbyopia

impaired vision as a result of aging

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer tomography (CT)

important neuroimaging tools because they facilitate the examination of the soft tissue structures of the brain and spinal cord

IVF

in vitro fertilization

dysarthria

inability to use speech that is distinct and connected because of a loss of muscle control after damage to the peripheral or central nervous system

dysarthria (dis-AR-thre^-a)

inability to use speech that is distinct and connected because of a loss of muscle control after damage to the peripheral or central nervous system

osteotomy

incision into a bone

neurotomy

incision into a nerve

neurotomy (nu^-ROT-o-me^)

incision into a nerve

radicotomy, rhizotomy (rad-I-KOT-o-me^) (ri^-ZOT-o-me^)

incision into a nerve root

laparotomy

incision into the abdominal cavity (also called celiotomy)

amniotomy

incision into the amnion

choledocholithotomy

incision into the common bile duct to remove a stone

iridotomy

incision into the iris

mastoidotomy

incision into the mastoid bone

pyloromyotomy

incision into the pyloric muscle (performed to correct pyloric stenosis)

sclerotomy

incision into the sclera

myringotomy

incision into the tympanic membrane (performed to relieve pressure in the middle ear by releasing pus or fluid and for the placement of tubes)

rachiotomy

incision into the vertebral column

episiotomy

incision into the vulva

dacryocystotomy

incision of the tear (lacrimal) sac

manic behavior

includes an abnormally elevated mood state, including inappropriate elation, increased irritability, severe insomnia, poor judgment, and inappropriate social behavior

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

includes the 12 pairs of cranial nerves extending from the brain and the 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves extending outward from the spinal cord

central nervous system (CNS)

includes the brain and spinal cord

premature infant

infant born before completing 37 weeks of gestation

sty

infection of an oil gland of the eyelid (also spelled stye and also called hordeolum)

neuritis (nu^-RI^-tis)

inflammation in a nerve

buritis

inflammation of a bursa

Diverticulitis

inflammation of a diverticulum

gangliitis

inflammation of a ganglion

arthritis

inflammation of a joint. (The most common forms of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.)

neuritis

inflammation of a nerve

tendinitis

inflammation of a tendon (also spelled tendonitis)

diskitis

inflammation of an intervertebral disk (also spelled discitis)

polymyositis

inflammation of many muscles

polyneuritis

inflammation of many nerves

plantar fasciitis

inflammation of plantar fascia, connective tissue of the sole of the foot, due to repetitive injury; common cause of heel pain.

amnionitis

inflammation of the amnion

appendicitis

inflammation of the appendix

osteitis

inflammation of the bone

Osteomyelitis

inflammation of the bone and bone marrow (caused by bacterial infection)

osteochondritis

inflammation of the bone and cartilage

Osteoarthritis (OA)

inflammation of the bone and joint

encephalitis

inflammation of the brain

encephalitis (en-sef-a-LI^-tis)

inflammation of the brain

encephalomyeloradiculitis (en-sef-a-lo^-mi^-e-lo^-ra-dik-u^-LI^-tis)

inflammation of the brain, spinal cord, and nerve roots

cerebellitis

inflammation of the cerebellum

cerebellitis (ser-e-bel-I^-tis)

inflammation of the cerebellum

chorioamnionitis

inflammation of the chorion and amnion

colitis

inflammation of the colon

Conjunctivitis

inflammation of the conjunctiva (pink eye)

keratitis

inflammation of the cornea

duritis (du^-RI^-tis)

inflammation of the dura mater

duritits

inflammation of the dura mater

otomastoiditis

inflammation of the ear and the mastoid bone

esophagitis

inflammation of the esophagus

blepharitis

inflammation of the eyelid

Cholecystitis

inflammation of the gallbladder

gangliitis (gang-gle^-I^-tis)

inflammation of the ganglion

poliomyelitis

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord (this infectious disease , commonly referred to as polio, is caused by one of three polio viruses)

poliomyelitis (po^-le^-o^-mi^-e-LI^-tis)

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord. (This infectious disease, commonly referred to as polio, is caused by one of three polio viruses)

gingivitis

inflammation of the gums

enteritis

inflammation of the intestine

iritis

inflammation of the iris

labyrithitis

inflammation of the labyrinth

hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

steatohepatitis

inflammation of the liver associated with (excessive) fat; often caused by alcohol abuse and obesity; over time may cause cirrhosis

mastoiditis

inflammation of the mastoid bone

maxillitis

inflammation of the maxilla

Meningitis

inflammation of the meninges

meningitis (men-in-JI^-tis)

inflammation of the meninges

meniscitis

inflammation of the meniscus

otitis media (OM)

inflammation of the middle ear

stomatitis

inflammation of the mouth (mucous membrane)

rhizomeningomyelitis

inflammation of the nerve root, meninges, and spinal cord

rhizominingomyelitis (ri^-zo^-me-ning-go^-mi^-e-LI^-tis)

inflammation of the nerve root, meninges, and spinal cord

radiculitis

inflammation of the nerve roots

radiculitis (ra-dik-u^-LI^-tis)

inflammation of the nerve roots

polyneuritis (pol-e^-nu^-RI^-tis)

inflammation of the nerves

otitis externa

inflammation of the outer ear

palatitis

inflammation of the palate

pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas

peritonitis

inflammation of the peritoneum

proctitis

inflammation of the rectum

sciatica

inflammation of the sciatic nerve

sciatica (si^-AT-I-ka)

inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from the thigh through the leg to the foot and toes, can be caused by injury, infection, arthritis, herniated disk, or from prolonged pressure on the nerve from sitting for long periods

sciatica

inflammation of the sciatic nerve, causing pain that travels from the thigh through the leg to the foot and toes; can be caused by injury, infection, arthritis, herniated disk, or from prolonged pressure on the nerve from sitting for long periods

scleritis

inflammation of the sclera

gastritis

inflammation of the stomach

gastroenteritis

inflammation of the stomach and intestines

dacryocystitis

inflammation of the tear (lacrimal) sac

tenosynovitis

inflammation of the tendon and synovial membrane

glossitis

inflammation of the tongue

myringitis

inflammation of the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

omphalitis

inflammation of the umbilicus

uvulitis

inflammation of the uvula

spondylarthritis

inflammation of the vertebral joints (also called spondyloarthritis)

endophthalmitis

inflammation within the eye

concussion

injury of the brain caused by minor or major head trauma; symptoms include vertigo, headache, and possible loss of consciousness

concussion (kon-KUSH-in)

injury of the brain caused by minor or major head trauma; symptoms include vertigo, headache, and possible loss of consciousness

amnion

inner most layer of the fetal membrane

epidural space

inner surface of the vertebral column

retina

innermost layer of the eye, which contains the vision receptors

laparoscope

instrument used for visual examination of the abdominal cavity. (also used to perform laparoscopic surgery, a method that sometimes replaces, laparotomy, open abdominal incisional surgery)

amnioscope

instrument used for visual examination of the amniotic fluid

colonoscope

instrument used for visual examination of the colon

otoscope

instrument used for visual examination of the ear

pupilloscope

instrument used for visual examination of the pupil

proctoscope

instrument used for visual examination of the rectum

gastroscope

instrument used for visual examination of the stomach

opthalmoscope

instrument used to examine the interior of the eye

keratometer

instrument used to measure (the curvature of) the cornea (used for fitting contact lenses)

pupillometer

instrument used to measure (the diameter of) the pupil

Auditometer

instrument used to measure hearing

tympanometer

instrument used to measure middle ear

tomometer

instrument used to measure pressure (within the eye, used to diagnose glaucoma)

electroencephalograph

instrument used to record electrical activity of the brain

retinal photocoagulation

intense beam of light from a laser condenses retinal tissue to seal leaking blood vessels, to destroy abnormal tissue or lesions, or to bond the retina to the back of the eye. used to treat retinal tears, diabetic retinopathy, wet macular degeneration, glaucoma, and intraocular tumors

cluster headaches

intensely painful headaches that affect one side of the head and may be associated with tearing of the eyes and nasal congestion

autism

spectrum of mental disorders, the features of which include onset during infancy or childhood , preoccupation with subjective mental activity, inability to interact socially, and impaired communication (also referred to as autism spectrum disorders [ASD])

thalamus

located below the cerebrum, produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and the sense organs of the body

hypothalamus

located below the thalamus, controls vital bodily functions

subdural space

located between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane

medulla oblongata

located between the pons and spinal cord. It contains centers that control respiration, heart rate, and the muscles in the blood vessel walls, which assist in determining blood pressure

medulla oblongata (ma-DU^L-a) (ob-long-GAH-ta)

located between the pons and spinal cord. It contains centers that control respiration, heart rate, and the muscles in the blood vessel walls, which assist in determining blood pressure.

smooth muscles

located in internal organs such as the walls of blood vessels and the digestive tract. they are also known as involuntary muscles because they respond to impulses from the autonomic nerves and are not controlled voluntarily (also called unstriated muscles)

cerebellum (ser-a-BEL-um)

located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum, assists in the coordination of skeletal muscles to maintain balance (also called hindbrain)

cerebellum

located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum; assists in the coordination of skeletal muscles to maintain balance (also called hindbrain)

lumb/o

loin, lumbar region of the spine

neurolysis

loosening, separating a nerve (to release it from surrounding tissues)

neurolysis (nu^-ROL-I-sis)

loosening, separating a nerve (to release it from surrounding tissues)

demyelination

loss of patches of the protective myelin sheath

ulna and radius

lower arm bones

mandible

lower jaw bone

tibia and fibula

lower leg bones

xiphoid process

lower portion of the sternum

ischium

lower, posterior portion of the pelvis on which one sits

LP

lumbar puncture

L1-L5

lumbar vertebrae

vertebral column

made up of bones called vertebrae (pl.) or vertebra (sing.) through which the spinal cord runs. The vertebral column protects the spinal cord, supports the head, and provides points of attachment for ribs and muscles

cerebral cortex

made up of gray matter, is the outer layer of the cerebrum and is arranged in deep folds known as fissures

pelvis

made up of three bones fused together (also called pelvic bones and hip bones)

MRI

magnetic resonance imaging

colon

main portion of the large intestine, the colon is divided into four parts: ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon

bipolar disorder

major psychological disorder typified by a disturbance in mood. The disorder is manifested by manic (elevated or irritated mood, excessive energy, impulsiveness)and depressive episodes that may alternate; or elements of both may occur simultaneously.

autism (AW-tizm)

spectrum of mental disorders, the features of which include onset during infancy or childhood , preoccupation with subjective mental activity, inability to interact socially, and impaired communication (also referred to as autism spectrum disorders [ASD])

phas/o

speech

anus

sphincter muscle (ringlike band of muscle fiber that keeps an opening tight) at the end of the digestive tract. provides for elimination of solid wast products of digestion

myel/o

spinal cord, bone marrow

-schisis

split, fissure

staped/o

stapes

unconsciousness

state of being unaware of surroundings and incapable of responding to stimuli as a result of injury, shock illness, or drugs

unconsciousness (in-KON-shus-nes)

state of being unaware of surroundings and incapable of responding to stimuli as a result of injury, shock illness, or drugs

disorientation

state of metal confusion as to time, place, or identity

disorientation (dis-or-e^-en-TA^-shun)

state of metal confusion as to time, place, or identity

coma

state of profound consciousness

coma (KO^-ma)

state of profound consciousness

brainstem (BRA^N-stem)

stemlike portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord; contains centers that control respiration and heart rate. Three structures comprise the brainstem: pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain

brainstem

stemlike portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord; contains centers that control respiration and heart rate. three structures compromise the brainstem: pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain

stern/o

sternum (breastbone)

ankyl/o

stiff, bent

gastr/o

stomach

petr/o

stone

sialolith

stone in the salivary gland

Aponeurosis

strong sheet of tissue that acts as a tendon to attach muscles to bone

rheumatology

study and treatment of rheumatic diseases and musculoskeletal disorders characterized by inflammation and degeneration of structures

audiology

study of hearing

teratology

study of malformations

neurology

study of nerves (branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the nervous system)

neurology (nu^-ROL-o-je^)

study of nerves (branch of medicine dealing with diseases of the nervous system)

otology

study of the ear (a branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the ear)

opthalmology (Ophth)

study of the eye (branch of medicine that deals with treating diseases of the eye)

psychology

study of the mind ( a profession that involves dealing with the mind and mental processes in relation to human behavior

psychology (si^-KOL-o-je)

study of the mind ( a profession that involves dealing with the mind and mental processes in relation to human behavior

neonatology

study of the newborn

proctology

study of the rectum (branch of medicine that deals with disorders of the rectum and anus)

gastroenterology

study of the stomach and intestines and their diseases (branch of medicine that deals with treating diseases of the GI tract and accessory organs)

SAH

subarachnoid hemorrhage

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

sudden deficient supply of blood to the brain lasting a short time. The symptoms may be similar to those as stroke but with TIA the symptoms are temporary and the usual outcome is complete recovery. TIAs are often warning signs for eventual occurrence of a stroke

transient ischemic attack (TIA) (TRAN-se^-ent) ) (is-KE^-mik) (a-TAK)

sudden deficient supply of blood to the brain lasting a short time. The symptoms may be similar to those as stroke but with TIA the symptoms are temporary and the usual outcome is complete recovery. TIAs are often warning signs for eventual occurrence of a stroke

convulsion

sudden involuntary contraction of a group of muscles; may be present during a seizure

convulsion (kun-VUL-zhun)

sudden involuntary contraction of a group of muscles; may be present during a seizure

seizure

sudden, abnormal surge of electrical activity in the brain, resulting in involuntary body movements or behaviors

seizure (SE^-zher)

sudden, abnormal surge of electrical activity in the brain, resulting in involuntary body movements or behaviors

concussion (kon-KUSH-un)

sudden, involuntary contraction of a group of muscles; may be present during a seizure

trabeculectomy

surgical creation of an opening that allows aqueous humor to drain out of the eye to underneath the conjunctiva where it is absorbed; used to treat glaucoma by reducing intraocular pressure (laser trabeculoplasty may also be used.)

arthrodesis

surgical fixation of a joint (also called joint fusion)

cryoretinopexy

surgical fixation of the retina by using extreme cold (carbon dioxide)

-desis

surgical fixation, fusion

radicotomy, rhizotomy

surgical incision into a nerve root

stoma

surgical opening between an organ and the surface of the body, such as the opening established in the abdominal wall by colostomy, ileostomy, or a similar operation. Stoma may also refer to an opening created between body structures or between portions of the intestines

amniocentesis

surgical puncture to aspirate amniotic fluid

arthrocentesis

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from a joint

abdominocentesis

surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from the abdominal cavity (also called paracentesis)

bariatric surgery

surgical reduction of gastric capacity to treat morbid obesity, a condition which can cause serious illness

lobectomy

surgical removal of a portion of the brain to treat brain cancer or seizure disorders that cannot be controlled with medication

vitrectomy

surgical removal of all or part of the vitreous humor (used to treat diabetic retinopathy)

gingivectomy

surgical removal of gum tissue

gastrectomy

surgical removal of part or all of the stomach

appendectomy

surgical removal of the appendix

enucleation

surgical removal of the eyeball (also, the removal of any organ that comes out clean and whole)

tympanoplasty

surgical repair (of the hearing mechanism) of the middle ear (including the tympanic membrane and ossicles)

chondroplasty

surgical repair of a cartilage

arthroplasty

surgical repair of a joint

neuroplasty

surgical repair of a nerve

neuroplasty (NU^R--o^-plas-te^)

surgical repair of a nerve

vertebroplasty

surgical repair of a vertebra (usually performed for compression fractures due to osteoporosis)

abdominoplasty

surgical repair of the abdomen

anoplasty

surgical repair of the anus

keratoplasty

surgical repair of the cornea (corneal transplant)

esophagogastroplasty

surgical repair of the esophagus and the stomach

blepharoplasty

surgical repair of the eyelid

cheiloplasty

surgical repair of the lips

palatoplasty

surgical repair of the palate

pyloroplasty

surgical repair of the pylorus

cranioplasty

surgical repair of the skull

gastroplasty

surgical repair of the stomach

tenomyoplasty

surgical repair of the tendon and muscle

myringoplasty

surgical repair of the tympanic membrane

uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP)

surgical repair of the uvula, palate, and pharynx (performed to correct obstructive sleep apnea)

neurorrhaphy

surgically suturing together the ends of a severed nerve

enterorrhaphy

suture of the intestine

herniorrhaphy

suturing of a hernia (for repair)

myorrhaphy

suturing of a muscle

neurorrhaphy

suturing of a nerve

neurorrhaphy (nu^-ROR-a-fe^)

suturing of a nerve

tenorrhaphy

suturing of a tendon

aponeurorrhaphy

suturing of an aponeurosis

glossorrhaphy

suturing of the tongue

hemorrhoids

swollen or distended veins in the rectal area, which may be internal or external, and can be a source of rectal bleeding and pain

synovi/o

synovia, synovial membrane

osteopathy

system of medicine that uses the usual forms of diagnosis and treatment but places greater emphasis on the relation between body organs and the musculoskeletal system; manipulation may be used in addition to other treatments

chiropractic

system of treatment that consists of manipulation of the vertebral column

tars/o

tarsals (ankle bones)

dacry/o, lacrim/o

tear(s)

intussusception

telescoping of a segment of the intestine

Bell's palsy

temporary paralysis of the seventh cranial nerve that causes drooping only on the affected side of the face

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

tendon

ton/o

tension, pressure

A drug taken by the mother caused a malformation risk for the fetus would be classified as what type of drug?

teratogenic

abortion

termination of pregnancy by the expulsion from the uterus of an embryo before fetal viability, usually before 20 weeks of gestation

levels of consciousness (LOC)

terms used to describe alterations of consciousness caused by injury, disease, or substances such as medication, drugs, or alcohol

fecal occult blood test (FOBT)

test to detect occult blood in feces. It is used to screen for colon cancer or polyps. Occult blood refers to blood that is present but can only be detected by chemical testing or by microscope.

anesthesia

the absence of normal sensation, especially sensitivity to pain, that is induced by the administration of an anesthetic

substance abuse

the addictive use of tobacco, alcohol, medications, or illegal drugs

intracranial pressure

the amount of pressure inside the skull

neurons

the basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other

cesarean section

the birth of a baby through an incision in the mother's abdomen and uterus

terminal end fibers

the branching fibers at the end of the axon that lead the nervous impulse from the axon to the synapse

syncope

the brief loss of consciousness caused by the decreased flow of blood to the brain; also known as fainting

cerebral contusion

the bruising of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that may also cause swelling of the brain

cerebral hemispheres

the cerebrum is divided into these two parts

somnambulism

the condition of walking or performing some other activity without awakening; also known as sleepwalking

meningocele

the congenital herniation of the meninges that surround the brain or spinal cord through a defect in the skull or spinal column

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

the development of characteristic symptoms after a major traumatic event

bipolar disorder (bi^-PO^-lar) (dis-OR-der)

major psychological disorder typified by a disturbance in mood. The disorder is manifested by manic (elevated or irritated mood, excessive energy, impulsiveness)and depressive episodes that may alternate; or elements of both may occur simultaneously.

orthotics

making and fitting of orthopedic appliances, such as arch supports, used to support, align, prevent, or correct deformities

A patient with impaired digestion or intestinal absorption of nutrients would be said to have

malabsorption

celiac disease

malabsorption syndrome caused by an immune reaction to gluten (a protein in wheat, rye, and barley), which may damage the lining of the small intestine that is responsible for absorption of food into the bloodstream. considered a multisystem disorder with varying signs and symptoms, including abnormal bloating and pain, chronic diarrhea or constipation, steatorrhea (excessive fat in stool), vomiting, weight loss, fatigue, and iron deficiency anemia. a pruritic skin rash known as dermatitis herpetiformis may be associated with celiac disease (also called gluten enteropathy)

terat/o

malformations

Osteosarcoma

malignant tumor of the bone

synoviosarcoma

malignant tumor of the synovial membrane

mandibul/o

mandible (lower jawbone)

gait

manner or style of walking

gait (ga^t)

manner or style of walking

multi-

many

multipara

many births

phobia

marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific situation or object (such as claustrophobia, the abnormal fear of being in enclosed spaces)

phobia (FO^-be^-a)

marked and persistent fear that is excessive or unreasonable cued by the presence or anticipation of a specific situation or object (such as claustrophobia, the abnormal fear of being in enclosed spaces)

catatonic behavior

marked by a lack of responsiveness, stupor, and a tendency to remain in a fixed posture

mastoid/o

mastoid bone

bone marrow

material found in the cavities of bones

gamete

mature germ cell, either sperm or ovum

maxill/o

maxilla (upper jawbone)

6. Evaluation

measure the patient's responses to the nursing interventions; determine whether the plan of action was appropriate, the interventions selected met the needs and achieved identified outcomes. Is the patient better for your actions or worse? How could the situation be improved? Identify factors that negatively or positively influenced the patient outcomes; if an outcome was not met, identify causative factor(s), modify the plan. The process is dynamic and continuous.

audiometry

measurement of hearing

tympanometry

measurement of middle ear (function)

tonometry

measurement of pressure (within the eye)

optometry

measurement of vision (also measurement of the eye and visual processing system)

A patient did not develop an infection because the skin and mucous membranes were intact. What type of barrier prevented the infection?

mechanical

amniotic, or amnionic, sac

membranous bag that surrounds the fetus before delivery

It is advisable to doubt information based on

memories

mening/o, meningi/o

meninges

menisc/o

meniscus (crescent)

anxiety disorders

mental conditions characterized by anxiety or fear that is out of proportion to the real danger in a situation

phacoemulsification (PHACO)

method to remove cataracts in which an ultrasonic needle probe breaks up the lens, which is then aspirated

tympan/o

middle ear

choroid

middle layer of the eye, which is interlaced with many blood vessels that supply nutrients to the eye

lact/o

milk

ment/o, psych/o

mind

Agent that constricts the pupil

miotic

major depression

mood disturbance characterized by feelings of sadness, despair, discouragement, hopelessness, lack of joy, altered sleep patterns, and difficulty with decision making and daily function. Depression ranges from normal feelings of sadness (resulting from the proportional to personal loss or tragedy). through dysthymia (chronic depressive neurosis. to major depression (also referred to as clinical depression, mood disorder)

major depression (MA^-jer) (de^-PRESH-sun)

mood disturbance characterized by feelings of sadness, despair, discouragement, hopelessness, lack of joy, altered sleep patterns, and difficulty with decision making and daily function. Depression ranges from normal feelings of sadness (resulting from the proportional to personal loss or tragedy). through dysthymia (chronic depressive neurosis. to major depression (also referred to as clinical depression, mood disorder)

midbrain

most superior portion of the brainstem

midbrain (MID-bra^n)

most superior portion of the brainstem

efferent neurons (efferent means away from)

motor neurons which carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord and toward the muscles and glands

or/o, stomat/o

mouth

abduction

movement away from the midline

flexion

movement in which a limb is bent, decreasing the angle between the bone and the joint

extension

movement in which a limb is placed in a straight position, increasing the angle between the bone and the joint

pronation

movement that turns the palm down

supination

movement that turns the palm up

Adduction

movement toward the midline

kinesi/o

movement, motion

polyhydramnios

much amnion water

conjunctiva

mucous membrane lining the eyelids and covering the anterior portion of the sclera

multipara

multip

multip

multipara

multigravida

multiple pregnancies

MS

multiple sclerosis

my/o, myos/o

muscle

myasthenia

muscle weakness

MD

muscular dystrophy

• Critique of Judgment /Decision

must identify alternative judgments, weigh merits of each and reach a conclusion; predict consequences of major options before drawing conclusion.

MG

myasthenia gravis

bone marrow

myel/o

Softening of the spinal cord is called

myelomalacia

nearsightedness

myopia

pyloric stenosis

narrowing pertaining to the pyloric sphincter

pertaining to the nose and stomach

nasogastric

endorphins

naturally occuring substances that are produced by the brain to help relieve pain

N&V

nausea and vomiting

myopia

nearsightedness

neur/o

nerve

neuron (NU^R-on)

nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses to carry out the function of the nervous system. Destroyed neurons in the central nervous system cannot be replaced.

neuron

nerve cell that conducts nerve impulses to carry out the function of the nervous system. destroyed neurons in the central nervous system cannot be replaced.

cervical radiculopathy

nerve pain caused by pressure on the spinal nerve roots in the neck region

lumbar radiculopathy

nerve pain in the lower back caused by muscle spasms or by nerve root irritation from the compression of vertebral disks such as a herniated disk

radic/o, radicul/o, rhiz/o

nerve root (proximal end of a peripheral nerve, closest to the spinal cord)

lacrimal apparatus

network of glands, ducts, canals, and sacs that produce and drain tears; lacrimal gland produces tears, which then flow through the lacrimal ducts to cover the surface of the eye. tears drain into lacrimal canals, flow into the lacrimal sac (tear sac) and then into the nasolacrimal duct, which opens into the nasal cavity

SAM

neuron functions: Sensory neurons (afferent); Associative neurons (connecting); Motor neurons (efferent)

A patient was in a car accident that caused damage to nerves of the hands requiring surgical repair of a nerve. Which surgical procedure would be preformed?

neuroplasty

neonate

new birth

NB

newborn

sacrum

next five vertebrae, which fuse together to form a triangular bone positioned between the two hip bones, forming joints called the sacroiliac joints

nullipara

no births

nulligravida

no pregnancies

chalazion

non-infected obstruction of an oil gland of the eyelid (also called meibomian cyst)

ileus

non-mechanical obstruction of the intestine, often caused by lack of effective peristalsis

nulli-

none

emmetropia (Em)

normal refractive condition of the eye

quickening

the first feeling of movement of the fetus in utero by the pregnant woman. It usually occurs between 16 to 20 weeks of gestation

joint

the junction of two or more bones, which often allows for movement of these bones

cerebrum

the largest and uppermost portion of the brain, consisting of four lobes

aphasia

the loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the written or spoken word

anesthetic

the medication used to induce anesthesia

cognition

the mental activities associated with thinking, learning,and memory

midwifery

the practice of assisting in childbirth

lumbar puncture

the process of obtaining a sample of cerebrospinal fluid by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space of the lumbar region to withdraw fluid

electroencephalography

the process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp

insomnia

the prolonged or abnormal inability to sleep

myelin sheath

the protective covering made up of glial cells

shaken baby syndrome

the results of a child being violently shaken by someone

dendrites

the root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body

arachnoid membrane

the second layer of the meninges and is located between the dura mater and the pia mater

cerebellum

the second-largest part of the brain, located at the back of the head below the posterior portion of the cerebrum

lactation

the secretion of milk

synapse

the space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ

brainstem

the stalk-like portion of the brain that connects the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord; made up of three parts: the midbrain, pons, and medulla

conscious

the state of being awake, alert, aware, and responding appropriately

innervations

the supply of nerves to a specific body part

neuroplasty

the surgical repair of a nerve or nerves

meninges

the system of membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord of the CNS

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

the temporary interruption in the blood supply to the brain

dura mater

the thick, tough, outermost membrane of the meninges

pia mater

the third layer of the meninges, located nearest to the brain and spinal cord

-e

noun suffix, no meaning

-is

noun suffix, no meaning

-um

noun suffix, no meaning

-us

noun suffix, no meaning

-trophy

nourishment, development

positron emission tomography (PET) scan

nuclear medicine procedure combining CT and radioactive chemicals to produce sectional images of the brain or other organs to examine blood flow and metabolic activity

barbiturates

a class of drugs whose major action is a calming or depressed effect on the central nervous system

cerebrospinal fluid

a clear, colorless, and watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and around the spinal cord

cranial hematoma

a collection of blood trapped in the tissues of the brain

pons (ponz)

literally means bridge. It connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum and brainstem

hepat/o

liver

subarachnoid space

locateb below the arachnoid membrane and above the pia mater, contains cerebrospinal fluid

medulla

located at the lowest part of the brainstem, connected to the spinal cord

protects against atherosclerosis

HDL

esophagus

10-inch tube that is a passageway for food extending from the pharynx to the stomach. peristalsis, involuntary wavelike movements that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract, begins in the esophagus

cranial nerves

12 pairs of nerves that originate from the undersurface of the brain

urologist

A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the urinary system of females and the genitourinary system of males.

dialysis

A procedure to remove waste products from the blood of a patient whose kidneys no longer function.

prostatitis

An inflammation of the prostate gland.

pyelitis

An inflammation of the renal pelvis.

urethritis

An inflammation of the urethra.

trigonitis

An inflammation of the urinary bladder that is localized in the region of the trigone.

overactive bladder

(OAB) Also known as urge incontinence, occurs when the detrusor muscle in the wall of the bladder is too active.

urinary tract infection

(UTI) A bacterial INFECTION that affects part of the URINARY TRACT.

retinopathy

(any noninflammatory) disease of the retina (such as diabetic retinopathy)

opthalmopathy

(any) disease of the eye

psychopathy

(any) disease of the mind

psychopathy (si^-KOP-a-the^)

(any) disease of the mind

capsule endoscopy

(capsule) visual examination within (a hollow organ); (procedure that uses a tiny wireless camera to take pictures of the gastrointestinal tract, especially the small intestine [which is not easily accessed by traditional endoscopy]; used to find obscure causes of gastrointestinal bleeding and to diagnose disorders such as Crohn disease, celiac disease, and cancer [also called camera endoscopy])

audiogram

(graphic) record of hearing

scoli/o

(lateral) curved (spine)

postictal

(occurring) after a seizure or attack

postictal (po^st-IK-tal)

(occurring) after a seizure or attack

preictal

(occurring) before a seizure or attack

preictal (pre^-IK-tal)

(occurring) before a seizure or attack

interictal

(occurring) between seizures or attacks

interictal (in-ter-IK-tal)

(occurring) between seizures or attacks

Steps of the Nursing Process

(similar to scientific problem solving)

removal

-apheresis

abnormal reduction in number

-penia

hardening

-sclerosis

small intestine

20-foot canal extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine. digestion is completed in the small intestine. Absorption, the passage of the nutrients (end products of digestion) from the small intestine to the bloodstream, takes place through the villi, tiny fingerlike projections that line the walls of the small intestine

peripheralspinal nerves

31 pairs of spinal nerves that are grouped together and named based on the region of the body they innervate

The article you select for this week forum should have been written with the past ___ years

5

adhesion

A band of fibers that holds structures together abnormally.

interstitial cystitis

A chronic inflammation within the walls of the bladder.

Have at least a basic understanding of statistics.

A figure without a context is often meaningless. For instance, it might be reported that this weekend there were 10 deaths on Britain's roads. What does this mean? To obtain some context, it would be useful to know the number of deaths for each weekend in the last month, year or decade and more helpfully calculate the average figure for each of those periods. Sometimes, however, the average can be a misleading measure. For example, if there was a major motorway smash-up last weekend or a petrol shortage last month or a particularly severe winter this year, the average for a particular period may be distorted or skewed by an exceptional figure or two. In these circumstances, it is good to know the difference between mean, median and mode. The mean is the arithmetic average of a range of figures; the median is the middle figure in a range of data arranged by value; and the mode is the figure which occurs most frequently in a set of data. Sometimes the median or mode may be a better indicator than the mean by reducing the impact of 'extreme' or outlier instances.

Make appropriate use of statistics particularly where subjective judgements are likely to dominate.

A classic example is the notion of risk where most people have incredibly subjective perceptions. Obviously crossing a road is risky, because you might be hit by a car. But staying at home is risky too - you might fall down the stairs or electrocute yourself with the toaster or be attacked by an abusive husband. Obviously, travelling by aircraft is risky because occasionally there are crashes and the number involved is usually so large that it is reported in the media. However, driving a car is probably riskier and riding a motorbike even riskier but, since these accidents and deaths are happening everywhere all the time, you don't hear about most of them. Everything in life has an element of risk - what is necessary is to quantify that risk in terms which make it comparable with other risks and then take rational decisions based on reasonable probabilities of particular outcomes. This may seem a complicated manner of deciding whether to take the train or fly, but it is a technique which can be used in many other situations where emotions can blind sensible decisions, such as deciding whether to use hormone replacement therapy or where to allocate scarce resources in health care.

Beware that, when observing a situation, the observer can sometimes change the situation.

A classic example of this has come to be known as 'the Hawthorne effect', named after the location of a factory in the USA where some studies were conducted in the 1920s. The researchers were trying to establish what change in working conditions would lead to an increase in productivity. To the astonishment of the researchers, they found that every change in conditions - and even a return to the original conditions - resulted in an increase in production. They concluded that this was because the workers were being motivated by the interest shown in them by the researchers [for information on the Hawthorne effect click here]. A similar situation occurs in experiments to test the efficacy of drugs or medical treatments and, in this case, it is known as 'the placebo response'. A placebo is a 'pill' made of sugar or a 'tonic' containing nothing medicinal which is used with a control group of patients to compare with another group taking the drug or treatment that is being tested. What researchers have found is that frequently a placebo has a positive effect because the person taking it believes it to be efficacious. This effect is often reinforced by the 'observer': someone in a white coat or with a medical title or someone who enquires kindly after your health and listens carefully to your symptoms or someone who incants prayers or lays on hands can make you feel better regardless of the chemical composition of the 'medicine' or even the absence of any 'medicine' (this is how homeopathic treatments and faith healing 'work').

hemolytic uremic syndrome

A condition in which HEMOLYTIC anemia and thrombocytopenia cause acute renal failure and possibly death.

nephrotic syndrome

A condition in which very high levels of protein are lost in the urine and abnormally low levels of protein are present in the blood. This is the result of damage to the kidney's glomeruli.

paraspadias

A congenital abnormality in males in which the urethral opening is on the side of the penis.

epispadias

A congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. In the male, the urethral opening is located on the upper surface of the penis. In the female, the urethral opening is in the region of the clitoris.

hypospadias

A congenital abnormality of the urethral opening. In the male, the urethral opening is on the under surface of the penis. In the female, the urethral opening is into the vagina.

voiding cystourethrography

A diagnostic procedure in which a fluoroscope is used to examine the flow of urine from the bladder and through the urethra.

DOIs

A digital object identifier (DOI) is a unique string of letters, numbers, and symbols assigned to a published work to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of an electronic document near the copyright notice and on the database landing page for the document. When DOIs are available, include them in the reference information. Place the DOI at the end of the reference, and don't add a period at the end of it. Here's an example: Author, A. (year). Title of article. Journal Title, X, xxx-xxx. doi:xxxxxx

nephrologist

A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the kidneys.

nephron

A functional unit of the kidney. These units form urine by the processes of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.

polycystic kidney disease

A genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys.

urinary bladder

A hollow muscular organ that is a reservoir for urine before it is excreted from the body.

diabetic nephropathy

A kidney disease characterized by hyperproteinuria, which is the result of thickening and hardening of the glomeruli caused by long-term diabetes mellitus.

Wilms tumor

A malignant tumor of the kidney that occurs in young children.

Remember that prominence does not equate to importance.

A newspaper may have made its lead story the rumour of a break-up between Britney Spears and her latest boyfriend, but that does not necessarily make it the most important news item that day. Conversely, in 1914 that tiny story about the assassination of an obscure nobleman in some backwater called Sarajevo proved to have rather more repercussions than most readers first appreciated. Try an experiment: one day, buy five or six national newspapers, compare their coverage of the same stories on the same day, and note the different prominence - and the different slant - given to the same stories.

neuropathy

A peripheral nervous system disorder affecting nerves anywhere except the brain or the spinal cord.

Always prefer prime sources.

A personal, eyewitness account is to be preferred to the statement from the politician who was told by a journalist who read it on a news wire which obtained it from a company spokesman who was briefed by a senior manager on the basis of an eyewitness report from a colleague. A newspaper quote from a report may be accurate but, when you obtain and study the report itself, you might find that the quote was selective or unrepresentative of the work as a whole. These days it is often easy to track down the original report on the web by searching on the name of the originating organisation.

TEAMWORK AND COLLABORATION- attitudes

Acknowledge own potential to contribute to effective team functioning Appreciate importance of intra- and inter-professional collaboration Value the perspectives and expertise of all health team members Respect the centrality of the patient/family as core members of any health care team Respect the unique attributes that members bring to a team, including variations in professional orientations and accountabilities Value teamwork and the relationships upon which it is based Value different styles of communication used by patients, families and health care providers Contribute to resolution of conflict and disagreement Appreciate the risks associated with handoffs among providers and across transitions in care Value the influence of system solutions in achieving effective team functioning

Learn to think 'out of the box'.

Albert Einstein once said that: "Problems cannot be solved by thinking within the framework in which they were created". For instance, you are asked to decide whether a new product should be trialed in Manchester, Birmingham or London. But maybe it should be trialed in all three or in three different locations. Maybe it shouldn't be trialed at all, but launched straightaway, because a competitor is about to launch a similar product. Maybe it shouldn't be trialed at all because it is still an inferior product that needs more development. Maybe the whole discussion is irrelevant because the company is about to be taken over by another company which already has such a product in the marketplace.

Practice critical thinking.

Alfred Mander asserted in his book "Logic For The Millions": "Thinking is skilled work. It is not true that we are naturally endowed with the ability to think clearly and logically - without learning how or without practising". The British philosopher Bertrand Russell bemoaned that: "Many people would die sooner than think; in fact, they do", while the British writer George Bernard Shaw quipped: "Most people don't take the time to think. I made an international reputation for myself by deciding to think twice a week".

Watch out for bar charts and graphs.

All bar charts and graphs have two axes: the horizontal one (called the 'x' axis) and the vertical one (called the 'y' axis). It is essential to be clear what units are used on each axis. The horizontal axis often uses a time series and it is important to understand why that particular time period was used and to be sure that the time period is not unrepresentative or selective. The vertical axis usually starts at zero, but one should be beware when this is not the case (it should ideally be signaled with a zig-zag line) because this can exaggerate the changes being shown.

Learn to think outside your cultural frame of reference.

Although you may be American, it does not mean that European or Chinese or Indian ways of looking at things are less valid. Although you may be an English speaker, it does not mean that sources in other languages might not provide valuable insights. Although you may be Left of Centre politically, it does not mean that some ideas and arguments from the Right might be not useful. Whoever you are, the history you were taught was very particular to your place and time and you might want to try to look at historical events from the perspective of someone born in a different country or a different time. My mother was born in Italy in 1920 and she was taught that there was nothing smaller than the atom, that all major scientific discoveries were by Italians, that fascism was an efficient way to run the country, and that Italians deserved a slice of Africa. I was born in Britain in 1948 and I was taught that there was nothing smaller than the electron, that most scientific discoveries were made by Scots, that parliamentary democracy was the best political system, and that the British Empire was the greatest in history.

AD

Alzheimer disease

AD

Alzheimer's disease

stricture

An abnormal band of tissue that narrows or completely blocks a body passage.

urethrorrhea

An abnormal discharge from the urethra.

vesicovaginal fistula

An abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina that allows the constant flow of urine from the bladder into the vagina.

fistula

An abnormal passage between two internal organs.

renal colic

An acute pain in the kidney area that is caused by blockage during the passage of a kidney stone.

pyelonephritis

An inflammation of both the renal pelvis and of the kidney.

cystitis

An inflammation of the bladder.

nephritis

An inflammation of the kidney or kidneys.

cerebral aneurysm

Aneurysm in the cerebrum. It is usually asymptomatic until it ruptures, which can be very serious and can result in death.

nephrosis

Any degenerative kidney disease causing nephrotic syndrome without inflammation.

EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE (EBP)- attitudes

Appreciate strengths and weaknesses of scientific bases for practice Value the need for ethical conduct of research and quality improvement Value the concept of EBP as integral to determining best clinical practice Appreciate the importance of regularly reading relevant professional journals Value the need for continuous improvement in clinical practice based on new knowledge Acknowledge own limitations in knowledge and clinical expertise before determining when to deviate from evidence-based best practices

QUALITY IMPROVEMENT (QI)- attitudes

Appreciate that continuous quality improvement is an essential part of the daily work of all health professionals Value own and others' contributions to outcomes of care in local care settings Appreciate how unwanted variation affects care Value measurement and its role in good patient care Value local change (in individual practice or team practice on a unit) and its role in creating joy in work Appreciate the value of what individuals and teams can to do to improve care

INFORMATICS- attitudes

Appreciate the necessity for all health professionals to seek lifelong, continuous learning of information technology skills Value technologies that support clinical decision-making, error prevention, and care coordination Protect confidentiality of protected health information in electronic health records Value nurses' involvement in design, selection, implementation, and evaluation of information technologies to support patient care

female urethra

Approximately 1.5 inches long, its urethral meatus is located between the clitoris and the opening of the vagina, and it conveys only urine.

male urethra

Approximately 8 inches long, its urethral meatus is located at the tip of the penis, and it transports both urine and semen.

1. Problem solving:

Asking questions, determining the problem, collecting data to understand the problem more completely, Requires observation, assessment, analysis of information obtained, and brainstorming possible solutions. Explore possible solutions and develop a plan of action, test the plan by developing strategies for action and means of evaluating the results. If one solution did not bring about the desired result, continue the process until the desired result is achieved.

prostate-specific antigen blood test

BLOOD TEST used to screen for prostate cancer commonly referred to as the PSA test, it measure the amount of PROSTATE-SPECIFIC ANTIGEN that is present in a blood specimen.

pressure exerted on vessel walls

BP

Series of radiographic images taken of the large intestine after the contrast agent barium has been administered rectally

Barium enema

Step by step process without adjusting to client needs

Basic

Table of Contents

Because the Publication Manual provides guidelines for writers submitting manuscripts to scholarly journals, it is silent on the topic of tables of contents. Usually questions about tables of contents come from students or teachers who want the information to complete a class assignment. Style preferences for undergraduate writing can vary by discipline, university, and instructor. Instructors should provide their preferred formatting guidelines if they require tables of contents; if guidelines are not included with the assignment or syllabus, students can request them.

urethrorrhagia

Bleeding from the urethra.

Test your thinking on others.

Brainstorm your ideas before starting a piece of work. Show drafts of work in progress to colleagues or friends. Welcome corrections, suggestions and constructive criticism. Entertain challenge. Embrace change. Encourage diversity.

This surgical procedure brings a new blood supply to the heart muscle. (Abbreviation only UPPER case for credit)

CABG

coronary artery disease

CAD

indwelling catheter

CATHETER that remains inside the body for a prolonged time.

urethral catheterization

CATHETERIZATION performed by inserting a tube along the urethra and into the bladder.

basic blood-screening test

CBC

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

CPR

cesarean section

CS

The patient may have a brain tumor. The provider ordered a _________to be done.

CT scan

brain attack

CVA

calc/i

Calcium

prostate cancer

Cancer that starts in the prostate gland.

date of birth

DOB

A ___ is a unique string of letters, numbers, and symbols assigned to a published work to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the Internet. (UPPER CASE)

DOI

Subtracts structures

DSA

thrombosis

DVT

2. Decision making:

Decisions are choices and are developed after thinking about the pros and cons of each option, and expecting a specific outcome. Decisions are part of daily life and affect all areas of living. What is the goal and what is the expected result of your actions? How will this goal be accomplished? What will happen after this is achieved? What is the next step?

TEAMWORK AND COLLABORATION

Definition: Function effectively within nursing and inter-professional teams, fostering open communication, mutual respect, and shared decision-making to achieve quality patient care.

EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE (EBP)

Definition: Integrate best current evidence with clinical expertise and patient/family preferences and values for delivery of optimal health care.

SAFETY

Definition: Minimizes risk of harm to patients and providers through both system effectiveness and individual performance.

PATIENT-CENTERED CARE

Definition: Recognize the patient or designee as the source of control and full partner in providing compassionate and coordinated care based on respect for patient's preferences, values, and needs.

QUALITY IMPROVEMENT (QI)

Definition: Use data to monitor the outcomes of care processes and use improvement methods to design and test changes to continuously improve the quality and safety of health care systems.

INFORMATICS

Definition: Use information and technology to communicate, manage knowledge, mitigate error, and support decision making.

TEAMWORK AND COLLABORATION- skills

Demonstrate awareness of own strengths and limitations as a team member Initiate plan for self-development as a team member Act with integrity, consistency and respect for differing views Function competently within own scope of practice as a member of the health care team Assume role of team member or leader based on the situation Initiate requests for help when appropriate to situation Clarify roles and accountabilities under conditions of potential overlap in team member functioning Integrate the contributions of others who play a role in helping patient/family achieve health goals Communicate with team members, adapting own style of communicating to needs of the team and situation Demonstrate commitment to team goals Solicit input from other team members to improve individual, as well as team, performance Initiate actions to resolve conflict Follow communication practices that minimize risks associated with handoffs among providers and across transitions in care Assert own position/perspective in discussions about patient care Choose communication styles that diminish the risks associated with authority gradients among team members Participate in designing systems that support effective teamwork

SAFETY- skills

Demonstrate effective use of technology and standardized practices that support safety and quality Demonstrate effective use of strategies to reduce risk of harm to self or others Use appropriate strategies to reduce reliance on memory (such as, forcing functions, checklists) Communicate observations or concerns related to hazards and errors to patients, families and the health care team Use organizational error reporting systems for near miss and error reporting Participate appropriately in analyzing errors and designing system improvements Engage in root cause analysis rather than blaming when errors or near misses occur Use national patient safety resources for own professional development and to focus attention on safety in care settings Value the contributions of standardization/reliability to safety Appreciate the cognitive and physical limits of human performance Value own role in preventing errors Value vigilance and monitoring (even of own performance of care activities) by patients, families, and other members of the health care team Value relationship between national safety campaigns and implementation in local practices and practice settings

EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE (EBP)- knowledge

Demonstrate knowledge of basic scientific methods and processes Describe EBP to include the components of research evidence, clinical expertise and patient/family values. Differentiate clinical opinion from research and evidence summaries Describe reliable sources for locating evidence reports and clinical practice guidelines Explain the role of evidence in determining best clinical practice Describe how the strength and relevance of available evidence influences the choice of interventions in provision of patient-centered care Discriminate between valid and invalid reasons for modifying evidence-based clinical practice based on clinical expertise or patient/family preferences

TEAMWORK AND COLLABORATION- knowledge

Describe own strengths, limitations, and values in functioning as a member of a team Describe scopes of practice and roles of health care team members Describe strategies for identifying and managing overlaps in team member roles and accountabilities Recognize contributions of other individuals and groups in helping patient/family achieve health goals Analyze differences in communication style preferences among patients and families, nurses and other members of the health team Describe impact of own communication style on others Discuss effective strategies for communicating and resolving conflict Describe examples of the impact of team functioning on safety and quality of care Explain how authority gradients influence teamwork and patient safety Identify system barriers and facilitators of effective team functioning Examine strategies for improving systems to support team functioning

QUALITY IMPROVEMENT (QI)- knowledge

Describe strategies for learning about the outcomes of care in the setting in which one is engaged in clinical practice Recognize that nursing and other health professions students are parts of systems of care and care processes that affect outcomes for patients and families Give examples of the tension between professional autonomy and system functioning Explain the importance of variation and measurement in assessing quality of care Describe approaches for changing processes of care

digital rectal examination

Diagnostic procedure of the prostate gland performed on men with a gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland to screen for prostate enlargement, infection, and indications of prostate cancer.

dysuria

Difficult or painful urination.

urinary hesitancy

Difficulty in starting a urinary stream.

DC

Doctor of Chiropractic

electrocardiogram

ECG

echocardiogram

ECHO

expected date of delivery

EDD

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

EGD

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

ERCP

A patient was seen by a provider who specifically specializes in the treatment of patients with arrhythmias?

Electrophysiologist

PATIENT-CENTERED CARE- skills

Elicit patient values, preferences and expressed needs as part of clinical interview, implementation of care plan and evaluation of care Communicate patient values, preferences and expressed needs to other members of health care team Provide patient-centered care with sensitivity and respect for the diversity of human experience Assess presence and extent of pain and suffering Assess levels of physical and emotional comfort Elicit expectations of patient & family for relief of pain, discomfort, or suffering Initiate effective treatments to relieve pain and suffering in light of patient values, preferences and expressed needs Remove barriers to presence of families and other designated surrogates based on patient preferences Assess level of patient's decisional conflict and provide access to resources Engage patients or designated surrogates in active partnerships that promote health, safety and well-being, and self-care management Recognize the boundaries of therapeutic relationships Facilitate informed patient consent for care Assess own level of communication skill in encounters with patients and families Participate in building consensus or resolving conflict in the context of patient care Communicate care provided and needed at each transition in care

normal refractive condition of the eye

Em

Commitment in Critical thinking

Evaluate the results of the decision

3. Analyzing and evaluating:

Evaluating the success of a course of action involves analysis or study of the situation and the process. Was the problem adequately assessed and stated? Was the plan of action appropriate to the problem? Did the action plan lead to resolution of the problem? Is the problem resolved or did another problem develop? What could have been done differently to make this situation better?

During the shift the nurse questioned the rationale for routine approaches to care that result in less-than-desired outcomes is a skill under which KSAS?

Evidence based practice

SAFETY- knowledge

Examine human factors and other basic safety design principles as well as commonly used unsafe practices (such as, work-arounds and dangerous abbreviations) Describe the benefits and limitations of selected safety-enhancing technologies (such as, barcodes, Computer Provider Order Entry, medication pumps, and automatic alerts/alarms) Discuss effective strategies to reduce reliance on memory Delineate general categories of errors and hazards in care Describe factors that create a culture of safety (such as, open communication strategies and organizational error reporting systems) Describe processes used in understanding causes of error and allocation of responsibility and accountability (such as, root cause analysis and failure mode effects analysis) Discuss potential and actual impact of national patient safety resources, initiatives and regulations

edema

Excessive fluid in the body tissues.

nocturia

Excessive urination during the night.

INFORMATICS- knowledge

Explain why information and technology skills are essential for safe patient care Identify essential information that must be available in a common database to support patient care Contrast benefits and limitations of different communication technologies and their impact on safety and quality Describe examples of how technology and information management are related to the quality and safety of patient care Recognize the time, effort, and skill required for computers, databases and other technologies to become reliable and effective tools for patient care

fetal alcohol syndrome

FAS

Fecal occult blood test

FOBT

A patient pregnant with her second child would be considered nullipara?

False

Consulting with clinical experts before deciding to deviate from protocols an example of QI?

False

For an In-text citations if there is no author, use the title (or a long form of the title, if it is lengthy) and the year.

False

Parents tend to teach their children how to think instead of what to think

False

When citing a web source you would not include the retrieved from URL.

False

HOW TO THINK CRITICALLY: Introduction

Firstly, recognise that thinking critically does not mean simple criticism. It means not simply accepting information at face value in a non-critical or non-evaluating way. The essence of critical thinking centres not on answering questions but on questioning answers, so it involves questioning, probing, analysing, evaluating. In his novel "Sophie's World", the Norwegian writer Jostein Gaarder notes that: "The most subversive people are those who ask questions".

Websites

For a passing reference to a website in text, the URL is sufficient; no reference list entry is needed. Gussie Fink-Nottle has set up a discussion forum for newt fanciers (http://gfnnfg.livejournal.com/). However, when you are citing a particular document or piece of information from a website, include both a reference list entry and an in-text citation. The key to creating the reference list entry is to determine the type of content on the web page. Basically, provide the following four pieces of information: Author, A. (date). Title of document [Format description]. Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxxx The in-text citation includes the author and date (Author, date), as with any other APA Style citation.

Question assumptions

For instance, are voters in all constituencies and supporters of all political parties equally likely to vote? Maybe voters in affluent constituencies or supporters of political parties in opposition are more likely to vote. Or does everyone polled tell the truth about their likely voting intentions? Maybe supporters of racist parties are reluctant to be honest about their true voting intentions.

To understand a news item, try to give some context to the current event

For instance, if it is reported that a group of Sunnis today attacked a meeting of Shiites in Iraq, three things are needed to make full sense of the report. First, explanation: what is the difference between Sunnis and Shiites and what proportion of the population do they constitute? Second, history: what is the origin of the division of Sunnis and Shiites in the country and how has the power relationship altered in past years? Third, anticipation: what does the attack mean for future developments such as the formation of a government or the conduct of an election?

Be very doubtful about information based exclusively on memories.

For most people, memory is a very malleable thing. We can so easily 'remember' things in the wrong order than they actually happened, confuse a 'memory' with a subsequent trigger such as a conversation or photograph, or even - especially when traumatic situations are involved - 'remember' things that never happened. Even when the memory of an event is accurate in time and place, our recollections of important details - the people involved, what they said, what they did - can be notoriouously unreliable. This is why in court trials prosecutors and defendants will always be looking for other evidence to support personal recollections.

Closely related to this, don't necessarily rest on the received wisdom.

Galileo was excommunicated for challenging the Church's view that the sun, the planets and the stars revolved around the earth - but he was right. Today even the most fundamental rule of modern physics - Einstein's insistence that the speed of light is a constant - is being challenged (by a scientist called João Magueijo). Many management styles (outsourcing?) and political policies (privatisation?) are the received wisdom for a time, but frequently deserve to be challenged. The important thing is to marshal the evidence and subject it to review and analysis.

Check the date.

Generally speaking, the more recent the material, the more accurate it is likely to be and the more useful it is. This is especially the case in changing situations. For instance, something about Russia written after the fall of communism may well have been able to use sources not available in previous decades. In a war situation, even a few days or hours may make a significant difference to the information and perspective available. On the web, material is frequently undated and one needs to be aware that it could be outdated.

Hematocrit

HCT

YouTube

Here's the general format for creating a reference for a video found on YouTube and other video-posting websites: If both the real name of the person who posted the video and the screen name are known: Author, A. A. [Screen name]. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxxx If only the screen name of the person who posted the video is known: Screen name. (year, month day). Title of video [Video file]. Retrieved from http://xxxxxxxxx The in-text citations include the author name outside of brackets (whichever that may be) and the date.

hemoglobin

Hgb

low calcium

Hypocalcemia

The condition characterized by periodic disturbances of bowel function such as diarrhea or constipation usually associated with abdominal pain is abbreviated as (Abbreviation only upper case)

IBS

One of the criteria for participating in appropriate data collection is to adhere to ___ guidelines (abbreviation only in all caps for credit)

IRB

Trochlear nerve

IV

in vitro fertilization

IVF

Make temporal comparisons.

If a company announces that it has increased revenues by 10% in the last two years, look at the rate of growth in revenues in the two previous years. This will indicate whether recent performance is impressive or merely continuation of a trend. If a company announces a 5% growth in the last quarter compared to the previous quarter, look at performance in the previous equivalent quarter because many products and services have fluctuating demand over a 12-month cycle (for instance, we use more energy in the winter and take more holidays in the summer).

Make geographical comparisons.

If the government claims that it is now spending 10% of Gross Domestic Product on the health service, compare that with the percentage expenditure in other industrialised countries. If you live in a European Union country, there are often comparative statistics or policies in the other 27 Member States. If you live in the USA, there are often comparative statistics or policies in the other 49 states.

Use different sources.

If there is a dispute over the ecological impact of oil exploration, check out the views of the 'green' pressure group and the oil company and other, more independent, sources such as scientists and commentators. If there is a government statement on health expenditure, check out the views of health authorities, doctors and nurses, and independent commentators.

Be exceptionally critical of information in circular e-mails.

If this information looks shocking or surprising, it's because it is often untrue or only a version of the truth, although most of those forwarding the material do so in good faith believing that the material is accurate and even that they are helping friends (as with warnings of dangers). You can check the accuracy and provenance of many such e-mails on sites like Snopes [click here] or Hoax-Slayer [click here] - just type into the search box the title or a key phrase.

Try thinking like your competitor.

If you are in a competitive situation - even if it is just a discussion or debate, but much more so if it is a business or a sport (or a war!) - put yourself in the mind of your competitor. If you were him or her, what would you do? If he were to think 'out of the box' or even to think the 'unthinkable', what might he do? How would you respond to that? Should you make such a move first? Ways of bringing out such thinking include role-playing and 'war games'. Even if this process of thought does not lead you to adopt a new strategy, it is a useful discipline that will change the way you look at the situation and how prepared you will be mentally for the unexpected or unlikely

Bibliography Versus Reference List

In APA Style, include a reference list rather than a bibliography with your paper. What's the difference? A reference list consists of all sources cited in the text of a paper, listed alphabetically by author's surname. A bibliography, however, may include resources that were consulted but not cited in the text as well as an annotated description of each one. Bibliographies may be organized chronologically, or by subject, rather than alphabetically. If you have been given an assignment that asks for a bibliography, consult your instructor for more specifics about the required format.

Beware of peer group pressure or groupthink.

In the 1950s, the social scientist Solomon Asch conducted a famous series of experiments which demonstrated the degree to which an individual's judgement and opinions can be influenced by the majority group [for information on the Asch conformity experiments click here]. This is the case even when the individual knows that his view is factually incorrect or his action is morally wrong. You can be seduced by this kind of pressure - consciously or unconsciuously - at any time, but especially if you are a member of a close-knit group of people where there is a strong sense of loyalty to the group, deference to an authority figure within the group, and a demonised view of those outside the group. Many believe that a version of groupthink among the advisers to President George W Bush led to the deeply flawed decision to invade Iraq in 2003. The Independent Evaluation Office (IEO) of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified groupthink as a major factor in its official report on why the IMF did not forsee the coming international financial crisis of 2007-2008. Remember the story of the little boy who was the only one brave enought to point out that the emperor had no clothes? It is amazing how very senior and very intelligent people can collectively delude themselves about something - for instance, that a particular policy is working when so much evidence shows that it is not (the war on drugs?).

Deconstruct the elements of a work.

In the case of a paper or speech, look at the arguments, the evidence, the structure, and the presentation. In the case of a novel, consider the plot, the characterisation and the language. In the case of a film, think about the script, the acting, the direction, the cinematography and the music.

In-Text Citations

In-text citations consist of the surname(s) of the author(s) and the year of publication. If there is no author, use the title (or a short form of the title, if it is lengthy) and the year. Titles that are italicized in the reference list are italicized in text; titles that are not italicized in the reference list appear in quotation marks.If there is no date, use "n.d." (without quotation marks) instead.

Lyme disease

Infection caused by a bite from a deer tick infected with Borrelia burgdorferi. This bacterium provokes an immune response in the body, the symptoms of which can mimic several musculoskeletal diseases. Patients may experience fever, headache, and joint pain. A rash (target lesion) may initially arise at the site of the tick bite. Lyme disease was first reported in Lyme, Connecticut, in 1975.

The new staff nurse is able to navigate the electronic health record appropriately is an exam of which KSAS?

Informatics

PATIENT-CENTERED CARE- Knowledge

Integrate understanding of multiple dimensions of patient centered care: patient/family/community preferences, values coordination and integration of care information, communication, and education physical comfort and emotional support involvement of family and friends transition and continuity Describe how diverse cultural, ethnic and social backgrounds function as sources of patient, family, and community values Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of the concepts of pain and suffering, including physiologic models of pain and comfort. Examine how the safety, quality and cost effectiveness of health care can be improved through the active involvement of patients and families Examine common barriers to active involvement of patients in their own health care processes Describe strategies to empower patients or families in all aspects of the health care process Explore ethical and legal implications of patient-centered care Describe the limits and boundaries of therapeutic patient-centered care Discuss principles of effective communication Describe basic principles of consensus building and conflict resolution Examine nursing roles in assuring coordination, integration, and continuity of care

stomach

J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food. It secretes chemicals for digestion and hormones for local communication control

high levels may lead to CAD

LDL

last menstrual period

LMP

Don't worry if thinking critically initially confuses you.

Life isn't simple and the world is not black and white. As the Greek philosopher Socrates put it: "Confusion is the beginning of wisdom"

Lists

Lists, such as numbered lists and bulleted lists, may be used in APA Style. Each item on the list is punctuated at the end by a comma, semicolon, or period, depending on the grammatical structure of the list. Numbers are followed by periods and are not in parentheses. In running text, a series of items is designated by letters in parentheses: (a) first item, (b) second item, and (c) third item.

urinary sphincters

Located at either end of the urethra, control the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra and out of the urethra through the urethral meatus.

Check the publisher or promoter or funder.

Many newspapers, magazines and television stations have a definite political orientation and can be expected to push a particular 'line' or interpretation. A Government source may be regarded as particularly authoritative or dangerously partial, depending on the circumstances. A report on the effect of smoking on cancer rates might be regarded with some caution if the underlying research is found to be funded by tobacco companies.

Figures

Many types of figures can help you present data to the reader, including graphs, charts, maps, drawings, and photographs. A good figure is easy to read with elements large enough to be read easily. Here are some guidelines on creating your figure. Place each figure on a separate page at the end of your manuscript, after any tables (or after the reference list, if there are no tables). Place a caption below each figure describing its contents and defining any abbreviations used in the figure.

Quotations

Material quoted directly from another source (i.e., reproduced word for word from works by other authors, your own previously published work, material replicated from a test item, and/or verbatim instructions to participants) must always provide the author, year, and specific page(s) in the text citation (for sources that don't have page numbers, see the APA Style Blog post on citing a Kindle listed below) and include a complete entry in the reference list. If the quotation includes fewer than 40 words, incorporate it in text and enclose it with double quotation marks. If the quotation includes more than 40 words, it should be treated as a block quotation, meaning that it is displayed in a freestanding block of text without quotation marks. If material is paraphrased (i.e., restated in your own words), always provide the author and date in the in-text citation. It is not necessary to include the page number(s) in the citation, but it may be helpful, especially if the source is very long (e.g., a short passage from a whole book).

nephropathy

Means any disease of the kidney.

distention

Means enlarged or stretched.

polyuria

Means excessive urination.

percutaneous

Means performed through the skin.

digital

Means performed with a gloved finger placed in the rectum to palpate the prostate gland.

retroperitoneal

Means pertaining to being located behind the peritoneum.

nocturnal

Means pertaining to night.

interstitial

Means relating to spaces witin a tissue

oliguria

Means scanty urination.

extracorporeal

Means situated or occurring outside the body.

prolapse

Means slipping or falling out of place.

colic

Means spasmodic pains in the abdomen.

suppuration

Means the formation or discharge of pus.

palpate

Means the use of the hands to examine a body part.

lithotripsy

Means to crush a stone.

diuretics

Medications administered to increase urine secretion in order to rid the body of excess water and salt.

Be especially cautious of statistics where probability is concerned.

Most people with no training in statistical techniques find it very difficult to make an accurate assessment of probability. For instance, consider the tossing of a coin where the result might be heads (H) or tails (T). Which of these three outcomes is the most likely: HHHHH, TTTTT, HTHTH? The answer is that each of these three options has the same probability because a coin has no memory and each toss of the coin has a 50-50 chance of resulting in a head or a tail. Another example would be assessing how many people you would need in a room before it was likely that two of them shared the same birthday. In this scenario, 'likely' means with over 50% probability. In fact, the answer is only 23 - because we are talking about any birthday matching, not one specific birthday. See how one can so easily be misled by probability?

Seek out assumptions.

Most statements or assertions are based on certain assumptions. Sometimes these assumptions are explicit but are not easy to find. For instance, a political opinion poll may well assume that voters in all constituencies and supporters of all political parties are equally likely to vote. This assumption may well be in the small print of the report if one looks hard enough. Sometimes assumptions may be implicit and therefore harder to discern. For instance, a political opinion poll may assume that everyone polled is telling the truth about their likely voting intentions. This sort of assumption is unlikely to be spelled out anywhere in a report.

Sclerotic patches scattered along the brain and spinal cord is a symptom of

Multiple Sclerosis

newborn

NB

Kegel exercises

Named for Dr. Arnold Kegel, are a series of pelvic muscle exercises used to strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor to control urinary stress incontinence in women.

spinal stenosis

Narrowing of the spinal canal with compression of nerve roots. The condition is either congenital or due to spinal degeneration. Symptoms are pain radiating to the thigh or lower legs and numbness or tingling in lower extremities.

urethrostenosis

Narrowing of the urethra.

Beware of meaningless statements.

Often politicians and businessmen make statements which are virtually meaningless, such as "I think that, if we tried harder, we could possibly do somewhat better" or "Some improvements in performance might be expected in the fullness of time". Much more meaningful sentences - and ones therefore to be preferred - would be something like "We will reduce recorded crimes of violence by 10% before the next General Election" or "If we increase our capital expenditure by 5% annually for the next three years, we should achieve a 25% increase in revenues by the end of the decade". So ignore meaningless statements and look for, or request, meaningful statements.

Be cautious about big numbers.

On the one hand, Governments and large businesses deal with large numbers, so millions and even billions will be everywhere and politicians and business leaders like to use such 'big' numbers to impress. If the time period is several years or even decades, then the numbers will be even bigger. You need to put the numbers in context (for instance, as a proportion of total expenditure or revenues) and to be sure what time period is used (for instance, turning the figure into an annual one). On the other hand, you can easily underestimate the size of a big number since, while many people know what a million is, many have no idea what a billion or a trillion is. In most English-speakimng countries (usage varies around the world!), a billion is 1,000 million and a trillion is 1,000 billion. So, if the size of the United States debt is said to be around 18 trillion dollars (late 2014), this is a very LARGE number: $18,000,000,000,000.

peritoneal dialysis

One of the two types of dialysis where the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood.

hemodialysis

One of the two types of dialysis, the process by which waste products are filtered directly from the patient's blood.

The term that means (any) disease of the eye is

Ophthalmopathy

3. & 4. Expected Outcomes & Planning

Outcome based nursing care focuses on measuring patient responses to nursing interventions. If the nurse performs a procedure there must be some expected result. That result is the expected outcome or patient response. Planning revolves around expected improvements in the patient's condition. A plan of care is developed based on accurate data, the patient's strengths and limitations, validated with patient and family, and in collaboration with patient, family, and health care team to develop a course of action to solve the problem or improve health. Includes outcomes and interventions to achieve health outcomes, as well as identifying criteria that will be used to measure whether outcomes were achieved.

peripheral arterial disease

PAD

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

PERITONEAL DIALYSIS which provides ongoing dialysis as the patient goes about his or her daily activities.

continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis

PERITONEAL DIALYSIS which uses a machine to cycle the dialysate fluid during the night while the patient sleeps.

Phacoemulsification

PHACO

radical prostatectomy

PROSTATECTOMY performed through the abdomen, is the surgical removal of the entire prostate gland, the seminal vesicles, and some surrounding tissues.

PD

Parkinson disease

PD

Parkinson's disease

prostate gland

Part of the male reproductive system which surrounds the urethra. The function is to secrete a slightly acidic fluid, milky in appearance, that usually constitutes 20-30% of the volume of the semen.

EVIDENCE-BASED PRACTICE (EBP)- skills

Participate effectively in appropriate data collection and other research activities Adhere to Institutional Review Board (IRB) guidelines Base individualized care plan on patient values, clinical expertise and evidence Read original research and evidence reports related to area of practice Locate evidence reports related to clinical practice topics and guidelines Participate in structuring the work environment to facilitate integration of new evidence into standards of practice Question rationale for routine approaches to care that result in less-than-desired outcomes or adverse events Consult with clinical experts before deciding to deviate from evidence-based protocols

At the beginning of the shift the nurse assessed the patient levels of physical and emotional comfort is part of which KSAS?

Patient-centered care

Beware of anecdotes.

People sometimes talk of "anecdotal evidence", but really this is an oxymoron. An anecdote is not evidence - at best, it is one person's experience and, at worst, it is simply unsubstantiated rumour. One of your friends may have had a poor holiday in India which might be interesting but is unlikely to be conclusive of what others might expect. India is a massive country, it has millions of visitors a year, your friend's experience might have been years ago or be more to do with the travel company than the country. Check the information on India on independent travel guides and surveys before making a more informed and balanced judgement.

The nurse participated in participate in a root cause analysis of a sentinel event to determine what the next course of action would be to prevent future events is an example of which KSAS?

Quality improvement

Critical Thinking in Nursing

R. Alfaro-LeFevre, in Critical Thinking and Clinical Judgment states "Your ability to focus your thinking to get the results you need can make the difference between whether you succeed or fail in this fast-paced world."

respiratory distress syndrome

RDS

a. LSUE definition of critical thinking

Rational, disciplined, self-directed problem-solving process involving an examination and analysis of all available information and the formulation of valid nursing decisions." Critical thinking is inherent in the nursing process. Nurses need to think critically because they use knowledge from other subjects and fields and apply this knowledge to nursing, they deal with change in stressful environments, and they make important, life-changing decisions

When completing the alphabetical list of works at the end of the paper in APA what should the list be titled?

References

In-text citations (discussing a quote or finding in your own words) would list the author and page number you saw the information on

Referencing (listing the sources used for your assignment) would not list page numbers...only the name of the source involved.

genitourinary

Refers to both the genital and urinary organs.

'Translate' statistics.

So, convert a percentage into an absolute figure. A claim to have increased customers by 100% might simply mean an increase from two to four. Conversely, a 2.5% increase in a nation's economic growth could - in the case, for instance, of the UK or the USA - mean the availability of billions of more pounds or dollars. Similarly, convert absolute numbers into percentages. A politician might claim that expenditure on the health service has increased by £ 500M which seems like a massive figure to someone earning £ 500 a week but, when expressed as a percentage of total expenditure on health, is seen to be proportionately a mere blip in expenditure patterns. Again conversely, it could be that paying a relatively small cash sum monthly into a pension scheme results in a 25% increase in payments in 20 years time. Another useful way to 'translate' data - especially when there is a lot of it - is to turn it into a visual representation of the information. There are many ways to do this but the most common are the the pie chart, the bar chart, and the graph.

natr/o

Sodium

A patient reported having many physical symptoms that included chronic headaches, however the provider stated that he is unable to identify a known cause for the patient symptoms. The patient may be suffering which disorder?

Somatoform disorders

Beware of making assumptions.

Someone once said that: "Never assume, as assume makes an ass out of u and me". So, just because a particular source is usually accurate doesn't necessarily make it accurate this time. Just because the facts can be explained by one particular scenario doesn't mean than another scenario isn't possible and maybe even more likely.

Consider the distribution of data points.

Sometimes the average of a set of data points is unhelpful whether one uses mean, median or mode. For instance, if you are going to work in another country for a couple of months, knowledge of the average rainfull or sunshine for the year is useless to you; you need to know how the amount of rain and sunshine varies from month to month throughout a typical year. Often the distribution of data reveals an illuminating pattern. For instance, in the human population, many physical characteristics like height and weight and some mental attributes like intelligence when plotted on a graph show a bell-shaped distribution which is known as a normal or binomial distibution [for further explanation click here]. A different kind of pattern is often found in the world of engineering and business where roughly 20% of one variable explains around 80% of another variable - for instance, 80% of downtime in a production process might be caused by 20% of the types of incident, so it makes sense for management to concentrate on those 20% and not spread time over all types of incident. This distribution is often called the Pareto curve or the Pareto principle because it is named after an Italian economist

kidneys

Structures of the urinary system which constantly filter the blood to remove waste products and excess water.

SAH

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Tables

Tables can help you present a large amount of material efficiently. Table layout needs to be logical and easy for readers to understand. Here are some guidelines on formatting your table. Place each table on a separate page at the end of your manuscript, after the reference list. If font size and style are not specified by the organization for which you are writing (e.g., publisher, university), the suggested font is 12-point Times New Roman. Margins depend on the size of the table but must be at least 1 in. (2.54 cm). Tables may use single-spacing or one-and-a-half spacing (p. 229). Information necessary for understanding the table and definitions of abbreviations used within the table appear in a table note.

Interviews

The citation of interviews depends on the nature of the interview. Third-party interviews: If the interview is in a form that is recoverable (e.g., a recording, transcript, published Q&A), use the reference format appropriate for the source in which the interview is available.Informational interviews: If you have interviewed someone for information about your topic and that person has agreed to be identified as a source, cite the source as a personal communication (in text only): (G. Fink-Nottle, personal communication, April 5, 2011) Personal communications do not have reference list entries because they cannot be retrieved. Interviews of research participants: No citation is needed for remarks made by participants in the research on which you're reporting. Do not cite these as personal communications; this would breach the participants' guarantee of confidentiality.

prostatism

The condition of having symptoms resulting from compression or obstruction of the urethra due to benign prostatic hypertrophy.

extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

The destruction of stones with the use of high-energy ultrasonic waves traveling through water or gel.

hydronephrosis

The dilation (swelling) of one or both kidneys.

ureterorrhagia

The discharge of blood from the ureter.

ureterectasis

The distention of a ureter.

nephrectasis

The distention of the pelvis of the kidney.

hydroureter

The distention of the ureter with urine that cannot flow because the ureter is blocked.

nephrostomy

The establishment of an opening from the pelvis of the kidney to the exterior of the body.

urinalysis

The examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements.

meatus

The external opening of a canal.

Be ready to change your mind if the evidence changes.

The famous British economist John Maynard Keynes once said: "When the facts change, I change my mind - what do you do, sir?". Before the Allied invasion of Kuwait, the US Congress heard testimony about Iraqi troops removing newly-born babies from incubators in a Kuwaiti hospital. Following the invasion, this story was challenged and never substantiated. Before the US invasion of Iraq, many people thought that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction based on the then available evidence and the interpretation of it by the intelligence services. Following the invasion and extensive searches, the evidence changed, but many were reluctant to change their minds.

nephrolysis

The freeing of a kidney from adhesions.

renal pelvis

The funnel-shaped area within each kidney that is surrounded by renal cortex and medulla. This is where the newly formed urine collects before it flows into the ureters.

hypertrophy

The general increase in bulk of a body part or organ that is not due to tumor formation.

incontinence

The inability to control the excretion of urine and feces.

stress incontinence

The inability to control the voiding of urine under physical stress such as running, sneezing, laughing, or coughing.

incontinence

The inability to control the voiding of urine.

urinary incontinence

The inability to control the voiding of urine.

urinary retention

The inability to empty the bladder.

bashful bladder syndrome

The inability to urinate when another person is present.

diuresis

The increased output of urine.

medulla

The inner region of the kidney.

catheterization

The insertion of a tube into the bladder in order to procure a sterile specimen for diagnostic purposes.

enuresis

The involuntary discharge of urine.

urea

The major waste product of protein metabolism.

peritoneum

The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity.

Critical Thinking and the Nursing Process---

The nursing process is a critical thinking, problem solving process used to identify a patient problem, determine possible solutions, and evaluate the outcome of nursing actions.

LSUE Definition of Nursing Process

The nursing process is a scientific, individualized, goal-directed method used to identify problems and promote health." (see Excerpts...) The nursing process takes into account the individual's cultural and spiritual beliefs and acknowledges the individual's freedom to make decisions.

ureteral orifices

The opening of a ureter into the urinary bladder

cortex

The outer portion of an organ.

renal cortex

The outer region of the kidney.

OVERVIEW

The overall goal for the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) project is to meet the challenge of preparing future nurses who will have the knowledge, skills and attitudes (KSAs) necessary to continuously improve the quality and safety of the healthcare systems within which they work. Using the Institute of Medicine1 competencies, QSEN faculty and a National Advisory Board have defined quality and safety competencies for nursing and proposed targets for the knowledge, skills, and attitudes to be developed in nursing pre-licensure programs for each competency. These definitions are shared in the six tables below as a resource to serve as guides to curricular development for formal academic programs, transition to practice and continuing education programs 2. For information on applying the competencies at a graduate level, see the Graduate KSAs page.

cystoscopy

The visual examination of the urinary bladder using a cystoscope.

Running Head

The running head is a shortened title (no more than 50 characters, including spaces) that appears on every page. Use the automatic functions of your word-processing program to create a header that contains the running head and the page numbers for your paper. The header is located within, not below, the paper's margin. There is no need to set the header at a specific distance from the top of the page. The words Running head: precede the running head on the title page only.

electrolytes

The salts that conduct electricity and are found in the body fluid, tissue, and blood.

Don't rest on authority.

The scientist Albert Einstein once remarked: "Foolish faith in authority is the worst enemy of truth". There is a popular saying that: "Great minds think alike" - but in fact the greatest minds (such as that of Einstein) frequently think very differently from their contemporaries and peers. Remember that another popular saying is: "Fools seldom differ". In the early 1990s, I gave a presentation to a group of Russians using slides in Russian. At one point, I realised that I had been speaking to the wrong slide for the last five minutes. When I asked my audience why no one had told me this, I was advised that in Communist Russia no one challenged the teacher! Just because the management or the government states something does not necessarily mean that it is true. This is especially the case where there is a vested interest, so asbestos and cigarette manufacturers both claimed authoritatively for many years that their products were not damaging to health. Study the evidence and make an independent judgement based on the balance of the available evidence.

trigone

The smooth triangular area on the inner surface of the bladder located between the openings of the ureters and urethra.

urethrostomy

The surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin.

cystopexy

The surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall.

urethropexy

The surgical fixation of the urethra.

nephrolithotomy

The surgical removal of a nephrolith (kidney stone) through an incision in the kidney.

ureterectomy

The surgical removal of a ureter.

prostatectomy

The surgical removal of all or part of the prostate gland.

cystectomy

The surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder.

ureteroplasty

The surgical repair of a ureter.

pyeloplasty

The surgical repair of the renal pelvis.

ureterorrhaphy

The surgical suturing of a ureter.

cystorrhaphy

The surgical suturing of the bladder.

ablation

The term used to describe some types of treatment of prostate cancer, describes the removal of a body part or the destruction of its function by surgery, hormones, drugs, heat, chemicals, electrocautery, or other methods.

Title Page

The title page includes five elements: title, running head, author, byline, institutional affiliation, and author note (which includes grant/funding information and a full correspondence address). The title page is numbered page 1. Instructors who require other information on the title page should supply students with examples of their preferred format.

urethra

The tube extending from the bladder to the outside of the body.

bladder ultrasound

The use of a handheld ULTRASOUND transducer to measure the amount of urine remaining in the BLADDER after urination.

Finally, remember that 'thinking critically' ends in 'why?'

The word 'why?' is the most powerful tool in your mental toolbox. Keep asking 'why?' Why is this person writing this story in this particular newspaper? Why is this politician making this statement now? Why has the author of this paper quoted this source and not that one? Why has she used a percentage instead of an absolute figure? Why am I asking all these questions?!?

Heading Levels

There are five levels of headings in APA Style. Proceed through the levels numerically, starting with Level 1, without skipping levels. The number of headings needed for a paper will vary depending on the paper's complexity and subject matter. Sections of similar importance have the same level of heading. Don't use "Introduction" as your first heading—it's assumed that the beginning of the paper is the introduction. Use boldface and/or italics only for headings within the body of your paper (as described for each level of heading in the Publication Manual). Use regular font formatting (no boldface or italics) for all section titles, such as Abstract, Author Note, Title of Your Paper (on the title page and on the page where the text begins), References, Appendix/Appendices, and Footnotes. These are not headings but labels for these sections.

Look out for trends

There are many different ways of measuring most variables whether it is economic growth, crime rates, or hospital waiting lists so the absolute figures may not be that helpful. However, if a consistent method of measurement is used (that is, over time one is comparing like with like), then trends may well be apparent, so that one can see a rise or a fall or a cycle.

Be especially sceptical about surveys and polls.

There are so many questions one needs to ask to be sure of the validity of poll findings. Who funded the project? Is the funder looking for particular findings? Who conducted the project? Is it a reputable organisation with a sound track record? What was the size of the sample? Were a sufficient number of people polled and was the sample properly weighted to reflect relevant variables such as age, gender, ethnicity, geography, education, income? How were the questions chosen, worded and posed? Were they 'leading' questions which effectively 'invited' a specific answer? Were those questioned given any context or introductory information which might have biased them? What is the margin of error or statistical significance of the resultant data? Have the findings been fairly presented and reported? All these factors can have a massive influence.

Be challenging of the seemingly seductive comment "It works".

There are two problems here: agreeing a definition of what 'works' means and establishing a cause and effect relationship between action and outcome. If I perform a traditional Indian rain dance in my back garden, it may rain in an hour, a day or a month. Over what period are we going to assume the dance may have had an influence? Then, can we reasonably infer a causality here? It may be that my neighbour was performing a different, more effective rain dance in her garden; it may be that the rain clouds had been seeded by a specially charted aircraft to ensure good weather for a sports event tomorrow; it may be that I am in India in the monsoon season and it usually rains at this time of day at this time of year anyway.

Look out for exceptions.

There is a popular saying that: "It's the exception that proves the rule." In fact, in scientific terms, it is the exception that disproves the rule. So, for instance, for many centuries it was assumed that there could not be a black swan and therefore that 'All swans are white'. However, in the 17th century, the discovery of black swans in Australia forced a change in that thinking. The identification of exceptions or black swans requires us to rethink the current orthodoxy. According to the 'black swan theory' promulgated by the author Nassim Nicholas Taleb, almost all high impact changes in history come from exceptional and therefore unexpected events

Be challenging of the seemingly convincing comment "There is no alternative".

There is always an alternative - even if it is simply doing nothing and waiting to see what happens. In fact, usually there is more than one alternative - in which case technically you do not have alternatives but choices (because the word 'alternative' comes from the Latin word 'alter' which means the other). The other choices might be more expensive or less effective or riskier or less popular, but they should be considered before deciding on the 'best' choice which should be presented in that manner and not as the 'only' choice.

Be challenging of references to timeframes.

There is an endless set of phrases that refer to timeframes but are essentialy meaningless, such as "as soon as possible", "in due course", "over the coming period" and even "when the time is right" (which could be never). When talking of timeframes, seek precise dates or units of time.

How could these problems be solved?

There is no one way. What is important is to learn how to think about thinking. It is important to have a backup emergency plan for these common problems for college students and young adults. The problem is universal, but the exact solution is personal and based on your resources.

Always be sure that one is comparing like with like.

There is not much point in comparing the size of the British economy in pounds sterling and the size of the US economy in American dollars; one needs both figures in pounds or dollars or a third currency (such as euros). You cannot compare a quarterly growth rate with an annual growth rate; you need to compare a quarterly growth rate with the rate in the previous quarter or (especially if there are seasonal factors) with the previous equivalent quarter a year ago). You cannot compare capital expenditure with current expenditure; the construction of a road is capital expenditure, because it is a one-off cost (although there might be some maintainance costs which would be current expenditure), whereas the employment of nurses would be current expenditure because they will have to be paid year after year (although the employment of lots of new nurses might require the building of a new unit for them which would be capital expenditure).

Go for SMART objectives.

These are objectives which are Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant and Timed. It's amazing how often even governments and corporations - as well as individuals - pursue ends that do not meet all - or even any - of these basic requirements. Of course, these objectives should be set in advance of the relevant activity and not 'retro-fitted' to it. This helps to avoid self-justification and 'mission creep'.

Complex critical thinking

Thinking is separate from the experts

nocturnal enuresis

Urinary incontinence during sleep, also known as bed-wetting.

Serial Comma

Use a comma between elements in a series of three or more items. height, width, and depth

Trigeminal nerve

V

Sharpness of vision for either distance or near

VA

Vaginal birth after cesarean section

VBAC

Abducens

VI

Check the patient heart rate and respirations

Vagus nerve

If you dare, go beyond thinking 'out of the box' to thinking the 'unthinkable'

What does this mean? It means considering variations to the most basic of parameters and entertaining the most radical of possibilities. In the last example - trialing a new product - thinking the unthinkable might mean leaving the company, forming your own and marketing a rival product or it might involve a recognition that you are disillusioned with such products altogether and want to make a career change. Albert Einstein once said that: "If at first an idea doesn't seem crazy, then there is no hope for it". As Yosserian in Joseph Heller's iconic novel "Catch-22" concludes: "Of course it's insane ... That's why it's the only sane thing to do".

gastroschisis

What is medical term for the disorder in the picture

PATIENT-CENTERED CARE- attitude

Value seeing health care situations "through patients' eyes" Respect and encourage individual expression of patient values, preferences and expressed needs Value the patient's expertise with own health and symptoms Seek learning opportunities with patients who represent all aspects of human diversity Recognize personally held attitudes about working with patients from different ethnic, cultural and social backgrounds Willingly support patient-centered care for individuals and groups whose values differ from own Recognize personally held values and beliefs about the management of pain or suffering Appreciate the role of the nurse in relief of all types and sources of pain or suffering Recognize that patient expectations influence outcomes in management of pain or suffering Value active partnership with patients or designated surrogates in planning, implementation, and evaluation of care Respect patient preferences for degree of active engagement in care process Respect patient's right to access to personal health records Acknowledge the tension that may exist between patient rights and the organizational responsibility for professional, ethical care Appreciate shared decision-making with empowered patients and families, even when conflicts occur Value continuous improvement of own communication and conflict resolution skills

leukocyte

WBC

Beware of confirmation bias.

We are inclined to take more notice of, and give more weight to, evidence that appears to confirm our current opinion or judgement. Conversely we tend to neglect or reject evidence which challenges our current position or stance. Try to weigh the evidence impartially and follow the evidence wherever it takes you. It is so tempting to seize on evidence that confirms one's original view or the prevailing orthodoxy and to dismiss evidence that challenges it, but one needs to be open-minded about all the evidence and equally rigorous about establishing its authenticity.

Be enormously doubtious of information on social media.

Web sites like Facebook and Twitter are incredibly popular and have the capacity to spread information virally across the globe in a matter of minutes. Although citizen journalism has a role to play, too often the information can be notoriously unreliable, especially where public order matters - such as an explosion or a murder - are concerned. The reasons are obvious: the comments are made in the heat of the moment without thought or reflection; the text is of minimal length, allowing no opportunity for context or qualification; and there is no editorial process as there is for radio, television or newspapers.

cataract

What is the medical term that defines the picture below:

hyperopia

What is the medical term that describes the condition of the eye in this picture

TEE

What is the name of the surgical procedure illustrated in the picture below? (Give the appreviation only. Upper case to receive credit)

Think about what is not there.

When invited to respond to material, most people confine their comments or their thinking to what they can see or hear. Sometimes what is not there is just as important. You might want to ask: Why are certain arguments missing? Why have certain sources not been used? Is this the full picture? A political manifesto will inevitably mention achievements but not failures and will often criticise another party's policy or performance but fail to offer a constructive alternative. A company's annual report will put the most favourable possible 'gloss' on activities and may not mention at all financial difficulties or threats from competitors. In a job application, a missing period of time could mean a sabbatical travelling around the world or it could mean a sentence in prison. Papers for decision often offer a limited number of options, but there many be other better options which have been rejected by the paper's author or even not considered.

Check the source.

Who wrote the article or scripted the programme? How knowledgeable is the source? Does the source have a particular interest or 'angle' or prejudice? Is the source known to you by reputation or previous work? In the case of a web site in particular, it may be difficult to establish the source.

glomerul/o

Word part: glomerulus.

nephr/o

Word part: kidney.

pyel/o

Word part: renal pelvis, bowl of kidney.

lith/o

Word part: stone, calculus.

ureter/o

Word part: ureter.

urethr/o

Word part: urethra.

cyst/o

Word part: urinary bladder, cyst, sac of fluid.

ur/o

Word part: urine, urinary tract.

dia-

Word prefix: through, between, apart, complete.

-lysis

Word suffix: breakdown, separation, setting free, destruction, loosening.

-cele

Word suffix: hernia, tumor, swelling.

-ectasis

Word suffix: stretching, dilation, enlargement.

-pexy

Word suffix: surgical fixation.

-tripsy

Word suffix: to crush.

-uria

Word suffix: urination, urine.

Remember Occam's Razor

[the maxim is named after William of Occam, the philosopher who was probably born at Ockham in Surrey]. When two or more explanations are possible on the basis of the same facts, always prefer the simplest possible explanation, unless there are very good reasons for favouring a more complex - and therefore more unlikely - one. For example, the pyramids in Egypt could have been designed and constructed by the Egyptians living at the time of the pharaohs or they could have been built according to plans brought to earth by aliens. Both explanations would account for the observable phenomena, but Occam's Razor suggests that we should adopt the explanation that requires the fewest assumptions since there is simply no need to make extra assumptions unless there is good evidence to support them. Or, as the scientist Albert Einstein put it: "Everything should be made as simple as possible, but not simpler".

phenobarbital

a barbiturate used as a sedative and as an anticonvulsant

amobarbital

a barbiturate used as a sedative and hypnotic

traumatic brain injury

a blow to the head or a penetrating head injury that damages the brain

tract

a bundle or group of nerve fibers located within the brain or spinal cord

epilepsy

a chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity

personality disorder

a chronic pattern of inner experience and behavior that causes serious problems with relationships and work

Parkinson's disease (PD)

a chronic, degenerative central nervous disorder in which there is a progressive loss of control over movement, resulting in tremors and a shuffling gait

subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) (sub-e-RAK-noid) (HEM-o-rij)

bleeding between the pia mater and arachnoid layers of the meninges (subarachnoid space), caused by a ruptured blood vessel (usually a cerebral aneurysm). The patient may experience an intense, sudden headache accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and neck pain. SAH is a critical condition which must be recognized and treated immediately to prevent permanent brain damage or death. (a cause of hemorrhagic stroke)

intracerebral hemorrhage (in-tra-SER-e-bral) (HEM-o-rij)

bleeding into the brain as a result of a ruptured blood vessel within the brain. Symptoms vary depending on the location of the hemorrhage; acute symptoms include dyspnea, dysphagia, aphasia, diminished level of consciousness, and hemiparesis. The symptoms often develop suddenly. Intracerebral hemorrhage, a cause of hemorrhagic stroke, is frequently associated with high blood pressure

intracerebral hemorrhage

bleeding into the brain as a result of a ruptured blood vessel within the brain. symptoms vary depending on the location of the hemorrhage; acute symptoms include dyspnea, dysphagia, aphasia, diminished level of consciousness, and hemiparesis. the symptoms often develop suddenly. intracerebral hemorrhage, a cause of hemorrhagic stroke, is frequently associated with high blood pressure

Surgical repair of the eyelid

blepharoplasty

helicobacter pylori antibodies test

blood test to determine the presence of H. pylori bacteria. The bacteria can be found in the lining of the stomach and can cause peptic ulcers. tests for H. pylori are also performed on biopsy specimens and by breath test

astigmatism (Ast)

blurred vision caused by irregular curvature of the cornea or lens. Light refracts improperly, resulting in diffused, rather than points of light focusing on the retina.

oste/o

bone

osteocyte

bone cell

myel/o

bone marrow

ossicles

bones of the middle ear that carry sound vibrations. The ossicles are composed of the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup). The stapes connects to the oval window, which transmits the sound vibrations to the cochlea of the inner ear.

labyrinth

bony spaces within the temporal bone of the skull made up of three distinct parts, the cochlea, the semicircular canals, and the vestibule. the cochlea facilitates hearing. the semicircular canals and the vestibule facilitate equilibrium and balance

stillborn

born dead

slow

brady-

encephal/o

brain

A patient is having difficulty maintaining a stable heart rate. Which part of the brain is affected?

brainstem

orthopedics (ortho)

branch of medicine dealing with the study and treatment of diseases and abnormalities of the musculoskeletal system

sternum

breastbone

fracture (fx)

broken bone

A patient with an aneurysm developed abnormal sound of the cardiovascular system that the provider identified as a

bruit

Characterized by uncontrolled binge eating

bulmia nervosa

burs/o

bursa (cavity)

choriocarcinoma

cancerous tumor of the chorion

Use of wireless camera to take pictures of digestive tract

capsule endoscopy

CTS

carpal tunnel syndrome

carp/o

carpals (wrist)

optic nerve

carries neural impulses from the retina to the brain

autonomic nerve fibers

carry instructions to the organs and glands and from the autonomic nervous system

descending nerve tracts

carry nerve impulses away from the brain

ascending nerve tracts

carry nerve impulses toward the brain

chondr/o

cartilage

pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint at which two pubic bones come together anteriorly at the midline

intervertebral disk

cartilaginous pad found between the vertebrae in the spine

cognitive-behavioral therapy

combines the techniques of cognitive and behavioral therapy

choledoch/o

common bile duct

carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)

common nerve entrapment disorder of the wrist caused by compression of the median nerve. symptoms include pain and tingling in portions of the hand and fingers

pica

compulsive eating of nonnutritive substances such as clay or ice, This condition may result in a iron deficiency. When iron deficiency is the cause of pica the condition will disappear in 1 to 2 weeks when treated with iron therapy

pica (PI^-ca)

compulsive eating of nonnutritive substances such as clay or ice, This condition may result in a iron deficiency. When iron deficiency is the cause of pica the condition will disappear in 1 to 2 weeks when treated with iron therapy

CT

computed tomography

computed tomography

computerized radiographic process producing a series of sectional images (slices) of tissue. CT imaging is commonly used in the brain, spine, neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis

computed tomography (com-PU^-ed) (tu-MOG-ra-fe^)

computerized radiographic process producing a series of sectional images (slices) of tissue. CT imaging is commonly used in the brain, spine, neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis

cerebral palsy (CP) (se-RE^-bral) (PAWL-ze^)

condition characterized by lack of muscle control and partial paralysis, caused by a brain defect or lesion present at birth or shortly after

cerebral pasly (CP)

condition characterized by lack of muscle control and partial paralysis, caused by a brain defect or lesion present at birth or shortly after

epilepsy

condition characterized by recurrent seizures; a general term given to a group of neurologic disorders, all characterized by abnormal electrical activity in the brain

epilepsy (EP-e^-lep-se^)

condition characterized by recurrent seizures; a general term given to a group of neurologic disorders, all characterized by abnormal electrical activity to the brain

spasticity

condition in which certain muscles are continuously contracted

strabismus

condition in which the eyes look in different directions; caused by dysfunction of the external eye muscles (called cross-eyed when one eye turns in)

anisocoria

condition of absence of equal pupil (size) (unequal size of pupils)

dysphasia

condition of difficulty speaking

dysphasia (did-FA^-zha)

condition of difficulty speaking

xerophthalmia

condition of dry eye (conjunctiva and cornea)

isocoria

condition of equal pupil (size)

pseudophakia

condition of false lens (placement of an intraocular lens during surgery to treat cataracts)

cholelithiasis

condition of gallstones

choledocholithiasis

condition of stones in the common bile duct

erythroblastosis fetalis

condition of the newborn characterized by hemolysis of the erythrocytes. The condition is usually caused by incompatibility of the infant's and mother's blood, occurring when the mother's blood is Rh negative and the infant's blood is Rh positive

leukocoria

condition of white pupil

aphakia

condition of without a lens (may be congenital, though often is the result of extraction of a cataract without the placement of an intraocular lens)

aphasia

condition of without speaking (loss or impairment of the ability to speak)

aphasia (a-FA^-zha)

condition of without speaking (loss or impairment of the ability to speak)

esophageal atresia

congenital absence of part of the esophagus. Food cannot pass from the baby's mouth to the stomach

spina bifida

congenital defect in the vertebral column caused by the failure of the vertebral arch to close. If the meninges protrude through the opening the condition is called meningocele. Protrusion of both the meninges and spinal cord is called meningomyelocele.

hydrocephalus (hi^-dro^-SEF-a-lus)

congenital or acquired disorder caused by obstructed circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, resulting in dilated cerebral ventricles and impaired brain function. For infants, hydrocephalus can cause enlargement of the cranium

hydrocephalus

congenital or acquired disorder caused by obstructed circulation of cerebrospinal fluid, resulting in dilated cerebral ventricles and impaired brain function. for infants hydrocephalus can cause enlargement of the cranium

cleft lip and palate

congenital split of the lip and roof of the mouth

conjunctiv/o

conjunctiva

evoked potential studies (EP studies) (i -VOKD) (po^-TEN-shal) (STUD-e^z)

group of diagnostic tests that measure changes and responses in brain waves elicited by visual, auditory, or somatosensory stimuli. Visual evoked response (VER) is a response to visual stimuli. Auditory evoked response (AER) is a response to auditory stimuli. Somatosensory evoked response (SSER) is a response to stimuli applied to the extremities.

muscular dystrophy (MD)

group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness

ganglion (ganglia)

group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system

ganglion (pl. ganglia) (GANG-gle^-on) (GANG-gle^-a)

group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system

An individual's judgement and opinions can be influenced by the majority group a phenomenon called

groupthink

symphysis

growing together (as in symphysis pubis)

-physis

growth

gingiv/o

gum(s)

hemi

half

metacarpal bones

hand bones (also called metacarpus)

HOH

hard of hearing

dur/o

hard, dura mater

otosclerosis

hardening of the ear (stapes)(caused by irregular bone development and resulting in hearing loss)

cephal/o

head

optometrist

health professional who diagnoses, treats, and manages diseases and disorders of the eyes and visual processing system; doctor of optometry (OD)

audi/o

hearing

presbycusis

hearing impairment occurring with age

calcaneus

heel bone

Vomiting of blood

hematemesis

excision of half of the colon

hemicolectomy

hyphema

hemorrhage within the anterior chamber of the eye; most often caused by blunt trauma (also called hyphemia)

Swollen or distended veins in the rectum or anus

hemorrhoids

retinitis pigmentosa

hereditary, progressive disease marked by night blindness with atrophy and retinal pigment changes

herni/o

hernia (protrusion of an organ through a membrane or cavity wall)

rectocele

hernia of the rectum

HNP

herniated nucleus pulposus

omphalocele

herniation at the umbilicus

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

high strength, computer controlled magnetic fields producing a series of sectional images (slices) that visualize abnormalities such as swelling, infections, tumors, and herniated disks, In addition to the brain and spine, MR imaging is also commonly used in the abdomen, and throughout the musculoskeletal system.

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (mag-NET-ik) (REZ-o^-nans) (IM-a-jing)

high strength, computer controlled magnetic fields producing a series of sectional images (slices) that visualize abnormalities such as swelling, infections, tumors, and herniated disks, In addition to the brain and spine, MR imaging is also commonly used in the abdomen, and throughout the musculoskeletal system.

stroke

interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain depriving nerve cells in the affected area oxygen and nutrients. the cells cannot perform and may be damaged or die within minutes. the parts of the body controlled by the involved cells will experience dysfunction. speech, movement, memory, and other CNS functions may be affected in varying degrees. ischemic stroke is a result of a blocked blood vessel. hemorrhagic stroke is a result of bleeding. also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack

stroke (stro^k)

interruption of blood supply to a region of the brain, depriving nerve cells in the affected area of oxygen and nutrients. The cells cannot perform and may be damaged or die within minutes. The parts of the body controlled by the involved cells will experience dysfunction. Speech, movement, memory and other CNS functions may be affected in varying degrees. Ischemic stroke is a result of a blocked blood vessel. Hemorrhagic stroke is a result of bleeding, also called cerebrovascular accident [CVA], or brain attack)

disk/o

intervertebral disk

enter/o

intestines (small intestine)

IOL

intraocular lens

IOP

intraocular pressure

peristalsis

involuntary wavelike contractions that propel food along the gastrointestinal tract

nystagmus

involuntary, jerking movements of the eyes

1. Trial-and-Error Problem Solving

involves testing any number of solutions until one is found that works for that particular problem. Not very efficient, and could be dangerous in the health care setting. Nursing care is based on clinical research and scientific study.

ir/o, irid/o

iris

Hemochromatosis

iron metabolism disorder that occurs when too much iron is absorbed from food, resulting in excessive deposits of iron in the tissue; can cause heart failure, diabetes, cirrhosis, or cancer of the liver

IBS

irritable bowel syndrome

deficiency

isch/o

ischi/o

ischium

jejun/o

jejunum

vitreous humor

jellylike substance found behind the lens in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape

arthr/o

joint

We are inclined to take more notice of evidence that confirm our current opinion or

judgement

The result of excessive fat metabolism

ketosis

patella (pl. patellae)

kneecap

par/o

labor

labyrinth/o

labyrinth

ataxia

lack of muscle coordination

ataxia (a-TAX-se^-a)

lack of muscle coordination

lamin/o

lamina (thin, flat plate or layer)

Visual examination of the abdominal cavity

laparoscopy

acetabulum

large socket in the pelvic bone for the head of the femur

cerebrum (se-RE^-brum)

largest portion of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres. The cerebrum controls the skeletal muscles, interprets general senses (such as temperature, pain, and touch), and contains centers for sight and hearing. Intellect, memory, and emotional reactions also take place in the cerebrum

Cerebrum

largest portion of the brain, divided into left and right hemispheres. the cerebrum controls the skeletal muscle, interprets general senses (such as temperature, pain, and touch), and contains centers for sight and hearing. Intellect, memory and emotional reactions also take place in he cerebrum

LASIK (laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis)

laser procedure that reshapes the corneal tissue beneath the surface of the cornea to correct astigmatism, hyperopia, and myopia. LASIK is a combination of excimer laser and lamellar keratoplasty (PRK) in that it reshapes corneal tissue beneath the surface rather than on the surface

LASIK

laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis

LMP

last menstrual period

phac/o, phak/o

lens

lens

lies directly behind the pupil; its function is to focus and bend light

phot/o

light

cheil/o

lip(s)

pons

literally means bridge. It connects the cerebrum with the cerebellum and brainstem

arthrography

radiographic imaging of a joint (with contrast media). (Magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] has mostly replaced conventional arthrography as the imaging technique for diarthrodial [movable] joints such as the knee, wrist, hip, and shoulder. Arthrography is still used for specialized functions such as when metal is present in the body.) many of the remaining arthrograms are performed in conjunction with MRI. A conventional arthrogram might be used in situations in which a patient cannot have an MRI, such as a person with a cardiac pacemaker. diagnostic imaging procedures used for the musculoskeletal system

fluorescein angiography

radiographic imaging of blood vessels (of the eye with fluorescing dye)

cholangiography

radiographic imaging of the bile ducts (after administration of contrast media to outline the ducts)

CT colonography

radiographic imaging of the colon (using computed tomography)

radi/o

radius (lower arm bone)

norepinephrine

realeased at synaptic nerve endings, responds to hypotension and physical stress

dopamine

realeased within the brain, involved in mood and thought disorders and in abnormal movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease

sensory nerve fibers

receive external stimuli, and transmit this informationto the brain where it is interpreted

parietal lobe

receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in the tongue, skin and muscles

electromyogram (EMG)

record of the (intrinsic) electrical activity in a (skeletal) muscle

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

record of the electrical activity of the brain

proct/o, rect/o

rectum

amblyopia

reduced vision in one eye caused by disuse or misuse associated with strabismus, unequal refractive errors, or otherwise impaired vision. The brain suppresses images from the impaired eye to avoid double vision (also called lazy eye)

paresthesia

refers to a burning or prickling sensation that is usually felt in the hands, arms, legs, or feet, but can also occur in other parts of the body

epidural anesthesia

regional anesthesia produced by injecting a local anesthetic into the epidural space of the lumbar or sacral region of the spine

acetycholine

released at some synapses in the spinal cord and at nueromuscular junctions, it influences muscle action

seratonin

released in the brain, has roles in sleep, hunger and pleasure recognition

abdominoperineal resection (APR)

removal of the distal colon, rectum, and anal sphincter through both abdominal and perineal approaches; performed to treat some colorectal cancer and inflammatory diseases of the lower larger intestine. the patient will have a colostomy

In a myringoplasty, the surgical procedure is a surgical

repair

neuroid

resembling a nerve

neuroid (NU^-royd)

resembling a nerve

embryoid

resembling an embryo

sternoid

resembling the sternum

RDS

respiratory distress syndrome

Innermost layer of the eye

retina

retin/o

retina

Tumor arising from a developing retinal cell

retinoblastoma

parasympathetic nervous system

returns the body to normal after a response to stress